Deck 18: The Urinary System

Question 1

The portion of the nephron between the glomerular capsule and the nephron loop is the

A) proximal convoluted tubule.
B) renal corpuscle.
C) distal convoluted tubule.
D) collecting duct.
E) minor calyx.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The visceral epithelium of the glomerular capsule is the

A) capillary endothelium.
B) lamina densa.
C) podocytes.
D) basement membrane of the capillaries.
E) capsular space.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The innermost layer of kidney tissue is the

A) renal cortex.
B) renal medulla.
C) major calyx.
D) minor calyx.
E) renal pelvis.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following is correct about the location of the kidney?

A) There is one kidney deep to the liver.
B) The kidneys are bilateral and retroperitoneal.
C) The left kidney is lower than the right.
D) The kidneys are in the anterior abdominal wall.
E) all of the above

Question 5

The kidneys are

A) located in a position that is retroperitoneal.
B) surrounded by a renal capsule.
C) protected by the lower ribs of the rib cage.
D) A and B only
E) all of the above

Question 6

Urine is stored by the

A) liver.
B) urinary bladder.
C) kidney.
D) ureter.
E) urethra.

Question 7

A renal corpuscle includes the

A) glomerulus and glomerular capsule.
B) glomerulus and renal tubule.
C) glomerular capsule and renal tubule.
D) renal tubule and collecting tubule.
E) pyramid and glomerulus.

Question 8

The glomerular capsule and glomerulus make up the

A) renal pyramid.
B) loop of Henle.
C) renal corpuscle.
D) renal tubule system.
E) collecting system.

Question 9

Cortical tissue located between renal pyramids is called

A) medulla.
B) renal columns.
C) renal pelvises.
D) nephrons.
E) calyces.

Question 10

Using anatomical terminology, identify the correct order of words that make this a true statement: The ________ kidney extends ________ slightly more than the ________ kidney.

A) right; superiorly; left
B) right; inferiorly; left
C) left; superiorly; right
D) left; inferiorly; right
E) right; anteriorly; left

Question 11

The expanded end of a nephron is the

A) glomerulus.
B) glomerular capsule.
C) proximal convoluted tubule.
D) distal convoluted tubule.
E) loop of Henle.

Question 12

The portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct is the

A) proximal convoluted tubule.
B) loop of Henle.
C) distal convoluted tubule.
D) collecting duct.
E) minor calyx.

Question 13

Renal columns are

A) internal cavities of the fibrous capsule located in the area of the hilus.
B) the expanded ends of the ureters.
C) the basic functional units of the kidney.
D) located adjacent to interlobar vessels.
E) conical-shaped structures that are located in the renal medulla.

Question 14

A pyelogram, an X-ray of the urinary system in which radio-opaque dye is injected into the urinary pathways, can be used to detect

A) kidney stones.
B) structural abnormalities of the kidney.
C) obstruction of the ureters.
D) tumors or growths in the urinary bladder.
E) all of the above

Question 15

The urinary system

A) regulates plasma concentrations of electrolytes.
B) regulates blood volume by removing RBCs from circulation.
C) contributes to stabilizing blood pH.
D) A and C only
E) all of the above

Question 16

Major calyces are

A) large branches of the renal pelvis.
B) expanded ends of nephrons.
C) basic functional layers of the kidney.
D) conical-shaped structures that are located in the renal medulla.
E) the expanded ends of renal pyramids.

Question 17

The renal pyramid is

A) the innermost layer of kidney tissue.
B) a conical-shaped structure that is located in the renal medulla.
C) an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule and located in the area of the hilus.
D) a large branch of the renal pelvis.
E) a knot of capillaries that lies within the renal corpuscle.

Question 18

Which of the following carries urine from the kidney to the bladder?

A) small intestine
B) prostate
C) liver
D) ureter
E) urethra

Question 19

Organs of the urinary system that are involved with urine transport are the

A) urethra and ureters.
B) kidneys and bladder.
C) ureters and kidneys.
D) urethra and bladder.
E) kidneys and urethra.

Question 20

A DCT is

A) the expanded end of a nephron.
B) a knot of capillaries that lies within the renal corpuscle.
C) the portion of the nephron closest to the renal corpuscle.
D) the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct.
E) the horseshoe-shaped segment of the nephron.

