Deck 7: Knowledge Construction

Question 1

Which one of the following examples best illustrates the concept of distributed cognition?

A)Edie, Linda, and Dexter discuss various ways they might solve a physics problem.
B)Mark, Jason, and Leanne each solve one-third of their homework problems and then share their results with the other two.
C)Rhonda watches her favorite situation comedy while simultaneously eating an apple and doing her homework.
D)Reginald thinks about the various plots he might use in the short story he is writing and then eventually chooses one of them.

Answer 1

Edie, Linda, and Dexter discuss various ways they might solve a physics problem.

Question 2

Which of the following is considered to be the construction of a logical but incorrect memory?

A)social construction.
B)elaboration.
C)reconstruction error.
D)co-construction fallacy.

Answer 2

reconstruction error.

Question 3

Which one of these is an example of overgeneralization?

A)Russ takes his teddy bear out for a walk because he has heard that pets need exercise.
B)Uri times himself when he swims laps because he wants to improve his speed.
C)Yolanda thinks she should not go to medical school because she wants to have children and, "You can't be a mom and a doctor, too."
D)Eva wants to take four science classes her first semester in college because she intends to major in science.

Answer 3

Russ takes his teddy bear out for a walk because he has heard that pets need exercise.

Question 4

A concept is a:

A)definition that is learned verbatim.
B)vague, intuitive idea about an area of knowledge.
C)category of similar objects or events.
D)concrete example of an abstract idea.

Question 5

Ms.McNamara is teaching her students the concept of reptile.Ms.McNamara should not:

A)tell her students the defining features of a reptile.
B)encourage her students to undergeneralize at first.
C)show her students examples of reptiles.
D)show her students things that are not reptiles.

Question 6

Which of one of the following teachers is not necessarily utilizing a strategy that will facilitate concept learning?

A)Ms.LaRoche underlines the verbs in a passage.
B)Mr.Kwan starts his science lesson with a definition of solute.
C)Ms.Bonnel has students use their personal theories as a guide in history.
D)Mr.Frank asks his students to find the amphibians among an array of animals.

Question 7

Which one of the following scenarios best reflects the basic idea of social constructivism?

A)Two students discuss possible interpretations of the proverb, "We only know the worth of water when the well is dry."
B)A teacher assigns a laboratory activity using cumbersome equipment that students can only use successfully by working in pairs.
C)When a student borrows a classmate's marker without asking and then leaves the cap off overnight, her teacher reminds her of one of the class rules-to respect other people's property.
D)Four students in a study group divide the reading assignment into four sections.Each student reads a section and then teaches the material to the other group members.

Question 8

Which one of the following best reflects the idea of distributed cognition?

A)"A stitch in time saves nine."
B)"Two heads are better than one."
C)"Look before you leap."
D)"Do unto others as you would have them do unto you."

Question 9

Distributed cognition can best be described as:

A)a student choosing one problem solving strategy over other possible strategies.
B)a student trying to accomplish several different tasks simultaneously.
C)a group of students dividing up the various parts of a task that need to be done.
D)a group of students thinking about a task or problem together.

Question 10

From the perspective of knowledge construction, three of the following are possible reasons why classroom dialogues help students better understand classroom subject matter.Which one is not necessarily a benefit of classroom dialogues?

A)Students are exposed to the views of other people-views that may be more accurate than their own.
B)Students must clarify their ideas sufficiently to explain them to their classmates.
C)Students may discover flaws in their own ideas and thoughts about a topic.
D)Students are more likely to form visual images related to their ideas when they describe those ideas to others.

Question 11

Newfoundland is a ____ ____ of the concept island.

A)correlational feature
B)defining feature
C)positive instance
D)negative instance

Question 12

Which one of the following scenarios best reflects the basic idea of individual constructivism?

A)A student practices playing the F major scale on his violin until he can play it perfectly.
B)Four students in a study group divide the reading assignment into four sections.Each student reads a section and then teaches the material to the other group members.
C)A student tries to make sense of a poorly written and confusing magazine article.
D)Two students discuss possible interpretations of the proverb, "We only know the worth of water when the well is dry."

Question 13

Three of the following teachers are following recommended practices for teaching concepts.Which one is not?

A)Mr.Adams teaches the concept fruit by showing examples of many different fruits and many different non-fruits.
B)Mr.Benson teaches the concept reptile by limiting class discussion to dinosaurs-animals that students find especially interesting.
C)Mr.Carlson teaches the concept vertebrate by giving a definition of the concept.
D)After a lesson on the concept carbohydrate, Mr.Danielson asks students to give their own examples of the concept.

