Deck 34: The Immune System

Question 1

The immunoglobulin with the highest serum concentration is _______________.

Answer 1

IgG

Question 2

What type of virus is HIV?

A) retrovirus
B) provirus
C) oncovirus
D) enterovirus
E) rotavirus

Answer 2

A

Question 3

What is the major class of antibodies found in saliva and tears?

A) IgA
B) IgD
C) IgE
D) IgG
E) IgM

Answer 3

A

Question 4

What term describes the increase in antibody diversity due to somatic mutation?

A) immunity mutation
B) affinity maturation
C) variable domain maturation
D) epitope mutation
E) affinity recombination

Question 5

_______________ are molecules that induce differentiation, cell growth, and in certain cells, secretion of antibodies.

Question 6

MHC class I and II proteins bind and present _______________ to T cells.

Question 7

___________________ sequences are recognized by proteins RAG-1 and RAG-2 and facilitate cleavage and religation of DNA segments.

Question 8

Another name for an antigenic determinant is _______________.

Question 9

What are the proteases released by cytotoxic T cells that initiate the apoptotic cascade in virus-infected cells?

A) caspases
B) cathepsins
C) granzymes
D) calpains
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 10

Cyclosporin blocks the action of the enzyme _______________.

Question 11

Proteins necessary for binding and displaying portions of foreign proteins are encoded by the ____________________.

Question 12

Which antibody can cause allergic reactions?

A) IgA
B) IgD
C) IgE
D) IgG
E) IgM

Question 13

Which of the following are soluble proteins that serve to signal an invasion and bind to the foreign molecules?

A) chemokines
B) antigens
C) platelets
D) interferons
E) antibodies

Question 14

The ___________________ is a common structure in IgG and other immune proteins that includes antiparallel β strands in two β sheets around a hydrophobic core.

Question 15

The CD4 protein is expressed by _______________cells.

Question 16

What is the generic term used to denote what an antibody binds?

A) epitope
B) cytokine
C) affinity determinant
D) antigen
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 17

What mechanism is useful for protection against intracellular pathogens such as viruses?

A) cytokine-mediated immunity
B) epitope-mediated immunity
C) immunoglobulin-mediated immunity
D) cell-mediated immunity
E) antiviral-mediated immunity

Question 18

To what family does interleukin-2 belong?

A) chemokines
B) cytokine
C) interferons
D) tumor necrosis factors
E) lymphokines

Question 19

What membrane glycoprotein is found in GI cells of developing fetuses?

A) lysosomal membrane glycoprotein
B) major histocompatibility complex
C) synaptophysin
D) platelet-membrane glycoprotein
E) carcinoembryonic antigen

Question 20

A(n) __________________ disease is one wherein the body attacks itself and produces self-antigens.

Question 21

T cells are made in the

A) pancreas.
B) bone marrow.
C) thymus.
D) thalamus.
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 22

The host cell for HIV is a(n)

A) immature leukocyte.
B) killer T cell.
C) helper T cell.
D) red blood cell.
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 23

The approximate number of antibodies that humans can generate is

A) 10⁸.
B) 10¹².
C) 10¹⁶.
D) 10²⁰.
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 24

The differentiation of a cell to make a different type of immunoglobulin is called

A) bait and switch.
B) rearrangement.
C) class switching.
D) recombination.
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 25

What are the two lines of defense in our immune system?

Question 26

How much antibody diversity is obtained by somatic mutations?

A) 10-fold increase
B) 1000-fold increase
C) 10⁶-fold increase
D) 10⁹-fold increase
E) There is no increase.

Question 27

Does induced fit play a role in antigen:antibody binding?

Question 28

Diversity in variable regions of L and H chains is generated by

A) selective proteolysis of pre-immunoglobulin proteins.
B) synthesis of multiple transcripts in each lymphocyte.
C) the splicing together of several V genes within the pre-mRNA.
D) gene rearrangement during cell differentiation.
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 29

An immunogen is

A) a special type of antibody.
B) a surface receptor for antibodies.
C) a foreign molecule that can stimulate an immune response.
D) a precursor antibody that is only active when associated with the plasma membrane.
E) a platelet-associated immunoglobulin.

Question 30

What modification(s) of tyrosines in the ITAM region of membrane-linked IgG molecules is (are) critical to immune response formation?

A) amidation
B) phosphorylation
C) glycosylation
D) acetylation
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 31

Immunoglobulin folds are a structural motif, and the amino acid sequence for this fold is commonly found in

A) multicelled animals.
B) yeast.
C) plants.
D) bacteria.
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 32

What is the result of the complement cascade?

A) lysis of the target cells
B) a series of parallel signal reactions
C) destruction of unneeded antibodies
D) activation of chemokines
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 33

Peptides presented by MHC proteins bind primarily to

A) a groove formed by α helices found in the α₁ and α₂ domains.
B) the flat surface of the β₂-microglobulin proteins.
C) the flat surface of the α₃ domain.
D) the $\beta$ -bend between the α₂ and α₃ domains.
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 34

What are Toll-like receptors and what pathogens do they recognize?

Question 35

The first type of antibody that is found in serum after antigen is detected is

A) IgM.
B) IgB.
C) IgG.
D) IgD.
E) IgE.

Question 36

What types of bonds are present in antigen:antibody binding?

Question 37

How do large antigens interact with antibodies?

A) The region of contact between antibodies and antigens is very narrow, allowing greater specificity.
B) Large antigens will contact the entire antibody, including the F_c region.
C) All six CDRs of the antibody can make contact with a specific epitope.
D) A single CDR of the antibody contacts multiple epitopes of the antigen.
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 38

Examples of autoimmune diseases include

A) multiple sclerosis.
B) insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
C) rheumatoid arthritis.
D) All of the answers are correct..
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 39

What is the significance of the J region of the $\kappa$ light-chain locus?

A) Multiple J sites contribute to antibody diversity.
B) It provides a unique joining site for J and V genes, which is always the same.
C) It provides numerous sites for linkage to the V genes.
D) A and B are both correct.
E) A and C are both correct.

Question 40

How is the immune system diversity similar to evolutionary processes?

Question 41

How is cyclosporin useful in medical therapy?

Question 42

How are pathogens inside cells destroyed by the immune system?

Question 43

Explain why the amino terminal immunoglobulin domains of the L and H chains have hypervariable sequences.

Question 44

Are unrelated humans likely to have similar class II genes?

Question 45

What are positive and negative selection of T-cell receptors?

Question 46

What are the steps in cytotoxic T-cell activation?

Question 47

When the heavy chain is switched to make secreted antibodies, how is the specificity of antigen binding maintained?

Question 48

Describe the $\kappa$ light chain locus of the genome.

Question 49

Why is it difficult to develop a vaccine for AIDS?

Question 50

How does the immune response differ for peptides bound to a class II, rather than class I, MHC protein?