Deck 9: Cognition and Intelligence

Question 1

A child's _________ age refers to the level ability typical of a child of the same chronological age.

A) social
B) cognitive
C) mental
D) Binet

Answer 1

mental

Question 2

Which of the following is the most useful definition of the term intelligence?

A) The capacity to reason, solve problems, and acquire new knowledge.
B) The ability to excel when placed in a high quality educational setting.
C) Being smart and having a lot of common sense.
D) Knowing how to adapt to the world around you.

Answer 2

The capacity to reason, solve problems, and acquire new knowledge.

Question 3

You are assessing a student in a 5th grade class,and you use a test that measures that student's mental age.If that student produces "average" results on this test,what does this tell you?

A) This student has abilities that are typical of other children of the same chronological age.
B) This student is developing slower than other students, because "average" in statistics actually indicates a deficit of abilities.
C) This student is developing faster than other students, because "average" in statistics actually indicates enhanced abilities.
D) This student has no unique skills whatsoever, and can be counted on to do "average" work in class for the foreseeable future.

Answer 3

This student has abilities that are typical of other children of the same chronological age.

Question 4

In which country did Lewis Terman published an adaptation of Alfred Binet's intelligence test in 1916?

A) England
B) The United States of America
C) Canada
D) Italy

Question 5

The formula (Mental Age / Chronological Age)x 100 is used to determine an individual's __________.

A) intelligence quality
B) intelligence quartile
C) intelligence quotient
D) intelligence quantity

Question 6

In __________,a French scientist by the name of Alfred Binet was asked to develop a test that could help teachers identify school children who had special needs.

A) 1890
B) 1892
C) 1897
D) 1904

Question 7

While Alfred Binet is generally credited with creating the first test used to measure intelligence,this is actually a bit of a mistake! The test that he developed,in fact,measured a child's __________.

A) processing speed
B) mental age
C) mathematics skills
D) verbal fluency

Question 8

If a person's mental age is the same as their chronological age,what will their IQ be calculated as?

A) 50
B) 200
C) 10
D) 100

Question 9

In what year did David Wechsler publish the first version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)?

A) 1905
B) 1916
C) 1939
D) 1982

Question 10

Of the following cognitive psychologists,who was not involved in studies that drew comparisons between the workings of the human brain and the workings of computers?

A) John von Neumann
B) Noam Chomsky
C) Herbert Simon
D) Allen Newell

Question 11

Which researcher developed an intelligence test that normed its scores according to the concept of normal distribution?

A) David Wechsler
B) Alfred Binet
C) Lewis Terman
D) Sir Francis Galton

Question 12

What does IQ stand for?

A) Intelligence quality
B) Intelligence quantity
C) Intelligence quartile
D) Intelligence quotient

Question 13

Which of the following individuals is identified in your textbook as having been a major contributor to the field of cognitive psychology?

A) F.C. Donders
B) Ivar Lovaas
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Thomas Szasz

Question 14

What did cognitive psychologists like Noam Chomsky and Jean Piaget have to say about the relationship between cognitive psychology and behaviorism?

A) The relationship between cognition and behavior has not been demonstrated, which is why both areas of study need to be undertaken independently.
B) It is necessary to understand cognition before we can understand behavior.
C) It is necessary to understand behavior before we can understand cognition.
D) Only when an individual is free of unconscious conflicts is it truly possible to see the relationship between their cognitive processes and their overt behaviors.

Question 15

The first useable test of intelligence was developed by Alfred Binet,a scientist who was asked by the __________ government to develop a measure to identify school children who had special needs.

A) German
B) French
C) Italian
D) British

Question 16

Which of the following activities would be of topic of interest to a researcher in cognitive psychology?

A) Prenatal development
B) Psychology disorders
C) Memory
D) Personality traits

Question 17

Why was Lewis Terman's formula for determining an IQ such a useful tool in the study of intelligence?

A) It helped clinicians assess children of different ages.
B) It distinguished between children who were pre- or post-puberty based on its ability to detect the cognitive changes that occur when puberty begins.
C) It helped differentiate between the scores produced by girls and scores produced by boys.
D) It was the first measure that allowed for the assessment of intelligence in adults.

Question 18

Why was the study of cognition generally dismissed or ignored prior to the 1950s?

