Deck 17: Nutrition and Metabolism

Question 1

Beta-oxidation

A) occurs in the mitochondria.
B) is the process that breaks down fatty acids into two-carbon fragments that can be metabolized by the TCA cycle.
C) yields large amounts of ATP, while requiring coenzyme A, NAD, and FAD.
D) A and B only
E) none of the above

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Lipoproteins that carry mostly cholesterol and phospholipids from peripheral tissues to the liver are called

A) low-density lipoproteins (LDLs).
B) high-density lipoproteins (HDLs).

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The cells that are most dependent upon a continual supply of glucose are those of the

A) muscular system.
B) nervous system.
C) respiratory system.
D) digestive system.
E) integumentary system.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

If you are running sprints, which nutrient would your body use the most of to make ATP?

A) protein
B) sugars
C) complex carbohydrates
D) fat
E) amino acids

Question 5

During lipolysis,

A) triglycerides are converted into molecules of acetyl CoA.
B) triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids.
C) lipids are converted into glucose molecules.
D) lipids are formed from excess carbohydrates.
E) lipids are metabolized to yield ATP.

Question 6

Cells synthesize new organic components to

A) perform structural maintenance.
B) perform repairs.
C) support growth.
D) B and C only
E) all of the above

Question 7

The TCA cycle

A) begins with the formation of a molecule of citric acid.
B) directly produces most of the ATP from the catabolism of glucose.
C) does not form any carbon dioxide.
D) contains enzymes called cytochromes.
E) forms acetyl CoA from glucose.

Question 8

In the electron transport chain, energy for the synthesis of ATP is provided by the

A) splitting of oxygen molecules.
B) breaking of the covalent bonds in glucose.
C) movement of hydrogen ions through channels in the respiratory enzymes.
D) combination of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen to form water.
E) oxidation of acetyl CoA.

Question 9

The human body prefers ________ as its primary energy source.

A) fatty acids
B) proteins
C) cholesterol
D) carbohydrates
E) glycerol

Question 10

On a tour of African countries, Don contracts a bad case of traveler's diarrhea. Because he cannot eat very much, his body starts to use energy sources other than carbohydrates. This would result in

A) increased levels of urea in the blood.
B) ketosis.
C) a decreased blood pH.
D) increased gluconeogenesis in the liver.
E) all of the above

Question 11

The liver utilizes fatty acids to synthesize

A) triglycerides.
B) steroids.
C) phospholipids.
D) lipoproteins.
E) all of the above

Question 12

Muscles store metabolic reserves as

A) carbohydrates.
B) glycogen.
C) amino acids.
D) triglycerides.
E) fatty acids.

Question 13

The food source most clearly linked to heart disease is

A) simple sugars.
B) complex carbohydrates.
C) lipids.
D) proteins.
E) nucleic acids.

Question 14

Inside of the mitochondrion, during the transition reaction, each pyruvic acid molecule

A) forms a molecule of citric acid.
B) loses a carbon atom.
C) attaches to NAD.
D) directly enters the electron transport system.
E) has a phosphate ion added to it.

Question 15

In glycolysis, each molecule of glucose metabolized releases enough energy to form ________ molecules of ATP.

A) 2
B) 4
C) 30
D) 36
E) 38

Question 16

The major steps in the electron transport chain include

A) removal of hydrogen atoms from a substrate molecule by coenzymes.
B) ionization of hydrogen atoms.
C) increasing the energy level of electrons passing through the electron transport chain.
D) the loss of electrons by oxygen atoms.
E) all of the above

Question 17

Which of the following is a disaccharide?

A) sucrose
B) galactose
C) fructose
D) glucose
E) ribose

Question 18

Lipogenesis generally begins with

A) glucose.
B) amino acids.
C) fatty acids.
D) acetyl CoA.
E) succinyl CoA.

Question 19

The TCA cycle must turn ________ time(s) to completely metabolize the pyruvic acid produced from one glucose molecule.

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four
E) five

Question 20

The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given instant is called

A) glycolysis.
B) oxidation.
C) catabolism.
D) anabolism.
E) metabolism.

