Question 1

Explain two criticisms of Freudian theory.

Accepted Answer

Varies. From a scientific view, a major problem with psychoanalytic theory is that most of its concepts cannot be evaluated scientifically to see whether they are accurate. There is so much emphasis on unconscious desires, which cannot be observed, measured, or tested, making it impossible to evaluate the validity of the theory. Another criticism that is often raised is that Freud derived his ideas almost exclusively from work with patients who sought therapy, failing to describe typically or psychologically well women. Many modern psychologists argue that Freud overemphasized biological determinants of human behavior and underemphasized social or cultural forces shaping behavior. Feminists have been critical of Freud's assumption that the clitoris and vagina are inferior to the penis, arguing that Freudian theory is phallocentric.

Question 2

According to cognitive-developmental theory, ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  children acquire the concept of gender constancy rather late, around the beginning of adolescence 
B)  children must be given strict punishments for gender-inappropriate behavior in order for them to develop normally 
C)  formation of a concept of gender identity is the important first step in gender-role development 
D)  girls acquire the concept that boys are superior because of their anatomy by about age 3 
A)  children acquire the concept of gender constancy rather late, around the beginning of adolescence 
B)  children must be given strict punishments for gender-inappropriate behavior in order for them to develop normally 
C)  formation of a concept of gender identity is the important first step in gender-role development 
D)  girls acquire the concept that boys are superior because of their anatomy by about age 3 C

Question 3

Children's imitation is motivated partly by the power of authority figures.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 4

Feminist theories were created by ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  no single person 
B)  Anna Freud and Karen Horney 
C)  women of color 
D)  transgender women 
A)  no single person 
B)  Anna Freud and Karen Horney 
C)  women of color 
D)  transgender women

Question 5

Mr. Smith, an executive, pats Ms. Rodriguez, a secretary, on her fanny. A feminist would say that ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  this is a good example of the personal as political 
B)  this provides more support for gender schema theory 
C)  this is an example of men's self-efficacy 
D)  this provides more support for feminist sociobiology theory 
A)  this is a good example of the personal as political 
B)  this provides more support for gender schema theory 
C)  this is an example of men's self-efficacy 
D)  this provides more support for feminist sociobiology theory

Question 6

Cultural feminism is sometimes called ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  ethos feminism 
B)  social feminism 
C)  traditional feminism 
D)  care-focused feminism 
A)  ethos feminism 
B)  social feminism 
C)  traditional feminism 
D)  care-focused feminism

Question 7

A young girl says she believes that it can sometimes be acceptable to break the law if human lives are in danger because human life is more important than obeying the law. This is an example of what level of morality according to Kohlberg?

Accepted Answer

A)  postconventional morality 
B)  preconventional morality 
C)  conventional morality 
D)  conservative morality 
A)  postconventional morality 
B)  preconventional morality 
C)  conventional morality 
D)  conservative morality

Question 8

People with low efficacy beliefs redouble their efforts in the face of challenges, whereas those with a strong sense of efficacy give up.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Feminists are critical of Freud's assumption that ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  there are stages of development 
B)  the penis is superior to the clitoris or vagina 
C)  gender differences exist 
D)  development is shaped by cultural and social forces 
A)  there are stages of development 
B)  the penis is superior to the clitoris or vagina 
C)  gender differences exist 
D)  development is shaped by cultural and social forces

Question 10

Juan and Maria have been married for 25 years. Juan is a lawyer and tends to be more assertive than Maria. Maria is a stay-at-home mother and tends to be more compliant than Juan. How would a sociobiologist explain the differences between Juan and Maria? How would a feminist explain the differences between Juan and Maria?

Accepted Answer

Varies. A sociobiologist would say that

Question 11

Kohlberg used the dilemma of Heinz, whose wife is dying of cancer, to measure ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  stage of gender constancy 
B)  stage of moral reasoning 
C)  extent of gender identification 
D)  gender-schematic processing of information 
A)  stage of gender constancy 
B)  stage of moral reasoning 
C)  extent of gender identification 
D)  gender-schematic processing of information

Question 12

______ focuses on environmental issues, such as climate change.

Accepted Answer

A)  Radical feminism 
B)  Cultural feminism 
C)  Ecofeminism 
D)  Liberal feminism 
A)  Radical feminism 
B)  Cultural feminism 
C)  Ecofeminism 
D)  Liberal feminism

Question 13

According to cognitive-developmental theory, the child's gender-role learning is ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  shaped by reinforcements and punishments 
B)  a result of imitation 
C)  motivated by parents' socialization practices 
D)  self-motivated 
A)  shaped by reinforcements and punishments 
B)  a result of imitation 
C)  motivated by parents' socialization practices 
D)  self-motivated

Question 14

Critics of evolutionary psychologists' arguments about the 0.70 waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) for women note that ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  there is considerable variation in the WHR of Miss America pageant winners 
B)  the 0.70 WHR is preferred not only by American men but by men in all cultures that have been studied 
C)  women with a WHR of 0.90 are actually more fertile than those with a WHR of 0.70 
D)  White men prefer this body type but Latinos reject it 
A)  there is considerable variation in the WHR of Miss America pageant winners 
B)  the 0.70 WHR is preferred not only by American men but by men in all cultures that have been studied 
C)  women with a WHR of 0.90 are actually more fertile than those with a WHR of 0.70 
D)  White men prefer this body type but Latinos reject it

Question 15

According to Gilligan's feminist analysis of moral development, in moral reasoning, males emphasize _____, whereas females emphasize _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  power; love 
B)  dominance; nurturance 
C)  justice and individual rights; relationships and caring 
D)  universal ethical principles; law and order 
A)  power; love 
B)  dominance; nurturance 
C)  justice and individual rights; relationships and caring 
D)  universal ethical principles; law and order

Question 16

A traditionally masculine man is an example of a gender schematic individual.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Which of the following most closely approximates the social learning view about gender-role development?