A) Because the technology needed to study cognition had not yet been invented prior to the 1950s.
B) Because there was no real literature that discussed how we think, so there was nothing upon which to base the study of cognition.
C) Because cognition was seen as existing under the "umbrella" of religion and philosophy, two fields that were at great odds with the study of psychology.
D) Because psychologists chose instead to focus on visible behaviors, and many of the topics of cognitive psychology are not readily observable.

Question 19

The __________ Intelligence Scale was the result of Lewis Terman publishing an adaptation of Alfred Binet's intelligence test in the United States of America.

A) Binet-Terman
B) Terman-Stanford
C) Terman-Binet
D) Stanford-Binet

Question 20

The study of __________ consists of examining the mental activities associated with sensation,perception,thinking,knowing,remembering,and communicating.

A) psychophysics
B) cognition
C) psychology
D) intelligence

Question 21

An individual who is a person of normal overall intelligence who has a specific extraordinary ability is called a(n)__________.

A) autistic
B) savant
C) genius
D) prodigy

Question 22

When it comes to testing the intelligence of people from different cultural backgrounds who live in the same community,which of the following statements is the most accurate?

A) It may be impossible to create an intelligence test completely free of cultural bias.
B) As long as the IQ test is given in a uniform manner, the influence of different cultural backgrounds is minimal and it is not necessary to consider those differences.
C) The only time an IQ test has cultural bias is if the test administrator has a particular desire to act in a way that discriminates against the test taker.
D) Cultural bias is not something that needs to be considered, but gender bias is a very salient topic in the world of intelligence testing.

Question 23

Luanne believes that the term "intelligence" refers to a person's overall cognitive abilities; that is,she thinks that it is a wide-reaching term that incorporates all of an individual's mental skills.If Luanne was asked "Who is the one intelligence theorist with whom you would like to have dinner," what would she probably answer?

A) Charles Spearman
B) Robert Sternberg
C) Howard Gardner
D) John Horn

Question 24

Which researcher was the first to develop an intelligence test that could help assess the cognitive skills of adults?

A) Charles Spearman
B) Robert Sternberg
C) David Wechsler
D) Lewis Terman

Question 25

Research into the activity of the brain during taxing activities has revealed that the size of the __________ is linked to IQ more closely than the size of any other area in the brain.

A) prefrontal cortex
B) cerebrum
C) cerebellum
D) thalamus

Question 26

What is the general result of studies of intelligence involving twins,siblings,and unrelated siblings raised in the same household?

A) The role of nature and nurture - genetics and environment - were found to be exactly equal, meaning that even people born with the genes for high intelligence could end up with low IQs if their environment was not adequate support of their cognitive growth.
B) Because identical twins always had identical intelligences, it was determined that the role of environment on intelligence is non-existent, and that it is an entirely genetic phenomenon.
C) Because children raised in nurturing, enriching households always had higher IQs than children raised in neglectful households, it was determined that environment is more important than genetics in the determination of intelligence.
D) Ultimately genetics are more influential than environment on an individual's intelligence.

Question 27

Zachary was appearing before a judge on his third drunk driving charge of the year,and this time he was looking at some real time in jail as a punishment."I don't know why you can't learn from your past mistakes,Zachary," the judge said,"but maybe you are simply lacking in __________ intelligence.You now get one year in jail to figure out that you shouldn't drive while you are drunk!"

A) crystallized
B) retrograde
C) social
D) fluid

Question 28

Approximately every ___ years,the average IQ scores in the human population rise 9-15 points.

A) 15
B) 30
C) 45
D) 60

Question 29

Which of the following individuals would be considered a prodigy?

A) Stephen Hawking
B) Albert Einstein
C) Lance Armstrong
D) Barack Obama

Question 30

Last week,Dr.Diop gave her Multicultural Psychology class an exam that tested their mastery of the information she had presented for the first half of the course.This type of test,one that measures knowledge and progress,is called a(n)__________ test.

A) intelligence
B) academic
C) aptitude
D) achievement

Question 31

The ability to process information and act accordingly is called __________ intelligence,while the mental ability derived from previous experience is called __________ intelligence.

