Deck 8: Reordering the World 1750-1850

Question 1

Questions refer to the passage below.
The following is the response given by Chinese emperor Qianlong following the first British envoy to China, known as the Macartney Embassy.
"As to your entreaty to send one of your nationals to be accredited to my Celestial Court and to be in control of your country's trade with China, this request is contrary to all usage of my dynasty and cannot possibly be entertained. It is true that Europeans, in the service of the dynasty, have been permitted to live at Peking, but they are compelled to adopt Chinese dress, they are strictly confined to their own precincts and are never permitted to return home. You are presumably familiar with our dynastic regulations. Your proposed Envoy to my Court could not be placed in a position similar to that of European officials in Peking who are forbidden to leave China, nor could he, on the other hand, be allowed liberty of movement and the privilege of corresponding with his own country; so that you would gain nothing by his residence in our midst.
It may be, O King, that the above proposals have been wantonly made by your Ambassador on his own responsibility, or peradventure you yourself are ignorant of our dynastic regulations and had no intention of transgressing them when you expressed these wild ideas and hopes. . . . If, after the receipt of this explicit decree, you lightly give ear to the representations of your subordinates and allow your barbarian merchants to proceed to Chêkiang and Tientsin, with the object of landing and trading there, the ordinances of my Celestial Empire are strict in the extreme, and the local officials, both civil and military, are bound reverently to obey the law of the land. Should your vessels touch the shore, your merchants will assuredly never be permitted to land or to reside there but will be subject to instant expulsion. In that event your barbarian merchants will have had a long journey for nothing. Do not say that you were not warned in due time! Tremblingly obey and show no negligence! . . ."
Emperor Qianlong: Letter to George III, 1793
What is the purpose of this letter from Emperor Qianlong to King George III of England?

A) To warn the British about interference in Chinese affairs
B) To welcome the British to the lands in Asia
C) To offer trade advice to the British about the economy of Asia
D) To create an alliance between the two empires

Answer 1

To warn the British about interference in Chinese affairs

Question 2

Questions refer to the passage below.
Kingston, Jamaica, September 6, 1815
. . . the destiny of America has been irrevocably decided; the tie that bound her to Spain has been severed. Only a concept maintained that tie and kept the parts of that immense monarchy together. That which formerly bound them now divides them. The hatred that the Peninsula has inspired in us is greater than the ocean between us. It would be easier to have the two continents meet than to reconcile the spirits of the two countries. The habit of obedience; a community of interest, of understanding, of religion; mutual goodwill; a tender regard for the birthplace and good name of our forefathers; in short, all that gave rise to our hopes, came to us from Spain. As a result, there was born principle of affinity that seemed eternal, notwithstanding the misbehavior of our rulers which weakened that sympathy, or, rather, that bond enforced by the domination of their rule. At present the contrary attitude persists: we are threatened with the fear of death, dishonor, and every harm; there is nothing we have not suffered at the hands of that unnatural stepmother-Spain. The veil has been torn asunder. We have already seen the light, and it is not our desire to be thrust back into darkness. . . .
The role of the inhabitants of the American hemisphere has for centuries been purely passive. Politically they were nonexistent. We are still in a position lower than slavery, and therefore it is more difficult for us to rise to the enjoyment of freedom. . . . States are slaves because of either the nature or the misuse of their constitutions; a people is therefore enslaved when the government, by its nature or its vices, infringes on and usurps the rights of the citizen or subject.
Simon Bolivar, "Letter from Jamaica," 1815
Which of the following served as an inspiration to Bolivar?

A) North American Revolution
B) Haitian (Saint-Domingue) Revolution
C) Industrial Revolution
D) Napoleonic Revolution

Answer 2

North American Revolution

Question 3

Questions refer to the drawing below.
Capital and Labour (1843), Punch Magazine
Which of the following events MOST directly led to the developments illustrated in the drawing?

A) The end of global slave trade and rise of abolitionism
B) The women's suffrage movement and changes in political rights
C) The rapid urbanization due to industrialization
D) The creation of new political parties in European politics

Answer 3

The rapid urbanization due to industrialization

Question 4

On which of the following premises does the concept of popular sovereignty depend?

A) A nation's goal is to maximize its economic efficiency.
B) A nation equally represents all inhabitants within its territory.
C) A nation is a people sharing a common culture, language, and history.
D) A nation carries out a divinely sanctioned plan for its growth and development.

Question 5

Which of the following accurately describes a reason cited by the colonists for the North American War of Independence?