Question 14

Which one of the following situations illustrates the phenomenon of overgeneralization in concept learning?

A)Arnold calls a tall sunflower a tree.
B)Brianne does not understand why she cannot build an igloo in the summer.
C)Calvin thinks that all igloos are made out of Styrofoam.
D)Danielle denies that a palm tree is a tree.

Question 15

Three of the following are benefits of group work.Which one is not ?

A)students can take responsibility for class content.
B)students are exposed to other views.
C)students can notice flaws in their thinking.
D)students can organize their thoughts.

Question 16

The surest sign that your students have mastered a concept is that they can:

A)list all of its correlational features.
B)list all of its defining features.
C)accurately identify at least one positive and one negative instance of the concept.
D)consistently distinguish between positive and negative instances of the concept.

Question 17

Which one of these is an example of undergeneralization?

A)Fred thinks that spiders are insects.
B)Ivana thinks that birds are not animals.
C)Lenny thinks that "you" is a noun.
D)Oscar thinks that "you" is not a noun.

Question 18

A triangle is a ____ ____ of the concept square.

A)correlational feature
B)defining feature
C)positive instance
D)negative instance

Question 19

Canadian researchers (Shore et al., 2008) who study inquiry-based instruction argue that:

A)it should be considered enrichment.
B)it is not suitable for all learners.
C)it requires advanced technology.
D)it should be central to teaching and learning.

Question 20

Morris is trying to remember how to spell the word broccoli.He retrieves the first three letters (B R O) and the last three (O L I), then assumes that the "kuh" sound in the middle of the word must be a K.He writes "brokoli" on his paper.Morris' process of remembering how to spell the word (in this case, incorrectly) illustrates the use of:

A)a script.
B)a retrieval cue.
C)construction in retrieval.
D)verbal mediation.

Question 21

Which one of the following statements best describes the notion of conceptual understanding?

A)Students learn all the facts that a teacher or textbook presents related to a topic.
B)Students come to the realization that a particular belief they have is incorrect.
C)Students can describe two opposing perspectives about a controversial issue.
D)Students learn ideas related to a topic in a meaningful and integrated fashion.

Question 22

From the perspective of promoting knowledge construction, one advantage of having students read classic works of fiction is that:

A)the books serve as a form of "cognitive apprenticeship" between the authors and the students.
B)students can see how others-in particular, the authors of the books they read-have tried to make sense of the human experience.
C)students are more likely to undergo conceptual change when they read fiction than when they read nonfiction.
D)challenging works of literature promote language development, which in turn leads almost immediately to a better understanding of the ideas presented in class.

Question 23

Which one of the following teaching strategies best illustrates many educational psychologists' belief that, in some situations, less is more?

A)Provide a general overview of a topic before discussing it in depth.
B)Present general ideas about a topic but minimize the use of supporting details.
C)Teach fewer topics, but teach each one more thoroughly.
D)Teach classroom material in short intervals of time, with lessons typically lasting 30 minutes at the most.

Question 24

Ms.Villeneuve has her students engage in a variety of activities in her middle school geography class.Three of the activities described below are authentic activities.Which one is not an authentic activity as educational psychologists define the term?

A)describing the difference between latitude and longitude clearly and concretely
B)constructing a map of the neighbourhood around the school
C)finding the most direct route to Toronto on a road map
D)using library resources to identify a good place to take a vacation

Question 25

Three of the following teaching strategies are likely to help students acquire a conceptual understanding of classroom subject matter.Which strategy, though possibly beneficial for other reasons, is least likely to promote conceptual understanding?

A)Explore a topic in depth.
B)Ask students to teach a topic to a classmate.
C)Develop automaticity of basic skills
D)Relate new ideas to students' personal experiences.

Question 26

Three of the following are accurate descriptions of "misconceptions".Which one is not?

A)they often evolve with little guidance.
B)they are common among children but not among adolescents.
C)they may include erroneous beliefs.
D)they arise from a variety of sources.

Question 27

Three of the following are examples of authentic activities.Which one is least authentic?

A)collecting samples of local vegetation in a botany class
B)writing an editorial for the local newspaper
C)playing shortstop in a baseball game
D)taking an essay test in a history class

Question 28

Generally speaking, elaboration helps students learn new information.An exception to this rule is when students elaborate on this information:

A)using misconceptions they have previously acquired.
B)after having already organized it as a hierarchy.
C)using information they stored many years before.
D)very quickly.