Question 21

The vitamin that is essential for the production of several clotting factors is

A) vitamin A.
B) vitamin B.
C) vitamin E.
D) vitamin C.
E) vitamin K.

Question 22

In the condition ketoacidosis,

A) blood pH may drop below 7.05.
B) cardiac arrhythmias occur.
C) coma could result.
D) death could be a consequence.
E) all of the above

Question 23

The process of deamination produces

A) keto acids.
B) urea.
C) ammonia.
D) acetyl CoA.
E) B vitamins.

Question 24

In transamination, the amino group of an amino acid is

A) converted to ammonia.
B) converted to urea.
C) transferred to another carbon chain.
D) transferred to a molecule in the glycolytic pathway.
E) transferred to acetyl CoA.

Question 25

Which of the following is a trace element?

A) chlorine
B) sodium
C) calcium
D) iron
E) sulfur

Question 26

Which food group is the best source of vitamin C?

A) dairy
B) meats
C) fruits and vegetables
D) desserts
E) breads

Question 27

The vitamin that functions as part of coenzyme A is

A) pantothenic acid.
B) niacin.
C) vitamin A.
D) vitamin C.
E) riboflavin.

Question 28

Which of the following is a complete protein source?

A) eggs
B) corn
C) gelatin
D) rice
E) none of the above

Question 29

The vitamin that is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is

A) vitamin A.
B) vitamin B.
C) vitamin C.
D) vitamin D.
E) vitamin E.

Question 30

Nitrogen compounds of the body include

A) amino acids.
B) nucleotides.
C) creatine.
D) porphyrins.
E) all of the above

Question 31

The vitamin that is a constituent of the coenzymes FAD and FMN is

A) thiamine (B₁).
B) riboflavin (B₂).
C) niacin (nicotinic acid).
D) folacin (folic acid).
E) cobalamin (B₁₂).

Question 32

B vitamins are

A) important to many metabolic reactions.
B) involved in the oxidation of food.
C) water soluble.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 33

A calorie unit used in food is equal to the amount of energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water ________ degree(s) Celsius.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 10
D) 100
E) 1,000

Question 34

The nutrients that yield ZERO energy per gram are

A) carbohydrates.
B) proteins.
C) fats.
D) nucleic acids.
E) vitamins.

Question 35

Nucleotides from RNA

A) are deaminated to form ammonia.
B) can provide sugars for glycolysis.
C) can be used to synthesize proteins.
D) cannot be used as a source of energy for the production of ATP.
E) cannot be recycled.

Question 36

A mineral that is a necessary cofactor for hemoglobin synthesis is

A) zinc.
B) copper.
C) cobalt.
D) iodine.
E) silicon.

Question 37

An ion that is a necessary component of high-energy compounds and nucleic acids, and a structural component of bone, is

A) chloride ion.
B) sulfate ion.
C) phosphate ion.
D) bicarbonate ion.
E) iodide ion.

Question 38

Diets containing too many calories and too many lipids by proportion increase the incidence of

A) obesity.
B) heart disease and atherosclerosis.
C) diabetes.
D) hypertension.
E) all of the above

Question 39

A cofactor that is essential for muscle contraction, nerve function, and blood clotting is

A) sodium.
B) potassium.
C) calcium.
D) magnesium.
E) selenium.

Question 40

Which of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin?

A) vitamin K
B) vitamin C
C) vitamin B₆
D) niacin
E) riboflavin

Question 41

Cholesterol that has been removed from the blood is excreted as part of _________________________.

Question 42

The only natural dietary sources for vitamin B₁₂ are

A) dairy products such as milk.
B) meats.
C) vegetables.
D) A and B only
E) citrus fruits.

Question 43

Those nutrients that the body cannot synthesize or cannot synthesize in adequate amounts are termed _________________________.

Question 44

Which of the following would lose heat faster?

A) an obese person
B) a tall, thin person

Question 45

The vitamin that plays the role of a coenzyme in amino acid and lipid metabolism is

A) vitamin B₆ (pyridoxine).
B) pantothenic acid (B₅).
C) riboflavin (B₂).
D) folacin(folic acid).
E) niacin (nicotinic acid).