A) Britain's North American colonies were impoverished and would not be able to prosper as long as Britain retained control.
B) Many Amerindians turned to the American revolutionaries to help them resist the aggressive advances of the land-hungry British.
C) King George III insisted that colonists help pay for Britain's war with France and for the benefits of being subjects of the British Empire.
D) North American colonists did not have local assemblies, which they required to be democratic.

Question 6

Questions refer to the map below.
Industrial Europe around 1850
According to the map and your knowledge of world history, which of the following natural resources contributed MOST to the growth of the Industrial Revolution?

A) Coal deposits
B) Iron ore deposits
C) Steel deposits
D) Access to wool

Question 7

Questions refer to the passage below.
Kingston, Jamaica, September 6, 1815
. . . the destiny of America has been irrevocably decided; the tie that bound her to Spain has been severed. Only a concept maintained that tie and kept the parts of that immense monarchy together. That which formerly bound them now divides them. The hatred that the Peninsula has inspired in us is greater than the ocean between us. It would be easier to have the two continents meet than to reconcile the spirits of the two countries. The habit of obedience; a community of interest, of understanding, of religion; mutual goodwill; a tender regard for the birthplace and good name of our forefathers; in short, all that gave rise to our hopes, came to us from Spain. As a result, there was born principle of affinity that seemed eternal, notwithstanding the misbehavior of our rulers which weakened that sympathy, or, rather, that bond enforced by the domination of their rule. At present the contrary attitude persists: we are threatened with the fear of death, dishonor, and every harm; there is nothing we have not suffered at the hands of that unnatural stepmother-Spain. The veil has been torn asunder. We have already seen the light, and it is not our desire to be thrust back into darkness. . . .
The role of the inhabitants of the American hemisphere has for centuries been purely passive. Politically they were nonexistent. We are still in a position lower than slavery, and therefore it is more difficult for us to rise to the enjoyment of freedom. . . . States are slaves because of either the nature or the misuse of their constitutions; a people is therefore enslaved when the government, by its nature or its vices, infringes on and usurps the rights of the citizen or subject.
Simon Bolivar, "Letter from Jamaica," 1815
Which of the following statements best expresses the purpose of Bolivar's letter?

A) Bolivar was explaining the reasons why Spanish colonists in Colombia could no longer remain controlled by the Spanish crown.
B) Bolivar was informing the king of Jamaica of his intentions to work with the Spanish government.
C) Bolivar was hoping the king of Jamaica could reach out to the king of Spain to bring the regions back together.
D) Bolivar was educating the people of the Caribbean about the problems of the Spanish government.

Question 8

Questions refer to the passage below.
Olympe de Gouges (1748-1793) was an early supporter of the French Revolution. The 1791 constitution extended male suffrage, but that right was not granted to women. De Gouges responded in the following passage:
"Women, wake up; the tocsin of reason is being heard throughout the whole universe; discover your rights. The powerful empire of nature is no longer surrounded by prejudice, fanaticism, superstition, and lies . . . Oh, women, women! When will you cease to be blind? What advantage have you received from the Revolution? A more pronounced scorn, a more marked disdain . . . Regardless of what barriers confront you, it is in your power to free yourselves; you have only to want to. . . .
I offer a foolproof way to elevate the soul of women; it is to join them in all activities of man; if man persists in finding this way impractical, let him share his fortune with woman, not at his caprice, but by the wisdom of laws. Prejudice falls, morals are purified, and nature regains all her rights."
Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (1791), Olympe de Gouges
What effect is de Gouges hoping her writing will have on women in France?

A) Women will support their husbands and fathers in joining the revolution.
B) Women will remain in their traditional roles of wives and mothers while ignoring the revolution.
C) Women will join in the revolution as equals with the men in revolutionary actions.
D) Women will become active members of the workforce to improve the French economy.

Question 9

Calls for political revolution in the eighteenth-century Atlantic world relied on which of the following new ideas?

A) Nationalism and democracy.
B) Absolutism and capitalism.
C) Nationalism and mercantilism.
D) Absolutism and socialism.

Question 10

Questions refer to the drawing below.
Capital and Labour (1843), Punch Magazine
How does the drawing represent a historical continuity?

A) The social classes with the most access to money had the best living conditions.
B) The middle classes have always taken care of the lower classes.
C) People in the lowest classes were the smallest percentage of the population.
D) Social classes were equal in population and power regardless of wealth.