Question 21

If the afferent arteriole becomes constricted,

A) blood flow into the efferent arteriole will increase.
B) GFR will decrease.
C) GFR will increase.
D) hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus will increase.
E) the protein concentration in the filtrate will increase.

Question 22

Most hydrogen ions are secreted into the

A) glomerular capsule.
B) PCT.
C) loop of Henle.
D) DCT.
E) collecting duct.

Question 23

The juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates the filtration rate by

A) vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole.
B) vasodilation of the afferent arteriole.
C) vasoconstriction of the peritubular capillaries.
D) vasodilation of the efferent arteriole.

Question 24

The hormone ADH

A) is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland in response to changes in blood osmolarity.
B) stimulates the kidneys to retain sodium ions.
C) stimulates water conservation at the kidneys.
D) causes the kidneys to produce a large volume of urine.
E) all of the above

Question 25

Which of the following is aldosterone able to affect?

A) regulation of body fluid concentration
B) regulation of body fluid volume
C) removal of wastes
D) pH regulation
E) formation of plasma proteins

Question 26

The renal tubule contains cells adapted for absorption by having

A) cilia.
B) microvilli.
C) villi.
D) flagella.
E) all of the above

Question 27

Which of the following is the lesser amount?

A) the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the beginning of the loop of Henle
B) the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the bottom of the descending limb of the nephron loop

Question 28

The following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood to the kidney: 1. afferent arteriole
2) arcuate artery
3) interlobar artery
4) renal artery
5) glomerulus
6) interlobular artery
7) efferent arteriole
8) peritubular capillary
The proper order in which blood passes through these vessels is

A) 4, 6, 2, 3, 1, 5, 7, 8.
B) 4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8.
C) 4, 3, 2, 6, 7, 5, 1, 8.
D) 4, 6, 2, 3, 7, 5, 1, 8
E) 4, 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 7, 8.

Question 29

ADH promotes water reabsorption mainly through the wall of the

A) loop of Henle.
B) proximal convoluted tubule.
C) distal convoluted tubule.
D) collecting duct.
E) minor calyx.

Question 30

The ability to form a concentrated urine depends on the regulation of the

A) proximal convoluted tubule.
B) collecting duct.
C) distal convoluted tubule.
D) loop of Henle.
E) Bowman's capsule.

Question 31

Factors that increase the secretion of ADH include

A) increased concentration of sodium ions in the ECF.
B) water deprivation.
C) increased osmolarity of the ECF.
D) decreased renal blood flow.
E) all of the above

Question 32

The amount of potassium secreted by the kidneys is regulated by

A) ADH.
B) aldosterone.
C) parathormone.
D) atrial natriuretic peptide.
E) cortisol.

Question 33

In response to decreased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys could produce

A) a larger volume of urine.
B) urine with a higher concentration of sodium ions.
C) urine with a lower concentration of potassium ions.
D) urine with a lower specific gravity.
E) urine with less urea.

Question 34

General characteristics of normal urine include

A) specific gravity.
B) bacteria.
C) pH.
D) A and B only
E) A and C only

Question 35

Which of the following are too large to be filtered?

A) amino acids.
B) glucose.
C) lipids.
D) proteins.
E) none of the above

Question 36

Reabsorption of glucose occurs mostly in the

A) renal sinus.
B) proximal convoluted tubule.
C) distal convoluted tubule.
D) nephron loop.
E) renal corpuscle.

Question 37

The cells of the proximal convoluted tubule normally reabsorb

A) approximately 60 percent of the volume of the filtrate produced in the renal corpuscle.
B) virtually all of the glucose and other nutrients under normal conditions.
C) cations such as sodium, calcium, and magnesium.
D) anions such as bicarbonate, chloride, sulfate, and phosphate.
E) all of the above

Question 38

When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) increases,

A) more urine is produced.
B) less urine is produced.
C) less water is reabsorbed by the nephron and collecting duct.
D) the specific gravity of the urine decreases.
E) more salt is secreted by the nephron.

Question 39

The countercurrent mechanism functions in the

A) nephron.
B) renal corpuscle.
C) glomerulus.
D) loop of Henle.
E) filtration unit.

Question 40

The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is

A) filtration.
B) absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water.
C) secretion of acids and ammonia.
D) secretion of drugs.
E) adjustment of urine volume.