Question 46

Most dietary lipids are in the form of _________________________.

Question 47

The most important substances to humans are food, water, and _________________________.

Question 48

Which of the following individuals would have the lower BMR?

A) a 34-year-old nursing mother
B) a 34-year-old nonpregnant, nonnursing woman

Question 49

In order to get enough energy out of food to survive, humans must have a constant supply of

A) oxygen.
B) water.
C) carbon dioxide.
D) iron.
E) vitamins.

Question 50

Factors that influence an individual's BMR (basal metabolic rate) include

A) sex.
B) age.
C) body weight.
D) genetics.
E) all of the above

Question 51

Which of the following individuals would lose the most heat in a cold room?

A) an adult man
B) an adult woman
C) an adolescent male
D) a child
E) a newborn infant

Question 52

Which of the following minerals is important in ATP production and utilization?

A) zinc
B) iron
C) magnesium
D) calcium
E) sodium

Question 53

The vitamin that is a coenzyme in amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism is

A) pantothenic acid (B₅).
B) vitamin B₆ (pyridoxine).
C) folacin (folic acid).
D) vitamin C (ascorbic acid).
E) vitamin K.

Question 54

The fat-soluble vitamins include

A) A, D, E, and K.
B) A, B, C, and D.
C) B, biotin, C, and A.
D) niacin, B, folacin, and biotin.
E) C, biotin, A, and K.

Question 55

Impaired fat absorption in the intestine would interfere with the absorption of which vitamin?

A) vitamin A
B) vitamin B₁₂
C) vitamin C
D) niacin
E) riboflavin

Question 56

This mineral is a cofactor of the carbonic anhydrase enzyme system.

A) chloride
B) calcium
C) copper
D) zinc
E) magnesium

Question 57

Lipoproteins containing large amounts of cholesterol that are being transported in peripheral tissues are called _________________________.

Question 58

The process of synthesizing glucose from lipids, amino acids, or other carbohydrates is called _________________________.

Question 59

A mineral necessary for normal membrane function is

A) calcium.
B) sodium.
C) manganese.
D) zinc.
E) iron.

Question 60

Which food group is the best source of calcium?

A) breads
B) meats
C) dairy
D) fruits
E) vegetables

Question 61

Using the figure above, identify the element marked with a letter. (Example: CO₂, H₂O)
Label E: ________

Question 62

_________________________ is a mineral used in the structure of hemoglobin.

Question 63

Using the figure above, identify the element marked with a letter. (Example: CO₂, H₂O)
Label B: ________

Question 64

_________________________ is the homeostatic process that allows us to maintain a constant body temperature.

Question 65

Chromium is a trace mineral needed for proper _________________________ metabolism.

Question 66

_________________________ is an unhealthy state resulting from inadequate intake of one or more nutrients that becomes life-threatening as the deficiencies accumulate.

Question 67

Using the figure above, identify the element marked with a letter. (Example: CO₂, H₂O)
Label A: ________

Question 68

_________________________ is the loss of heat energy by vaporizing water.

Question 69

Using the figure above, identify the element marked with a letter. (Example: CO₂, H₂O)
Label D: ________

Question 70

Using the figure above, identify the element marked with a letter. (Example: CO₂, H₂O)
Label I: ________

Question 71

Charlie has a blood test that shows a normal level of LDLs but an elevated level of HDLs in his blood. Since his family has a history of cardiovascular disease, he wonders if he should modify his lifestyle. What would you tell him?

Question 72

Using the figure above, identify the element marked with a letter. (Example: CO₂, H₂O)
Label F: ________

Question 73

_________________________ are inorganic ions released through the dissociation of electrolytes.

Question 74

The _________________________ represents the minimum resting energy expenditures of an awake, alert individual.

Question 75

A complete _________________________ contains all of the essential amino acids.

Question 76

Using the figure above, identify the element marked with a letter. (Example: CO₂, H₂O)
Label H: ________

Question 77

Using the figure above, identify the element marked with a letter. (Example: CO₂, H₂O)
Label C: ________

Question 78

Using the figure above, identify the element marked with a letter. (Example: CO₂, H₂O)
Label G: ________