Question 11

Questions refer to the passage below.
The following is the response given by Chinese emperor Qianlong following the first British envoy to China, known as the Macartney Embassy.
"As to your entreaty to send one of your nationals to be accredited to my Celestial Court and to be in control of your country's trade with China, this request is contrary to all usage of my dynasty and cannot possibly be entertained. It is true that Europeans, in the service of the dynasty, have been permitted to live at Peking, but they are compelled to adopt Chinese dress, they are strictly confined to their own precincts and are never permitted to return home. You are presumably familiar with our dynastic regulations. Your proposed Envoy to my Court could not be placed in a position similar to that of European officials in Peking who are forbidden to leave China, nor could he, on the other hand, be allowed liberty of movement and the privilege of corresponding with his own country; so that you would gain nothing by his residence in our midst.
It may be, O King, that the above proposals have been wantonly made by your Ambassador on his own responsibility, or peradventure you yourself are ignorant of our dynastic regulations and had no intention of transgressing them when you expressed these wild ideas and hopes. . . . If, after the receipt of this explicit decree, you lightly give ear to the representations of your subordinates and allow your barbarian merchants to proceed to Chêkiang and Tientsin, with the object of landing and trading there, the ordinances of my Celestial Empire are strict in the extreme, and the local officials, both civil and military, are bound reverently to obey the law of the land. Should your vessels touch the shore, your merchants will assuredly never be permitted to land or to reside there but will be subject to instant expulsion. In that event your barbarian merchants will have had a long journey for nothing. Do not say that you were not warned in due time! Tremblingly obey and show no negligence! . . ."
Emperor Qianlong: Letter to George III, 1793
How does this document represent continuity in Chinese ways of thinking about their place in the world?

A) China continuously was the center of sea trade in Asia throughout the dynasty system.
B) China continuously worked with foreign governments to create powerful political alliances.
C) China continuously viewed itself as a powerful state at the center of the world.
D) China continuously went to war over trade and economics with its rivals.

Question 12

Questions refer to the passage below.
Olympe de Gouges (1748-1793) was an early supporter of the French Revolution. The 1791 constitution extended male suffrage, but that right was not granted to women. De Gouges responded in the following passage:
"Women, wake up; the tocsin of reason is being heard throughout the whole universe; discover your rights. The powerful empire of nature is no longer surrounded by prejudice, fanaticism, superstition, and lies . . . Oh, women, women! When will you cease to be blind? What advantage have you received from the Revolution? A more pronounced scorn, a more marked disdain . . . Regardless of what barriers confront you, it is in your power to free yourselves; you have only to want to. . . .
I offer a foolproof way to elevate the soul of women; it is to join them in all activities of man; if man persists in finding this way impractical, let him share his fortune with woman, not at his caprice, but by the wisdom of laws. Prejudice falls, morals are purified, and nature regains all her rights."
Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (1791), Olympe de Gouges
De Gouges was MOST likely influenced by which of the following historical developments?

A) The Industrial Revolution
B) The Enlightenment
C) The Scientific Revolution
D) The suffrage movement

Question 13

In the eighteenth century, which of the following was an argument made against the mercantile system?

A) The mercantile system did not support mining bullion in the Americas.
B) The mercantile system promoted free trade between American colonies.
C) The mercantile system kept people from sharing in the wealth that was circulating around the Atlantic world.
D) The mercantile system decreased the power of kings and aristocrats.

Question 14

Questions refer to the drawing below.
Capital and Labour (1843), Punch Magazine
The drawing was most likely created by someone who was concerned with the:

A) impact of slavery.
B) political implications of capitalism.
C) medical complication associated with poverty.
D) plight of the working classes.

Question 15

Questions refer to the passage below.
The following is the response given by Chinese emperor Qianlong following the first British envoy to China, known as the Macartney Embassy.
"As to your entreaty to send one of your nationals to be accredited to my Celestial Court and to be in control of your country's trade with China, this request is contrary to all usage of my dynasty and cannot possibly be entertained. It is true that Europeans, in the service of the dynasty, have been permitted to live at Peking, but they are compelled to adopt Chinese dress, they are strictly confined to their own precincts and are never permitted to return home. You are presumably familiar with our dynastic regulations. Your proposed Envoy to my Court could not be placed in a position similar to that of European officials in Peking who are forbidden to leave China, nor could he, on the other hand, be allowed liberty of movement and the privilege of corresponding with his own country; so that you would gain nothing by his residence in our midst.
It may be, O King, that the above proposals have been wantonly made by your Ambassador on his own responsibility, or peradventure you yourself are ignorant of our dynastic regulations and had no intention of transgressing them when you expressed these wild ideas and hopes. . . . If, after the receipt of this explicit decree, you lightly give ear to the representations of your subordinates and allow your barbarian merchants to proceed to Chêkiang and Tientsin, with the object of landing and trading there, the ordinances of my Celestial Empire are strict in the extreme, and the local officials, both civil and military, are bound reverently to obey the law of the land. Should your vessels touch the shore, your merchants will assuredly never be permitted to land or to reside there but will be subject to instant expulsion. In that event your barbarian merchants will have had a long journey for nothing. Do not say that you were not warned in due time! Tremblingly obey and show no negligence! . . ."
Emperor Qianlong: Letter to George III, 1793
What might have caused the Chinese emperor to rebuff British efforts to trade?