Question 41

The term incontinence refers to the

A) inability to void (expel) urine.
B) inability to control urination.
C) inability to control kidney function.
D) process of urinating.
E) process of urine production.

Question 42

The principal cation in the ICF is

A) sodium.
B) potassium.
C) calcium.
D) magnesium.
E) chloride.

Question 43

If, through injury, the blood flow to the kidneys decreases, which of the following will occur?

A) The renin-angiotensin system will be activated.
B) Sodium reabsorption will be inhibited.
C) There will be systemic vasodilation.
D) Obligatory water reabsorption will decrease.
E) The amount of ADH in the blood will decrease.

Question 44

Which of the following is considered transcellular fluid?

A) interstitial fluid
B) plasma
C) cerebrospinal fluid
D) intercellular fluid
E) lymph

Question 45

Movement of water between compartments is by

A) diffusion.
B) osmosis.
C) active transport.
D) pinocytosis.
E) facilitated diffusion.

Question 46

Which of the following is the most distal part of the male urethra?

A) prostatic urethra
B) membranous urethra
C) penile urethra
D) glandular urethra
E) glans urethra

Question 47

Intracellular fluid contains high concentrations of

A) chloride and potassium.
B) potassium and phosphate.
C) sodium and phosphate.
D) potassium and sulfate.
E) magnesium and bicarbonate.

Question 48

Calcium homeostasis primarily reflects

A) a balance between absorption in the gut and excretion at the kidneys.
B) careful regulation of blood calcium levels by the kidneys.
C) an interplay between parathormone and aldosterone.
D) an interplay between reserves in the bone, the rate of absorption, and the rate of excretion.
E) hormonal control of calcium reserves in the bones.

Question 49

When the amount of sodium ions in the ECF increases,

A) osmoreceptors are stimulated.
B) there is decreased thirst.
C) ADH secretion decreases.
D) aldosterone secretion increases.
E) there is an increase in the volume of urine produced.

Question 50

When the level of sodium ions in the ECF increases,

A) osmoreceptors swell.
B) a person experiences an increased thirst.
C) less ADH is released.
D) there is an increase in the level of aldosterone.
E) there is an decrease in the level of atrial natriuretic peptide.

Question 51

The micturition reflex center is located in the

A) hypothalamus.
B) medulla oblongata.
C) pons.
D) lumbar spinal cord.
E) sacral spinal cord.

Question 52

Which of the following is greater?

A) the length of the urethra in males
B) the length of the urethra in females

Question 53

The detrusor muscle

A) moves urine through the ureters.
B) compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra.
C) functions as the internal urinary sphincter.
D) functions as the external urinary sphincter.
E) is located in the renal pelvis.

Question 54

When water is lost but electrolytes are retained,

A) the osmolarity of the ECF falls.
B) osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF.
C) both the ECF and the ICF become more dilute.
D) there is an increase in the volume of the ICF.
E) all of the above

Question 55

The intracellular fluid (ICF) is found in

A) blood vessels.
B) lymph.
C) the cells of the body.
D) the interstitial spaces.
E) the cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 56

Which compartment is the largest?

A) lymph
B) plasma
C) interstitial fluid
D) transcellular fluid
E) cerebrospinal fluid

Question 57

The most abundant cation in the ECF is

A) chloride.
B) potassium.
C) sodium.
D) bicarbonate.

Question 58

Hypoproteinemia could lead to

A) a drastic increase in the osmolarity of the blood.
B) a temporary increase in blood volume.
C) decreased thirst.
D) hypotension.
E) activation of the renin-angiotensin mechanism.

Question 59

Management of renal failure involves restriction of water and salt intake and reducing caloric intake to a minimum; dietary proteins are also limited. This combination lessens the strain on the urinary system by

A) minimizing volume of urine produced.
B) altering the pigments produced.
C) preventing the generation of large quantities of nitrogenous waste products.
D) A and C only
E) all of the above

Question 60

The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by

A) stratified squamous epithelium.
B) pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
C) simple cuboidal epithelium.
D) transitional epithelium.
E) simple columnar epithelium.