Accepted Answer

A)  Children do what they are rewarded for. 
B)  Children do what they are rewarded for and also what they see others doing. 
C)  The formation of a concept of gender identity is crucial to gender-role development. 
D)  Children stop doing what they are punished for. 
A)  Children do what they are rewarded for. 
B)  Children do what they are rewarded for and also what they see others doing. 
C)  The formation of a concept of gender identity is crucial to gender-role development. 
D)  Children stop doing what they are punished for.

Question 18

______ believe in working within the system for reform.

Accepted Answer

A)  Socialist feminists 
B)  Cultural feminists 
C)  Liberal feminists 
D)  Existential feminists 
A)  Socialist feminists 
B)  Cultural feminists 
C)  Liberal feminists 
D)  Existential feminists

Question 19

Children typically have gender identity around 2 years of age.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Research testing Gilligan's theory of moral development has found ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  there are no gender differences in moral reasoning on Kohlberg's dilemmas 
B)  there is evidence for the care perspective but not the justice perspective 
C)  there is evidence for the justice perspective but not the care perspective 
D)  that Gilligan's theory is androcentric 
A)  there are no gender differences in moral reasoning on Kohlberg's dilemmas 
B)  there is evidence for the care perspective but not the justice perspective 
C)  there is evidence for the justice perspective but not the care perspective 
D)  that Gilligan's theory is androcentric

Explain two criticisms of Freudian theory.

According to cognitive-developmental theory, ______.

Children's imitation is motivated partly by the power of authority figures.

Feminist theories were created by ______.

Mr. Smith, an executive, pats Ms. Rodriguez, a secretary, on her fanny. A feminist would say that ______.

Cultural feminism is sometimes called ______.

A young girl says she believes that it can sometimes be acceptable to break the law if human lives are in danger because human life is more important than obeying the law. This is an example of what level of morality according to Kohlberg?

People with low efficacy beliefs redouble their efforts in the face of challenges, whereas those with a strong sense of efficacy give up.

Feminists are critical of Freud's assumption that ______.

Kohlberg used the dilemma of Heinz, whose wife is dying of cancer, to measure ______.

______ focuses on environmental issues, such as climate change.

According to cognitive-developmental theory, the child's gender-role learning is ______.

Critics of evolutionary psychologists' arguments about the 0.70 waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) for women note that ______.

According to Gilligan's feminist analysis of moral development, in moral reasoning, males emphasize _, whereas females emphasize _.

A traditionally masculine man is an example of a gender schematic individual.

Which of the following most closely approximates the social learning view about gender-role development?

______ believe in working within the system for reform.

Children typically have gender identity around 2 years of age.

Research testing Gilligan's theory of moral development has found ______.

Introduction

Gender Stereotypes and Gender Differences

The Intersection of Gender and Ethnicity

Gender and Communication

Gender and Emotion

Lifespan Development

Abilities, Motivation, and Achievement

Gender and Work

Biology and Gender

Psychology, Gender, and Health

Gender and Sexuality

Gender and Sexual Orientation

Gender and Victimization

Gender and Mental Health Issues

The Psychology of Men and Masculinity

Retrospect and Prospect

Filters

Exam 2: Theoretical Perspectives on Gender

Explain two criticisms of Freudian theory.

According to cognitive-developmental theory, ______.

Children's imitation is motivated partly by the power of authority figures.

Feminist theories were created by ______.

Mr. Smith, an executive, pats Ms. Rodriguez, a secretary, on her fanny. A feminist would say that ______.

Cultural feminism is sometimes called ______.

A young girl says she believes that it can sometimes be acceptable to break the law if human lives are in danger because human life is more important than obeying the law. This is an example of what level of morality according to Kohlberg?

People with low efficacy beliefs redouble their efforts in the face of challenges, whereas those with a strong sense of efficacy give up.

Feminists are critical of Freud's assumption that ______.

Kohlberg used the dilemma of Heinz, whose wife is dying of cancer, to measure ______.

______ focuses on environmental issues, such as climate change.

According to cognitive-developmental theory, the child's gender-role learning is ______.

Critics of evolutionary psychologists' arguments about the 0.70 waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) for women note that ______.

According to Gilligan's feminist analysis of moral development, in moral reasoning, males emphasize _____, whereas females emphasize _____.

A traditionally masculine man is an example of a gender schematic individual.

Which of the following most closely approximates the social learning view about gender-role development?

______ believe in working within the system for reform.

Children typically have gender identity around 2 years of age.

Research testing Gilligan's theory of moral development has found ______.

Introduction

Gender Stereotypes and Gender Differences

The Intersection of Gender and Ethnicity

Gender and Communication

Gender and Emotion

Lifespan Development

Abilities, Motivation, and Achievement

Gender and Work

Biology and Gender

Psychology, Gender, and Health

Gender and Sexuality

Gender and Sexual Orientation

Gender and Victimization

Gender and Mental Health Issues

The Psychology of Men and Masculinity

Retrospect and Prospect

Filters

According to Gilligan's feminist analysis of moral development, in moral reasoning, males emphasize _, whereas females emphasize _.