A) The British threatened the Chinese with force.
B) The British created a trade alliance with Japan against the Chinese.
C) The British were exporting opium to China in spite of Chinese government objections.
D) The British tried to bring Christian missionaries to China in order to increase European supporters.

Question 16

Questions refer to the passage below.
Olympe de Gouges (1748-1793) was an early supporter of the French Revolution. The 1791 constitution extended male suffrage, but that right was not granted to women. De Gouges responded in the following passage:
"Women, wake up; the tocsin of reason is being heard throughout the whole universe; discover your rights. The powerful empire of nature is no longer surrounded by prejudice, fanaticism, superstition, and lies . . . Oh, women, women! When will you cease to be blind? What advantage have you received from the Revolution? A more pronounced scorn, a more marked disdain . . . Regardless of what barriers confront you, it is in your power to free yourselves; you have only to want to. . . .
I offer a foolproof way to elevate the soul of women; it is to join them in all activities of man; if man persists in finding this way impractical, let him share his fortune with woman, not at his caprice, but by the wisdom of laws. Prejudice falls, morals are purified, and nature regains all her rights."
Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (1791), Olympe de Gouges
De Gouges's ideology would be MOST similar to which of the following authors?

A) John Locke
B) Voltaire
C) Mary Wollstonecraft
D) Adam Smith

Question 17

Questions refer to the passage below.
Kingston, Jamaica, September 6, 1815
. . . the destiny of America has been irrevocably decided; the tie that bound her to Spain has been severed. Only a concept maintained that tie and kept the parts of that immense monarchy together. That which formerly bound them now divides them. The hatred that the Peninsula has inspired in us is greater than the ocean between us. It would be easier to have the two continents meet than to reconcile the spirits of the two countries. The habit of obedience; a community of interest, of understanding, of religion; mutual goodwill; a tender regard for the birthplace and good name of our forefathers; in short, all that gave rise to our hopes, came to us from Spain. As a result, there was born principle of affinity that seemed eternal, notwithstanding the misbehavior of our rulers which weakened that sympathy, or, rather, that bond enforced by the domination of their rule. At present the contrary attitude persists: we are threatened with the fear of death, dishonor, and every harm; there is nothing we have not suffered at the hands of that unnatural stepmother-Spain. The veil has been torn asunder. We have already seen the light, and it is not our desire to be thrust back into darkness. . . .
The role of the inhabitants of the American hemisphere has for centuries been purely passive. Politically they were nonexistent. We are still in a position lower than slavery, and therefore it is more difficult for us to rise to the enjoyment of freedom. . . . States are slaves because of either the nature or the misuse of their constitutions; a people is therefore enslaved when the government, by its nature or its vices, infringes on and usurps the rights of the citizen or subject.
Simon Bolivar, "Letter from Jamaica," 1815
According to the document, how does Bolivar characterize the actions of the Spanish government?

A) Spanish rulers abandoned the Latin American colonies, forcing them to suffer in poverty due to economic neglect.
B) Spanish rulers worked with the colonists in creating strong economic and political institutions.
C) Spanish rulers governed fairly for many generations until the beginning of the nineteenth century.
D) Spanish rulers treated colonists as inferiors while using the colonies for their own economic gain.

Question 18

Who constituted "the people," according to political arrangements Americans made during the War of Independence?

A) Women over 30 years old
B) Former slaves who had a trade
C) Amerindians who had fought with the colonists
D) Propertied white men

Question 19

Questions refer to the map below.
Industrial Europe around 1850
What historical development would account for the large numbers of railroads and populated cities being in the United Kingdom?

A) The French Revolution
B) The Enlightenment
C) The Scientific Revolution
D) The Industrial Revolution

Question 20

Questions refer to the map below.
Industrial Europe around 1850
What historical developments would account for the lack of technology and urbanization in eastern Europe?

A) Resistance to change by the monarchs of the Russian Empire
B) The influence of the Qing Empire on eastern European feudal states
C) Continued warfare between the Ottoman Empire and the Austrian Empire
D) A famine in the agricultural regions of eastern Europe

Question 21

Which of the following characterized the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte in France?