Question 29

The textbook advocates the use of classroom dialogues for promoting knowledge construction.Which one of the following student interactions is most likely to be effective in this regard?

A)Two students work together on a crossword puzzle that includes the new spelling words.
B)The students in a cooperative learning group discuss different ways of solving a certain math problem.
C)When a French teacher begins class by saying, "Comment allez-vous?" the students reply in unison, "Trés bien."
D)Two students help each other prepare for a quiz by giving each other practice test questions.

Question 30

Which one of the following statements best describes a personal theories view of knowledge construction?

A)The ways in which children categorize their experiences usually have little relevance to physical reality.
B)Children form hypotheses about the defining features and correlational features of a concept and then test those hypotheses against specific examples of the concept that they encounter.
C)In the early years, children develop concrete understandings of events; these understandings become increasingly more abstract as they reach adolescence.
D)Children develop general belief systems about how the world operates.

Question 31

Four boys read this line from a story: "The two men entered the restaurant and ordered hamburgers." Which one of the boys is clearly using a script while reading the story?

A)Arthur assumes that the men probably looked at a menu before ordering.
B)Bob is guessing that the men probably have evil motives.
C)Colby wonders what the men look like.
D)Evan thinks that the men should be more careful about their cholesterol intake.

Question 32

Ms.Rushton, a middle school science teacher, wants her students to develop a good understanding of principles related to the concepts of force and velocity.Three of the following strategies should help her students construct such an understanding.Which strategy would educational psychologists be least likely to advocate for promoting effective knowledge construction related to force and velocity?

A)Have students experiment with objects to observe the effects that force has on velocity.
B)Perform classroom demonstrations that illustrate the concepts of force and velocity, and have students discuss alternative interpretations of the phenomena they observe.
C)Have students apply principles of force and velocity to a task in which they must move a heavy object across the room.
D)Make sure that students can recite definitions of both force and velocity, and that they can state basic principles regarding how the two are interrelated.

Question 33

Which one of the following examples best illustrates the use of a personal theory as a child learns the concept spider?

A)Julian assumes that spiders must give birth to baby spiders, just as people give birth to baby people.
B)Ian learns that spiders have eight legs, whereas insects have only six.
C)Ruby learns that spiders, along with scorpions and ticks, are members of the arachnid class.
D)Dana remembers what happened when her cousin was bitten by a black widow spider.

Question 34

From the perspective of cognitive psychology, a schema can best be described as a(n):

A)organized body of information about a particular topic.
B)plan of action regarding how to learn something.
C)set of reasons why a student would want to learn something.
D)basic piece of information upon which most other knowledge must build.

Question 35

Three of the following are common misconceptions that elementary or secondary students are likely to have.Which one is not commonly found?

A)Any moving object has a force acting on it.
B)Most animals can survive for months without food.
C)Rivers run from north to south, but not vice versa.
D)The earth is shaped like a disk.

Question 36

Wendy sees a picture of a beach and then later tries to draw the picture from memory.She draws shells on the beach even though the beach in the picture had no shells.Using cognitive psychologists' concept of schema, how could we explain Wendy's error?

A)Wendy has a schema for shells but does not have one for beaches.
B)Wendy has a schema for beaches but does not have one for shells.
C)Wendy's schema of how a typical beach looks includes shells.
D)Wendy's schemas of beaches and shells are interfering with each other.

Question 37

In cognitive psychology, a script can best be described as:

A)a particular way of talking oneself through a difficult situation.
B)knowledge about the typical sequence of events in an activity.
C)the things (e.g., "small talk") that someone typically says when initiating a conversation with someone else.
D)the strategy that a teacher suggests a student use to remember classroom material.

Question 38

Which of the following best describes a classroom where teachers and students work together actively and cooperatively?

A)authentic activity.
B)social construction.
C)community of learners
D)distributed cognitive community.

Question 39

Which of the following teachers in not necessarily using a good strategy for promoting effective knowledge construction?

A)Ms.Aulack asks students to spin various objects when teaching about the Earth's rotation.
B)Mr.Dummond asks students to edit each others' work.
C)Ms.French asks students to form their own government when learning about Canada's electoral system.
D)Mr.Penny asks students to work at the computer in science class.

Question 40

Three of the following are authentic activities related to using a computer.Which one is, in and of itself, not an authentic activity?

