Deck 25: Ergogenic Aids

Question 1

Blood buffers, used to improve anaerobic performances, exert their effect by

A) slowing the rate of decrease of creatine phosphate.
B) slowing the rate of increase in plasma H⁺.
C) altering the rate at which oxygen leaves the hemoglobin.
D) decreasing the rate at which H⁺ leaves muscle.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Oxygen breathing prior to exercise may increase arterial oxygen by

A) substantially increasing O₂ bound to hemoglobin.
B) substantially increasing O₂ dissolved in the plasma.
C) increasing both O₂ bound to hemoglobin and O₂ dissolved in plasma.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The term homologous transfusion means that the subject received

A) his own blood.
B) a matched donor's blood.
C) artificial blood.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

How many units of blood are shown to have a positive effect when reinfused in a subject via blood doping?

A) 0.5
B) 1
C) 1.5
D) 2

Question 5

Early studies did not show a positive effect of blood doping because

A) too much blood was given to the subject.
B) a significant portion of the red blood cells were destroyed during storage of the blood.
C) the subject could not tolerate the additional blood.
D) the measurements of exercise performance were not accurate.

Question 6

The ingestion of sodium bicarbonate has been shown to benefit

A) exercise tasks lasting less than one minute in duration.
B) high-intensity exercise tasks lasting longer than one hour.
C) high-intensity exercise tasks lasting one to ten minutes.
D) repeated bouts of low-intensity exercise with short recovery periods.

Question 7

Why might a sprinter (100m) not benefit from creatine monohydrate supplementation?

A) Supplementation does not result in higher muscle phosphocreatine levels.
B) Phosphocreatine is not an important energy source during this type of exercise.
C) Supplementation may result in water retention and weight gain.
D) All of the above.

Question 8

Which of the following statements is true regarding pre-competition warm-up?

A) Benefits of warm-up include elevated body temperature, which increases muscle resistance.
B) Benefits of warm-up include elevated body temperature, which decreases enzymatic reactions.
C) Warm-up causes both physiological and psychological changes that are beneficial to performance.
D) To be effective, warm-up activities must be identical to the performance.

Question 9

A double-blind research design is one in which

A) the subject does not know which treatment he/she has been administered.
B) both the subject and the investigator know what treatment had been administered.
C) neither the subject nor the investigator know what treatment had been administered.
D) only the investigator knows what treatment has been administered.

Question 10

The ergogenic effect of caffeine appears to

A) depend on the amount of caffeine ingested.
B) not vary between individuals.
C) be influenced by gender.
D) be due to a decrease in fat metabolism.

Question 11

Oxygen has been shown to be an effective ergogenic aid when the O₂

A) can be breathed during an endurance exercise.
B) is used before endurance exercise.
C) has been used in recovery from endurance exercise.

Question 12

A "blood passport" may be useful in determining

A) an athlete's blood type.
B) an athlete's VO₂ max.
C) whether an athlete has used EPO.
D) if the athlete is eligible to compete in international competitions.

Question 13

Which of the following changes would account for the greatest potential reduction in aerodynamic drag?

A) using an aerodynamic frame
B) switching to a flat-disc rear wheel
C) adopting a lower riding position
D) wearing Lycra shorts and jersey

Question 14

The recommended intensity of indirect warm-up for endurance activities is

A) 40%-60% VO₂ max.
B) 60%-80% VO₂ max.
C) at 100% race pace.
D) intervals exceeding race pace.

Question 15

Amphetamines may improve endurance performance by

A) decreasing the use of plasma FFA.
B) masking signs of fatigue.
C) decreasing arousal.
D) increasing lactic acid removal.

Question 16

Including a placebo in a research design helps control for

A) the training state of the subjects.
B) the gender of the subjects.
C) the type of exercise task used.
D) the subject's belief in the substance being tested.

Question 17

Which of the following beverages typically contain the most caffeine?

A) energy drinks (e.g., Red Bull)
B) tea
C) coffee
D) most soft drinks (e.g., colas)

Question 18

When fire fighters warmed up prior to maximal exercise, there was

A) a decrease in muscle soreness.
B) an elimination of ST-segment depression.
C) an increase in the number of ventricular beats.

Question 19

Clenbuterol use by athletes may cause

A) decrease in tremors.
B) increased resistance to fatigue.
C) muscle atrophy.
D) cardiac arrhythmias.

Question 20

Dehydroxyepiandrosterone (DHEA) is claimed to improve muscle mass and strength since it

A) is a precursor to testosterone.
B) is an antioxidant that reduces muscle damage.
C) enhances fat use.
D) increases anaerobic power.

Question 21

Although the drug erythropoietin can increase endurance performance by increasing the transport of oxygen, it can also impair blood flow if abused.

Question 22

The effects of creatine monohydrate supplementation are most evident during the first of many repetitive bouts of short and intense exercise.

Question 23

The Dietary Supplements Health and Education Act passed in 1994 ensures that all dietary supplements are tested for purity.

Question 24

Amphetamines appear to have a positive effect on performance in those who are alert and motivated.