A) A respect for the authority of other European leaders
B) An increase in popular democracy
C) A centralized, efficient administration
D) A separate legal code for the French colonies and future conquests

Question 22

Which of the following accurately describes the political revolution against the Spanish monarchy in early nineteenth-century Latin America?

A) It was largely a revolt by Amerindians against poor treatment by the Spanish.
B) It depended on support from the United States for its success.
C) It was crushed by the colonial elite, who used their Spanish identity to justify their control.
D) It became a social struggle among Amerindians, slaves, mestizos, and whites.

Question 23

Which document resulted from elite Americans' fear that their revolution was becoming too radical and threatened to plunge the nation into anarchy?

A) The Constitution
B) The Bill of Rights
C) The Declaration of Independence
D) The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

Question 24

Why did King Pedro separate Brazil from Portuguese rule and declare Brazil to be a constitutional monarchy?

A) He did not want Brazil to fall under Napoleon's control.
B) He feared an uprising among the local elites.
C) Only a monarchy could organize a strong army to protect Brazil from invasion by Simon Bolívar.
D) There was a rebellion among Amerindians in the Amazon region, but Portugal refused to send troops.

Question 25

Which of the following accurately describes global trade in the mid-nineteenth century?

A) The global trade of luxury goods, such as silk and porcelain, profoundly changed the societies that produced them.
B) People increasingly worked to produce goods they could sell in the global market instead of producing subsistence crops.
C) Most goods were carried overland by railroad instead of by sea on sailing ships.
D) The people in the agricultural hinterlands were largely unaffected by changing global markets.

Question 26

Why did the slave trade decline over the first half of the nineteenth century?

A) Plantation owners were swiftly convinced that free labor was more profitable than slave labor.
B) The Haitian Revolution greatly discouraged the further importation of slaves.
C) Britain refused to trade with countries utilizing slave labor.
D) The anti-slavery movement effectively lobbied for bans on the slave trade.

Question 27

Which of the following accurately indicates the process by which the slave trade was ended in the North Atlantic?

A) The Dutch persuaded the French and other European governments to prohibit the slave trade.
B) The United States was the first North Atlantic power to prohibit the slave trade, and others followed its lead.
C) Countries gradually prohibited the slave trade, and Britain posted a naval squadron off the coast of West Africa to prevent any slave trade north of the equator.
D) European and American revolutionaries all agreed that free wage labor was inherently more productive than forced labor.

Question 28

Who benefited most from the revolutions against Spanish rule in the Americas?

A) Local military chieftains who formed alliances with land owners
B) Simon Bolivar, who went on to found the federation of "Gran Colombia"
C) Andean tribes, who were now free from the domination of the peninsulares
D) Mestizos, who were able to take control of the new republics from the creole elites

Question 29

Which of the following was a consequence of Napoleon's failed attempt to create a French continental empire?

A) Nationalism was crushed once and for all, leaving Europe at the mercy of large, multiethnic states ruled by foreign monarchs.
B) The huge French army defeated the Ottoman Empire and provided freedom for oppressed minorities in North Africa and the Middle East.
C) The reforms of the French Revolution were totally wiped out after Napoleon's defeat, and an absolutist monarchy was reinstituted.
D) Europe was divided between those who wanted to restore the status quo and those who wanted to create a society based on individual rights and limited government.

Question 30

Which of the following is a valid comparison between the American and the Saint-Domingue Revolutions?

A) The American colonists wanted only economic freedom, but the people of Saint-Domingue were guided by Enlightenment ideas.
B) Both revolutions ended in the abolition of slavery and the establishment of representative rule.
C) The leaders of the American Revolution were primarily owners of property, but the leaders of Saint-Domingue were primarily slaves.
D) Neither revolution was inspired by the Enlightenment.

Question 31

Which of the following was a product of radical French revolutionaries who controlled the French government during the 1790s?

A) They established the world's largest army.
B) They abolished religion in all forms.
C) They created a legal system based on reforming criminals instead of punishing them.
D) They declared France to be a constitutional monarchy.

Question 32

Which of the following accurately characterizes both the American and French Revolutions?

A) Both introduced republican forms of government.
B) Both granted Political equality to all people.
C) Both avoided written documents, Preferring informal agreements on fundamental rights.
D) Both emancipated slaves in their territories as part of the revolution.

Question 33

What did Europeans mean when they proposed that Africans should engage in "legitimate" trade?

A) Africans should stop using mercantilist forms of protectionism, and engage in free trade.
B) Africans should only sell slaves to European traders who had been licensed by their home governments.
C) Africans should begin to produce goods on an industrial scale for sale in the world market.
D) Africans should sell raw materials instead of slaves, and buy manufactured goods from Europe.