A)learning how to save files on a hard drive
B)writing a letter to a friend using a word processing program
C)sending an e-mail message to a government official
D)analyzing data collected in a science experiment

Question 41

Which one of the following is said to increase meta-cognitive awareness and classroom achievement?

A)opportunities for conceptual change.
B)knowledge of effective learning strategies.
C)challenging homework.
D)knowledge of subject matter.

Question 42

Which one of the following students is elaborating as he takes notes in class?

A)While his math teacher demonstrates a mathematical procedure on the chalkboard, Ed writes "Meet Pat after school" in the margin of his notebook.
B)Jason writes down every word his science teacher says, hoping that it will all make sense when he reads it later.
C)In his Spanish class, Hugh writes each new vocabulary word in his notebook five times to help him remember it.
D)In science, Frank is taking notes about how water expands when it freezes and adds, "That's why our fish tank broke when I left it outside last winter."

Question 43

Three of the following are indicative of a community of learners.Which one is not?

A)students critique each other's work.
B)more advanced students tutor less advanced ones.
C)all students are active participants.
D)the process of learning is emphasized.

Question 44

Which one of the following is a strategy commonly used by successful learners?

A)comprehension monitoring.
B)summarizing.
C)elaborative interrogation.
D)note-taking.

Question 45

Three of the following are examples of comprehension monitoring.Which one is not?

A)After reading a chapter in a textbook, Anna makes sure she has accomplished the objectives listed on the first page of the chapter.
B)Bruce asks himself questions about the material he is reading and tries to answer them.
C)Cara stops at the end of each section to see if she can summarize what she has just read.
D)Dillon looks at all the headings and subheadings in a chapter before he begins to read the chapter itself.

Question 46

Canadian researchers looking at computer networks in relation to communities of learners have found that:

A)on-line discussions are especially valuable for students who are shy
B)on-line communities of learners are not possible.
C)teachers are uncomfortable with new internet technologies.
D)only gifted students benefit in the creation of on-line communities of learners.

Question 47

Which one of the following is the best illustration of metacognition?

A)Andrea is studying for a spelling test.She writes each spelling word five times in her nicest handwriting.
B)Bertrand stays up late studying for a geography test.The following morning in school, he is too tired to think straight during the test.
C)Toni is studying for a history test.She knows that she has trouble with dates, so she checks herself by giving herself a short quiz after each chapter.
D)Madison is preparing to take the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), so she checks out a GRE preparation book from the local library and reads it from cover to cover.

Question 48

Which one of the following is a common mistake that teachers make as children transition to higher educational levels?

A)teaching content without process.
B)overloading students wit homework.
C)forgetting about learner diversity.
D)expecting advanced meta-cognitive skills.

Question 49

The textbook recommends three of the following strategies for helping students learn to summarize class material.Which strategy does it not recommend?

A)Begin by asking students to summarize large chunks of material.
B)Have students practice first on well-organized material.
C)Have students work in cooperative groups to develop summaries.
D)Ask students to summarize reading assignments on a regular basis.

Question 50

Which one of the following best illustrates concept mapping?

A)Alexandra puts the words force, gravity, velocity, acceleration, and time on a piece of paper; she then draws lines between pairs of related words and describes the relationships.
B)Bob draws a chart listing the sequence of events leading up to World War II in chronological order.
C)Chris makes a chart showing the hierarchy that biologists use to classify animals; his chart includes such concepts as vertebrates, invertebrates, mammals, fish, birds, mollusks, crustaceans, and so on.
D)Sue lists the defining and correlational features of the concept canine.

Question 51

When students summarize material they are studying, they learn it more thoroughly.Which one of these students is most effectively summarizing?

A)Jerry writes down the important ideas and identifies relationships among them.
B)Laura writes down everything she can remember from the lesson.
C)Nora writes each main point on a separate index card and then jots down all the details she can remember about each one.
D)Phyllis lists the general themes of a lesson in single words and short phrases.

Question 52

Which one of the following teachers in not necessarily helping students to identify important information?

A)Ms.Hansen underlines definitions.
B)Mr.Peters presents text along with a diagram.
C)Mr.Nault includes "fun facts".
D)Ms Thomson uses red font.

Question 53

Which of the following is a necessary component for conceptual change?

A)using computer simulations of new concept.
B)forgetting the old concept.
C)making connections between old and new concept.
D)the development of multiple constructions.

Question 54

Which of the following is considered to be "the cornerstone of cognitive theories of learning"?

A)students are increasing meta-cognitive skills.
B)students are developing new concepts.
C)students are provided with learning strategies.
D)students are actively engaged in the learning process.