A) practical; analytical
B) crystallized; fluid
C) analytical; practical
D) fluid; crystallized

Question 32

"I'm really having difficulty getting through to Lana," Miss Batyko lamented while sitting in the teacher's lounge at school."I've tried everything I can think of to help her understand what we're talking about in class,but she still seems to be having so much difficulty! I wonder if there is a kind of test I can use that would measure her potential ability instead of just using a test that measures what she's already learned!" "You're in luck," replied Miss Petraglia."The kind of test you want to use is a(n)_________ test,and it does exist!"

A) intelligence
B) achievement
C) distribution
D) aptitude

Question 33

According to psychologist Charles Spearman,the ___-factor refers to the entire skill set of overall intelligence that encompasses a range of abilities.

A) f
B) x
C) g
D) pi

Question 34

Research finds that strong central __________ functioning,the set of mental processes that governs goals,strategies,and coordination of the mind's activities,is related to higher intelligence.

A) executive
B) cognitive
C) psychic
D) unconscious

Question 35

Regarding the relative influences on intelligence,which combatant in the nature vs.nurture debate is ultimately the winner?

A) There is no debate, because there is no way to test which influence is more crucial to intelligence
B) Nature
C) Nurture
D) It is a draw

Question 36

Which of the following cognitive skills has not been found to contribute to high IQ scores

A) quick information processing speeds
B) high capacity of working memory
C) better skill at regulating emotions
D) mental self-monitoring

Question 37

Which of the following is relatively well-correlated with scores in IQ tests?

A) Likelihood of achieving a successful marriage that does not involve separation or divorce.
B) Lifetime financial success.
C) Physical abilities and athletic prowess.
D) Academic and employment performance.

Question 38

One of the earliest theories of multiple types of intelligence was that of Raymond Cattell,who suggested that intelligence can be divided up into two types:

A) intrapersonal and interpersonal
B) emotional and intellectual
C) practical and creative
D) fluid and crystallized

Question 39

The psychologist __________ suggested that intelligence is a common factor,called g,that underlies certain mental abilities.

A) Howard Gardner
B) David Thurstone
C) Raymond Cattell
D) Charles Spearman

Question 40

The basic theory of a _________ distribution is that scores are clustered,or centered,around a central value,and scores are tracked on a bell-shaped curve.

A) central
B) positive
C) skewed
D) normal

Question 41

Carmen was voted "Most Popular" and "Funniest" student in his high school senior class.According to the theory of Howard Gardner,in which type of intelligence might he be very gifted?

A) Linguistic
B) Spatial
C) Intrapersonal
D) Interpersonal

Question 42

Recently,Marika had to end an 18-month long relationship with Joshua,a man with whom she was deeply in love.She recognized,however,that they did not want the same things out of life; specifically,Joshua wanted to get married someday,and Marika was not interested in marriage.Though they tried to work out a compromise,it was not going to work out.Even though ending the relationship was painful,Marika was able to understand and manage her own feelings,even to the point of helping Joshua through the break-up with as little pain as possible.Marika is clearly very gifted in the area of __________ intelligence.

A) self-aware
B) intrapersonal
C) savantish
D) emotional

Question 43

According to Robert Sternberg,there are ___ different types of intelligence.

A) 1
B) 3
C) 5
D) 6

Question 44

The neural component of intelligence may not be as closely related to a brain's size as it is to the brain's __________,which refers to its ability to grow and change.

A) adaptability
B) malleability
C) development
D) plasticity

Question 45

Jill is 13-years old and has been taking ballet class for 4 years.Her teacher is very impressed with her skill,and has suggested that Jill and her parents consider whether she could be able to have a career in dance.According to Gardner's theory,Jill has a strength in __________ intelligence.

A) Bodily/Kinesthetic
B) Naturalistic
C) Spatial
D) Musical

Question 46

What is the difference between a prodigy and a person with savant syndrome?

A) The prodigy is a label reserved for adults, while a savant is a label reserved for children
B) The prodigy is usually of normal overall intelligence, while the savant is usually of below-average intelligence.
C) The savant is usually of normal overall intelligence, while the prodigy is usually of below-average intelligence.
D) The savant is a label reserved for adults, while a prodigy is a label reserved for children.

Question 47

__________ is a rare disorder that occasionally accompanies autism in which a person of below-average intelligence has an extraordinary ability.

A) Impulsive ability syndrome
B) Savant syndrome
C) Prodigy disorder
D) Schizoaffective disorder

Question 48

Which of the following statements regarding Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences is the most accurate?