Question 34

How did the idea that "all men were created equal" affect revolutionary American society?

A) It led to the argument that everyone should pay the same amount in taxes.
B) It encouraged people to overturn social hierarchies and stop deferring to those who claimed higher rank.
C) It undermined the belief in the importance of private property.
D) It led slave owners to use less force in controlling their slaves, eventually even freeing them.

Question 35

In what way did the newly independent United States and revolutionary France differ?

A) France sought to spark revolution in other countries, and the United States did not.
B) The United States experienced an outpouring of retributive violence, and France did not.
C) The United States swiftly built up its military, and France did not.
D) French women successfully acquired a central role in its political sphere, and American women did not.

Question 36

Why did King Louis XVI summon the Estates-General into session in 1788?

A) To improve the status of the French peasantry
B) To levy new taxes in order to improve his credit
C) To discuss new ways in which France could work against British interests
D) To create a more egalitarian legal system in France

Question 37

Why were elite Iberian-Americans initially reluctant to embrace the idea of independence?

A) They feared that it might generate revolts among slaves or Amerindians.
B) They feared that cooperation among the various colonies of the Spanish empire would undermine their positions of wealth and power.
C) They feared that without a strong monarchy, the Catholic Church would gain too much influence.
D) They feared that independence would lead peninsulares to return to Europe.

Question 38

Which of John Locke's ideas formed the basis of the Declaration of Independence?

A) Liberty, equality, and fraternity
B) Laissez-faire
C) A social contract, binding both ruler and ruled
D) Universal suffrage

Question 39

What factor contributed most to Mexico's Declaration of Independence in 1821?

A) Calls for redistribution of wealth and property among Amerindians and the poor
B) Cooperation between creoles and peninsulares
C) Loss of faith in the Spanish king's ability to rule effectively
D) Cooperation between Mexican and South American elites

Question 40

Which of the following is a consequence of the revolution in Saint-Domingue?

A) It discouraged the revolutionaries in Latin America.
B) President Thomas Jefferson refused to recognize the new nation, worried that its success might inspire similar revolts in the United States.
C) Napoleon, having restored slavery in France, waged a successful war that restored French control and slavery on Saint-Domingue.
D) After defeating the French in Saint-Domingue, the revolutionaries offered their assistance to those who wished to rebel in Brazil.

Question 41

What effect did the end of the Atlantic slave trade have in Africa?

A) People no longer needed states to protect them from slave raiders.
B) Former victims of the slave trade began to gain strength and attack their neighbors.
C) Expertise in slave trading did not prepare states for success in plantation agriculture.
D) Slavery increased within Africa to provide labor for commercial crops such as palm oil and cloves.

Question 42

Which of the following accurately describes the reactions of Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti and the Haitian Declaration of Independence to French "proclamations"?

A) Both criticize the hypocrisy of French claims to Egyptians and Haitians.
B) Both accuse the French of being irreligious.
C) Both call for their people to violently resist the French.
D) Both recognize superior French scientific and industrial strength.

Question 43

Which of the following was included in 1842 Treaty of Nanjing?

A) The British acquired the right to trade at all Chinese ports.
B) The British agreed not to export more opium to China.
C) The Chinese ceded the island of Hong Kong to the British.
D) The Chinese acquired the right to tax the opium being imported.

Question 44

Which of the following methods was used by Tsar Nicholas I to maintain absolute rule in Russia?

A) He claimed that enlightened despotism was the most advanced form of government.
B) He attempted to gain the loyalty of the people by abolishing serfdom.
C) He expanded the secret police and enforced censorship.
D) He bought the loyalty of the Decembrists with gifts of lands and titles.

Question 45

During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, how did India's traditional trade patterns change?

A) India turned inward and abandoned the Indian Ocean trade in favor of internal trade.
B) The East India Company retreated from Bengal, ending years of lucrative tax collection.
C) The East India Company sponsored scholarship to encourage Indians to adopt a laissez-faire philosophy.
D) India became an importer of British goods such as cotton textiles, and an exporter of raw materials.

Question 46

The wealth generated by the expansion in trade in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries led to the emergence of which of the following social groups?

A) The bourgeoisie
B) The proletariat
C) The nobility of the robe
D) The yeomanry

Question 47

Where did participation in global trade first begin to have a significant impact on the lives of ordinary people?

A) Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean trade network
B) European Russia and Siberia
C) Northwestern Europe and British North America
D) Southern Europe and the Mediterranean

Question 48

Which of the following best explains the rise of Orientalist scholarship?