Question 61

Hypoventilation would cause

A) respiratory acidosis.
B) respiratory alkalosis.
C) metabolic acidosis.
D) metabolic alkalosis.
E) none of the above

Question 62

A person who suffers from emphysema can exhibit signs of

A) respiratory acidosis.
B) respiratory alkalosis.
C) metabolic acidosis.
D) metabolic alkalosis.
E) none of the above

Question 63

In response to respiratory alkalosis,

A) the respiratory rate increases.
B) the tidal volume increases.
C) the kidneys conserve bicarbonate.
D) the kidneys secrete more hydrogen ions.
E) the body retains more carbon dioxide.

Question 64

Movement of fluid from the peritubular capillaries to the renal tubule is called _________________________.

Question 65

Dehydration would cause

A) fluid to shift from the ECF to the ICF.
B) decreased secretion of ADH.
C) increased thirst.
D) decreased levels of aldosterone.
E) all of the above

Question 66

If excessive amounts of water are taken into the body,

A) the release of ADH increases.
B) osmoreceptors in the brain begin to swell.
C) more water is reabsorbed from the renal tubule.
D) the collecting duct becomes more permeable to water.
E) none of the above

Question 67

Water reabsorption occurs by the process of _________________________.

Question 68

Which of the following is an example of a physiologic buffer?

A) bicarbonate ions
B) phosphate ions
C) proteins
D) renal mechanisms
E) none of the above

Question 69

Ions normally found in urine and plasma include which of the following?

A) chloride
B) bicarbonate
C) potassium
D) sodium
E) all of the above

Question 70

The thirst center is located in the

A) thalamus.
B) hypothalamus.
C) midbrain.
D) pons.
E) medulla oblongata.

Question 71

Match the region of the nephron in the first column with its primary function in the second column.
_____ 1. renal corpuscle A. conduction of urine to minor calyx
_____ 2. distal convoluted tubule B. reabsorption of ions, vitamins, water,
and organics
_____ 3. papillary duct C. reabsorption of sodium ions and secretion
of acids
_____ 4. collecting duct D. reabsorption of water and sodium ions
_____ 5. proximal convoluted E. filtration of plasma to initiate urine formation
tubule

Question 72

The primary stimulus in the blood for the secretion of aldosterone is

A) rising potassium levels.
B) falling potassium levels.
C) rising sodium levels.
D) falling sodium levels.
E) none of the above

Question 73

The most abundant intracellular mechanism for regulating pH is

A) protein buffers.
B) the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system.
C) the phosphate buffer system.
D) changes in the rate and depth of breathing.
E) all of the above

Question 74

A person who chronically consumes large amounts of antacids to settle an upset stomach may risk

A) respiratory acidosis.
B) respiratory alkalosis.
C) metabolic acidosis.
D) metabolic alkalosis.
E) none of the above

Question 75

Ingestion of sodium bicarbonate to relieve indigestion may lead to

A) metabolic acidosis.
B) metabolic alkalosis.
C) respiratory acidosis.
D) respiratory alkalosis.

Question 76

Acid-base buffer systems minimize pH changes by

A) converting weak acids to strong acids.
B) converting strong acids to weak acids.
C) causing breathing rate to increase.
D) excreting hydrogen ions in the urine.
E) a decrease in the net glomerular filtration pressure.

Question 77

A person who suffers from chronic diabetes can exhibit signs of

A) respiratory acidosis.
B) respiratory alkalosis.
C) metabolic acidosis.
D) metabolic alkalosis.
E) none of the above

Question 78

The most important factor affecting the pH of body fluids is the concentration of

A) lactic acid.
B) ketone bodies.
C) organic acids.
D) carbon dioxide.
E) hydrochloric acid.

Question 79

Dan has been lost in the desert for two days with very little water. As a result of this exposure, one would expect to observe

A) elevated ADH levels.
B) decreased blood concentration.
C) normal urine production.
D) increased blood volume.
E) cells enlarged with fluid.

Question 80

Match the acid-base disorder in the first column with its characteristic treatment in the second column.
_____ 1. metabolic acidosis A. improve ventilation
_____ 2. metabolic alkalosis B. administer bicarbonate
_____ 3. respiratory acidosis C. reduce respiratory rate, allow rise in P_CO2
_____ 4. respiratory alkalosis D. no treatment below pH 7.55; above pH 7.55,
administer ammonium chloride