Question 55

Which one of the following situations best illustrates the process of elaborative interrogation?

A)Liv uses flashcards of definitions.
B)Ben and Karen ask each other questions that they constructed from their chemistry notes.
C)Lee and Harvey ask each other questions from a list.
D)Sophie asks her mother to quiz her on her spelling words.

Question 56

Gabriel needs to study for an upcoming exam.He does a number of things to prepare for the exam, four of which are listed below.Three of these illustrate metacognition.Which one reflects little if any metacognitive activity?

A)He allows himself adequate study time for the exam.
B)He directs his eyes to the first page of his textbook.
C)He identifies a suitable mnemonic technique that will help him remember a difficult piece of information.
D)He tests himself to see if he is sufficiently prepared for the exam.

Question 57

Which one of the following examples illustrates conceptual change?

A)As a Boy Scout, Donald has learned how to cook a wide variety of foods over an open fire.
B)Bradley misinterprets the scientific explanation of fire to fit what he believes-that fire is an object with substance and weight.
C)Charlotte used to think that fire was an actual substance, but now she knows it is a chemical change.
D)Darla was not aware of how much damage fire could really do until the house next door burned down.

Question 58

Which one of the following students illustrates an illusion of knowing?

A)Anthony does not understand the concept of entropy.
B)Belinda does not know how to swim.
C)Clarissa thinks she understands the concept of inertia, but she really does not.
D)Daryl does not think he is a very good tennis player, even though he is the best player on the school tennis team.

Question 59

Which one of the following is likely to be the best classroom strategy to help promote knowledge construction among students who have social or behavioural issues?

A)provide a structured environment
B)assign challenging tasks
C)present alternative interpretations
D)limited peer interactions

Question 60

Which one of the following is the best description of concept map?

A)a diagram of concepts and interrelationships.
B)a diagram of circles and lines.
C)a hierarchical depiction of concepts.
D)a simple visual representation of concepts.

Question 61

As a teacher, you are concerned that many of your students are learning less than they think they are learning as they read their textbooks.Your best strategy would be to:

A)have them underline or highlight at least 50% of what they read.
B)instruct them to read the book two or three times instead of just once.
C)suggest questions that they can ask themselves as they read.
D)copy difficult-to-understand sentences in their notebooks.

Question 62

Imagine that you are a high school principal who wants students to develop effective study strategies before they graduate.Which of the following approaches would be the best one to take?

A)Purchase textbooks that are about two years below students' present reading level.
B)Have teachers incorporate study skills training into the specific academic courses they teach.
C)Have a one-semester study skills course that all students take in their freshman year of high school.
D)Have a one-semester study skills course that all students take in their senior year of high school.

Question 63

A student who has an illusion of knowing is most likely to:

A)elaborate on difficult-to-learn material.
B)express surprise about a low test score.
C)know the general meaning of material but be unable to repeat it verbatim.
D)summarize what he or she has just read.

Question 64

Which one of the following recommendations is consistent with current beliefs about transfer?

A)"Take computer programming.It'll help you develop your analytical thinking skills."
B)"Study German so you will have an easier time learning Japanese next year."
C)"Studying calculus will help you think more abstractly about the various subjects you will study in college."
D)"Use your knowledge of algebra to solve this chemistry equation."

Question 65

Weston is working on a science project and wants to make his papier-mâché volcano "erupt." He remembers that when his mother combined vinegar and baking soda while following a recipe, the batter foamed up as she added the vinegar.So he tries mixing vinegar and baking soda in his volcano, and the mixture bubbles.Weston is showing:

A)general transfer.
B)intuitive transfer.
C)specific transfer.
D)negative transfer.

Question 66

Mary is majoring in drama.Mary's parents want her to study advanced mathematics as a way of strengthening her mind; with a stronger mind, they argue, she will be able to learn her lines more easily when she is rehearsing for a play.Based on their reasoning, which one of the following perspectives of transfer do Mary's parents hold?

A)information processing
B)situated cognition
C)formal discipline
D)specific transfer

Question 67

Considering contemporary theorists' views on general transfer, the skill most likely to transfer across very different situations is the ability to:

A)be creative.
B)take good notes on a lecture.
C)remember complex ideas.
D)memorize a poem.

Question 68

Considering factors that affect transfer, identify the group of students most likely to transfer what they are learning.