A) Asian intellectuals' influence on academia after they migrated to Britain
B) British imperialists' desire to understand their subject populations
C) European intellectuals' opposition to British Empire in Asia
D) European colonizers' discovery of forgotten Sanskrit and Persian texts

Question 49

Which of the following factors helped create the "industrious" revolution?

A) Households were moved by revivalist preachers to work harder to avoid time for sinning.
B) Because of changing climates, households had to work much longer hours to grow enough food.
C) Because of competition with slave and other forms of forced labor, most households had to include their children in laboring to provide enough income to survive.
D) Households gave up leisure time to produce more goods for the market in order to buy products produced elsewhere.

Question 50

In the eighteenth century, global trade was stimulated by poor people in Western Europe consuming which of the following products?

A) Tea, rum, and beef
B) Coffee, chocolate, and vodka
C) Coffee, tea, and sugar
D) Tea, sugar, and turnips

Question 51

What invention transformed sugar refining, pottery making, and textile making?

A) The cotton gin
B) The water frame
C) The printing press
D) The steam engine

Question 52

In what way did Britain's political and social environment contribute to the industrial revolution?

A) It encouraged women to participate in creating new technology.
B) It allowed merchants and industrialists to invest heavily in such inventions as steam power.
C) It encouraged landowning nobility to grow crops for food for the working class population.
D) It restricted access to rapidly expanding international and internal markets.

Question 53

In early-nineteenth-century industrial societies, why did migration to urban areas increase so rapidly?

A) Cities offered more comfortable and modern housing.
B) There was a growing demand for factory workers in the cities.
C) Peasants wanted to avoid the rigid work discipline of the rural farms.
D) Cities provided free public education to their residents.

Question 54

Which of the following explains in part why China did not become the epicenter of the Industrial Revolution?

A) The Qing did not foster experimentation or create links between thinkers and investors.
B) The Qing put too much emphasis on overseas trade, draining capital needed to industrialize.
C) The Qing believed that science was against the principles of Confucianism.
D) The Qing passed protective tariffs to protect local merchants, which stifled trade and innovation.

Question 55

How did the migration of Qing peasants differ from the migration of workers in Britain?

A) Qing peasants migrated to the large coastal cities to take part in trade; British agrarian labor moved to the interior of the island.
B) Qing peasants were encouraged by the government to migrate westward to secure the frontiers; British agrarian labor moved to cities for factory jobs.
C) British agrarian labor voluntarily moved to newly enclosed lands; the movement of Qing peasants was state-sponsored.
D) British rural workers moved to work in more profitable agricultural jobs in Australia; the movement of Qing peasants was internal.

Question 56

How did Europe's trade balance with the rest of the world change during the Industrial Revolution?

A) It went from a surplus to a deficit as Europeans scrambled to buy large amounts of raw materials from overseas.
B) It went from a surplus to a deficit as the European bourgeoisie purchased new luxury goods from Asia.
C) It went from a deficit to a surplus as Europeans sold manufactured goods around the world.
D) It went from a deficit to a surplus as Europeans extracted nearly all their raw materials domestically.

Question 57

How did the industrial revolution affect Europe's relationships with other parts of the world?

A) Europe became more powerful economically by exporting more goods than it imported.
B) Europe pulled back from its earlier interest in overseas colonization.
C) Europe became more dependent on other parts of the world for financial support.
D) Europe became vulnerable to trade embargoes by Asian empires.

Question 58

Which of the following actions was undertaken by Muhammad Ali to attempt to create the most powerful state in the eastern Mediterranean?

A) He used diplomacy, not the army, as the model for modern state-building.
B) He sought the advice of the English to reform his government.
C) He reduced spending on education, so that more time would be spent on agriculture.
D) He deepened irrigation canals and constructed a series of dams across the Nile.

Question 59

In the Ottoman Empire, why did reform attempts, such as the Tanzimat, ultimately fail to produce revolutionary change?

A) Merchants refused to lend money to the Sultan to finance his reforms.
B) Reforms relied too much on the personal whim of rulers.
C) The clergy promoted change, but the military resisted it.
D) Landowners could not hire enough labor to grow crops for export.

Question 60

What was the primary goal of liberal European reformers, such as Lord Macaulay, concerning changes to India's educational and cultural systems?

A) To continue the orientalists' respect for India's classical languages, philosophies, and cultures
B) To increase education in science and engineering
C) To create a class that was Indian in blood but English in taste and culture
D) To end the exploitation of India's rural people

Question 61

The industrial revolution brought more demanding work routines to Africa and Asia as well as to Europe and North America.