A) Any person can be strong in any combination of multiple types of intelligence.
B) Each of the intelligences is based on genetics, so there is no real way a person can "develop" intelligence.
C) Each person has one and only one strong intelligence, which is countered by one and only one deficient intelligence. The other six will cluster around being "average."
D) Research has found that the older we get, the more strengths we have in different types of intelligence.

Question 49

Randi loves to cook,but unfortunately she finds herself almost incapable of creating meals by just "throwing together" different ingredients.She requires a recipe to make her dishes,and she follows those recipes precisely as written.According to Robert Sternberg,which type of intelligence does Randi fail to demonstrate her cooking skills?

A) Analytical
B) Creative
C) Practical
D) Social

Question 50

When young Violet thinks of a fire truck,several other details immediately show up in her thinking.She thinks "vehicle," "red," "emergency," "lights and siren," and "helpers." The way she organizes these various concept categories based on particular features is an example of a(n)__________.

A) concept map
B) exemplification
C) prototype
D) hierarchy

Question 51

A mental grouping of similar objects,events,and people is called a __________.

A) exemplar
B) schema
C) prototype
D) concept

Question 52

In the movie Rain Man,the character played by Dustin Hoffman had an incredible memory,to the point where he could count cards in Las Vegas,read and remember every name in a telephone book,and recall nearly every event from his entire life.Though he was primarily diagnosed as suffering from autistic disorder,what other diagnostic label would be appropriate for this character?

A) Rhett's syndrome
B) Prodigy syndrome
C) Asperger's syndrome
D) Savant syndrome

Question 53

Robert Sternberg is to ___ types of intelligence as Howard Gardner is to ____ types of intelligence.

A) 8; 4
B) 4; 6
C) 2; 12
D) 3; 8

Question 54

Which of the following is one of the aspects of intelligence according to the theory of psychologist Robert Sternberg?

A) Interpersonal intelligence
B) Crystallized intelligence
C) Intrapersonal intelligence
D) Creative intelligence

Question 55

The term book knowledge most resembles __________ intelligence from the theory of Robert Sternberg.

A) analytic
B) emotional
C) practical
D) academic

Question 56

A(n)__________ is the mental image or typical example that exhibits all of the features associated with a concept.

A) exemplar
B) primary schematic
C) schema
D) prototype

Question 57

The wildly popular reality television show The Apprentice takes complete strangers and forces them to work as a cohesive group,even while each member is hoping to "outperform" the others.The winners are usually the people who can work well both independently and as part of a group.From a cognitive psychology perspective,these individuals may rate very high in __________ intelligence.

A) fluid
B) logical/mathematical
C) intrapersonal
D) social

Question 58

According to the theory of Robert Sternberg,__________ intelligence is characterized by the ability to find many solutions to complicated and poorly defined problems and to use those solutions in everyday situations.

A) creative
B) applied
C) practical
D) analytical

Question 59

________ speed refers to the time it takes an individual to mentally take in and compare stimuli.

A) fluid
B) social
C) perceptual
D) naturalistic

Question 60

Which of the following is one of the eight multiple intelligences proposed by Howard Gardner?

A) Crystallized
B) General
C) Creative
D) Naturalistic

Question 61

Chris was getting more and more frustrated as he looked for his wallet.He simply could not remember what he had done with it,and he felt like he'd checked everywhere for it.As he sat on his sofa trying to come up with a solution,it suddenly dawned on him in a glorious "Aha" moment that he'd left the wallet in his car.This kind of solution - where an answer suddenly comes to a person - is called __________.

A) a savant moment
B) inspiration
C) insight
D) prototyping

Question 62

Which of the following might demonstrate the result of discursive,or theoretical,reasoning?

A) Opting to delay studying for an exam so that you can go to a party tonight
B) The willingness to turn down a job now so that you can get a better job later
C) A person's religious beliefs
D) The decision to camp out all night to buy tickets to a rock concert

Question 63

The __________ state is a problem-solving condition in which a person has all the information he or she needs to solve the problem.

A) informed
B) initial
C) goal
D) omniscient

Question 64

Which of the following is not a type of reasoning,according to your textbook?

A) Deductive reasoning
B) Discursive reasoning
C) Pantheoretical reasoning
D) Syllogistic Reasoning

Question 65

When a person is trying to decide what to do or how to act,they are engaging in _________ reasoning.