A)Students in Mr.Allen's geography class are studying several countries this week, memorizing the locations of their rivers and major cities.
B)Students in Ms.Brown's music class are practicing major chords in different keys this semester, practicing each one over and over again in different songs.
C)Students in Mr.Ivy's science class are studying the characteristics of mammals and reptiles this week.
D)Students in Ms.Landon's social studies class are studying major events in the history of Mexico this month, beginning with the Aztec empire and continuing until the present time.

Question 69

Which one of the following is not necessarily a part of study skills training programs??

A)use domain specific context.
B)independent study.
C)initial scaffolding.
D)explain utility of strategies.

Question 70

Which one of the following illustrates positive transfer?

A)Robert is trying to learn the spelling of the word "shepherd," so he remembers how he learned to spell "tomcat" by putting two words together and spells it "sheepherd."
B)Vince notices that rules of grammar are not always the same in English and Japanese.
C)Zelda uses the formula for calculating the area of a circle when she wants to know how much bigger a 10" pizza is than a 7" pizza.
D)David is trying to learn to program a computer.He reads his programming manual but is confused by some of its instructions.

Question 71

People who learn a second language typically apply patterns of speech production used in their native tongue and thereby speak the second language with an accent.This phenomenon is an example of:

A)general transfer.
B)situated cognition.
C)positive transfer.
D)negative transfer.

Question 72

Which one of the following alternatives most clearly illustrates general, as opposed to specific, transfer?

A)The skills Arnold has developed as a marathon runner helps him later in life when he jogs for exercise.
B)Brian has learned study skills in his sociology class that he also finds useful in his nutrition class.
C)Connor's knowledge of addition and subtraction helps him balance his checkbook.
D)Dave's knowledge of the human digestive system helps him understand the digestive system of an earthworm.

Question 73

The main difference between positive transfer and negative transfer is:

A)adding vs.removing
B)specific vs.general
C)facilitation vs.interference
D)teacher-driven vs.student driven

Question 74

Which one of the following situations illustrates negative transfer?

A)Lara knows a great deal about World War I but very little about World War II.
B)Bethany learns that spiders are different from insects.
C)After learning about verb conjugations in her Latin class, Christine easily learns to conjugate verbs in her French class.
D)Forgetting that she is no longer at school, Stacey raises her hand to speak at the family dinner table.

Question 75

Students' epistemological beliefs can best be described as students' views about:

A)what instructional techniques are most likely to help them learn classroom material.
B)how researchers develop theories from the data they collect.
C)how long they are likely to remember the things that they learn in school.
D)the nature of knowledge and how it is acquired.

Question 76

Three of the following are accurate statements about factors that affect transfer.Which statement is inaccurate?

A)Students are more likely to transfer what they have learned when they have learned it in a meaningful, rather than rote, fashion.
B)Students are more likely to transfer what they have learned when they have studied it for a lengthy period of time.
C)Students are more likely to transfer what they have learned when they have learned general principles rather than specific facts.
D)Students are more likely to transfer what they have learned when they see it as "belonging" to a particular academic subject area.

Question 77

Which one of the following is a suggested strategy for teachers in the promotion of effective learning strategies among their students?

A)provide incentives for strategy use
B)make sure that parents monitor homework
C)have peers assist in study groups
D)communicate what you know about knowledge and its acquisition

Question 78

Cameron has been playing golf with his parents for many years.When he goes out for the school baseball team, he has trouble hitting the ball because he keeps confusing the swing of the bat with how he swings a golf club.Cameron's difficulty reflects:

A)negative transfer.
B)general transfer.
C)mental set in problem solving.
D)rote learning.

Question 79

Considering what we know about transfer, in which of the following situations is transfer least likely to happen?

A)Students who have studied rules of formal logic are now studying geography.
B)Students who know the basic addition facts are now studying the basic subtraction facts.
C)Students who have learned to play softball are now learning baseball.
D)Students who know Spanish are now learning French.

Question 80

Which one of the following pairs of students best illustrates a difference with respect to students' epistemological beliefs?

A)Irene thinks that doing well in high school is important for getting into a good college, but Isabelle thinks that she can get into college with mediocre grades as long as she has good references.
B)Julie likes going to school because that is where she sees her friends every day, but Janette likes going to school because of all the new things she learns there.
C)Keith thinks that learning geography means memorizing place names, but Kareem thinks that learning geography means understanding migration and settlement patterns.
D)Lorne is well aware of the criteria that his teacher is using to evaluate his classroom performance, but Luke is clueless about why he is doing poorly in the same teacher's class.