Question 62

Answer all parts of the question that follows.
(A) Identify a similarity in a cause of the Haitian (Saint-Domingue) and Latin American Revolutions.
(B) Identify a difference in outcome of the Haitian (Saint-Domingue) and Latin American Revolutions.
(C) Explain a reason for the difference in outcomes of the Haitian (Saint-Domingue) and Latin American Revolutions.

Question 63

The American Revolution was the first of a series of revolutions to shake the Atlantic world, inspired by new ideas of freedom.

Question 64

As states industrialized, they also expanded existing overseas empires and established new colonies and transoceanic relationships.
Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which the growth of European empires transformed societies around the globe.
In your response you should do the following:
$\bullet$ Respond to the prompt with a historically defensible thesis or claim that establishes a line of reasoning.
$\bullet$ Describe a broader historical context relevant to the prompt.
$\bullet$ Support an argument in response to the prompt using specific and relevant examples of evidence.
$\bullet$ Use historical reasoning (e.g., comparison, causation, continuity or change) to frame or structure an argument that addresses the prompt.
$\bullet$ Use evidence to corroborate, qualify, or modify an argument that addresses the prompt.

Question 65

The French Revolution and Napoleonic wars shattered the ties between Spain and Portugal and their American colonies.

Question 66

Napoleon's assumption of power marked a return to prerevolutionary absolute monarchy in France.

Question 67

Use the maps below to answer all part of the question that follows.
The British in India, 1767-1857
(A) Describe ONE change represented in the three maps of India regarding the British.
(B) Identify ONE reason for the change in Part A.
(C) Explain ONE historical development that would account for the changes in the maps regarding the British in India.

Question 68

The eighteenth century marked the beginning of an intense period of revolution and rebellion against existing governments, leading to the establishment of new nation-states around the world.
Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which eighteenth-century revolutionary movements transformed society.
In your response you should do the following:
$\bullet$ Respond to the prompt with a historically defensible thesis or claim that establishes a line of reasoning.
$\bullet$ Describe a broader historical context relevant to the prompt.
$\bullet$ Support an argument in response to the prompt using specific and relevant examples of evidence.
$\bullet$ Use historical reasoning (e.g., comparison, causation, continuity or change) to frame or structure an argument that addresses the prompt.
$\bullet$ Use evidence to corroborate, qualify, or modify an argument that addresses the prompt.

Question 69

The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation. No body nor individual may exercise any authority which does not proceed directly from the nation.
Approved by the National Assembly of France, August 26, 1789
(A) Identify ONE Enlightenment ideology referenced in the passage.
(B) Explain ONE cause of the French Revolution of 1789 that is addressed in the document.
(C) Explain ONE effect the document above had on the events of the French Revolution.

Question 70

Compare the responses of the Ottoman sultans and the Egyptians to the growing European presence in the Ottoman world during the nineteenth century. Why did each group respond as it did, and what tactics did each pursue? How successful were they?

Question 71

Napoleon's invasions repressed attempts to reform society in both Russia and the Ottoman world.

Question 72

During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, economic and political developments centered in Western Europe required responses in other parts of the world. Compare how Russia, China, and West Africa were affected by changes originating in Western Europe, and explain why each region responded as it did.

Question 73

Europe's industrial revolution eliminated the desire for slave labor elsewhere in the Atlantic.

Question 74

Both British-American and Iberian-American elites feared that slave uprisings could take place amid their respective revolutions.

Question 75

Jean-Léon Gérôme's Bashi-Bazouk (1868-69) is considered an Orientalist portrait because the artist staged the depiction of an Ottoman solider in a European studio.

Question 76

Explain how independence movements in the United States, Haiti, and Spanish America understood the concepts of Enlightenment ideology.

Question 77

Analyze the impact of industrialization in northeastern Europe between 1750 and 1850. What factors encouraged this transformation, and how was society changed?

Question 78

The development of industrial capitalism led to increased standards of living for some, and to continued improvement in manufacturing methods that increased the availability, affordability, and variety of consumer goods.
Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which the Industrial Revolution transformed societies around the world.
In your response you should do the following:
$\bullet$ Respond to the prompt with a historically defensible thesis or claim that establishes a line of reasoning.
$\bullet$ Describe a broader historical context relevant to the prompt.
$\bullet$ Support an argument in response to the prompt using specific and relevant examples of evidence.
$\bullet$ Use historical reasoning (e.g., comparison, causation, continuity or change) to frame or structure an argument that addresses the prompt.
$\bullet$ Use evidence to corroborate, qualify, or modify an argument that addresses the prompt.

Question 79

The first anti-colonial uprisings in Spanish America were motivated by the example of the French Revolution.

Question 80

Compare the impact of the Industrial Revolution in China and Great Britain. Why did Great Britain move toward industrialization while China did not?