A) theoretical
B) syllogistic
C) practical
D) deductive

Question 66

The __________ state refers to a problem-solving condition in which a person has incomplete or unsatisfactory information.

A) initial
B) boggled
C) inadequate
D) misinformed

Question 67

A step-by-step procedure that a person can follow to arrive at a solution to a particular problem is called a(n)__________.

A) goal state
B) mental set
C) heuristic
D) algorithm

Question 68

Banana,Olive,and Tomato.If you think of these three items,you may initially think that they have nothing in common aside from being edible products.If you look closer,however,you will find that they are all types of fruits.The way that we categorize things together based on their shared features is called the __________ theory.

A) family resemblance
B) common attribute
C) shared feature
D) unified concept

Question 69

__________ is the act of combining current information with information stored in memory to find a solution to a task.

A) Problem solving
B) Practical intelligence
C) Exemplar seeking
D) Heuristic application

Question 70

The __________ bias describes the effect that occurs when a person's existing ways of thinking distort his or her logical decisions.

A) hindsight
B) representative
C) heuristic
D) belief

Question 71

If I say the word "dog" and you immediately begin thinking of various breeds of dogs - cocker spaniel,golden retriever,bulldog,German shepherd - but you fail to think of things like "hot dog," "Snoop Doggy Dog," or "my ex boyfriend," then your cognition has been affected by the __________ theory that says we make category judgments by comparing new things with examples that are familiar to us.

A) concept
B) prototype
C) family resemblance
D) exemplar

Question 72

As Rebekah is driving to the hotel where her business convention is being held,she finds that she cannot quite figure out how to get there.The set of __________,which consists of the steps she would need to figure out how to get to her destination,might first have her (1)pull to the side of the road,(2)retrieve her GPS unit from the glove compartment,(3)plug in the unit,(4)type in the address of her destination,and (5)follow the verbal commands until she gets to the hotel.

A) best fits
B) reductions
C) functionality
D) operations

Question 73

__________ refers to the sudden realization of the solution to a problem.

A) Inspiration
B) Insight
C) Genius
D) Unveiling

Question 74

__________ is the cognitive process of organizing information or beliefs into a series of steps to reach conclusions.

A) Verbalizing
B) Reasoning
C) Centrating
D) Schematic processing

Question 75

Which of the following is not one of the errors in reasoning that is discussed in your textbook?

A) The representative heuristic
B) Overconfidence
C) The hindsight bias
D) The conjunction bias

Question 76

"Samuel wears a hat.All baseball players wear a hat.Therefore,Samuel is a baseball player." The preceding is an inaccurate conclusion based on two premises."Samuel is a baseball player.All baseball players wear a hat.Therefore,Samuel wears a hat." The preceding is an accurate conclusion based on two premises.Even though only one of these statements comes to an accurate conclusion,they both use a __________.

A) discursion
B) induction
C) syllogism
D) deduction

Question 77

Going from broad to specific conclusions is called __________,while going from specific examples to broad conclusions is called __________ reasoning.

A) theoretical; analytical
B) deductive; inductive
C) analytical; theoretical
D) inductive; deductive

Question 78

Martha has lost her keys.She looks in her purse,only to find that they are not there.She looks in various places - rooms of her house,cushions of the sofa,even in the refrigerator - but she keeps coming back to her purse to make sure that the keys are not there.Martha's tendency to solve the problem using a successful past solution is an example of __________.

A) an algorithm
B) functional fixedness
C) the mental set
D) a heuristic

Question 79

Chiang walks out of the dry cleaners holding his freshly laundered shirts on new hangers.He walks over to his car,only to find that he has locked the keys inside.Because he is suffering from __________,he calls a tow truck and waits for 45 minutes,causing him to miss an important meeting at work instead of using one of the hangers to maneuver his way into unlocking the car door.

A) algorithmic limitations
B) the mental set
C) heuristic blockage
D) functional fixedness

Question 80

"I'm SO glad I didn't bet on the Yankees to win the World Series this year," Vittorio said to his wife Debbie."I knew that even though they had all of the best players and the highest payroll that they wouldn't win!" The fact that Vittorio said this the day after the Yankees lost the last game of the World Series is an example of the __________ bias.

A) heuristic
B) belief
C) hindsight
D) exemplar