Deck 9: Motivation, Affect, and Cognition

Question 1

Marion puts off doing a project for the science fair until she has so little time to do it that she cannot possibly complete a good project.Such behaviour is most consistent with the concept of:

A)self-handicapping.
B)drive.
C)trait anxiety.
D)hot cognition.

Answer 1

self-handicapping.

Question 2

Which one of the following students is displaying intrinsic motivation?

A)Alison loves to play the viola and so she practices for at least an hour every day.
B)Heinz works hard in his classes because his parents have promised to buy him a car if he gets at least a 3.5 grade-point-average this year.
C)Jasmin does her math homework faithfully every night because she likes her teacher and wants to please him.
D)Graham takes physics because he wants to become an engineer and make a lot of money.

Answer 2

Alison loves to play the viola and so she practices for at least an hour every day.

Question 3

Which one of the following descriptions of a student best illustrates a trait perspective of motivation?

A)"Did you see that big grin on Mario's face when the principal announced that he was the winner of the essay contest?"
B)"Pamela is always putting herself in dangerous situations.Maybe she likes the adrenaline rush that comes with living on the edge."
C)"Chloe seems bored with what's going on in class most of the time.I've tried everything I can think of to motivate her, but so far nothing's worked."
D)"Levi is really struggling with his reading, and his spelling is atrocious.I wonder if he has an undiagnosed learning disability."

Answer 3

"Pamela is always putting herself in dangerous situations.Maybe she likes the adrenaline rush that comes with living on the edge."

Question 4

Three of the following teachers are employing strategies to address students' social needs.Which one is not necessarily doing so?

A)Mr.Wright invites his students to watch his cricket match.
B)Ms.James takes an interest in participating on the yearbook committee when her students are on it.
C)Mr.Simard always addresses instances of disrespect on the playground.
D)Ms.Tremblay finds a way for each student to participate in the end of year play.

Question 5

Which of the following is the most accurate regarding the development of motivation throughout schooling?

A)intrinsic motivation tends to decrease.
B)intrinsic and extrinsic motivation levels remain stable.
C)intrinsic motivation tends to increase.
D)extrinsic motivation tends to decrease.

Question 6

Which one of the following descriptions of a student best illustrates a cognitive perspective of motivation?

A)"Neville loves the attention he gets from his classmates when he tells jokes in class."
B)"I don't think Nora gets much to eat at home.She always seems to be hungry at school."
C)"Travis gets very upset with himself when he makes mistakes or doesn't know how to do something.It's as if he's not happy unless he's perfect."
D)"Shelley is convinced that her poor performance in class is due to 'bad tests' and 'unfair grading'.In fact, Shelly would do a lot better if she studied more often."

Question 7

Which one of the following students is displaying extrinsic motivation?

A)Kara wants to be an accountant because she likes working with numbers.
B)Bruce wants to be a veterinarian because he loves animals and wants to help them.
C)Luke wants to become a professional football player so others will admire him.
D)Dee wants to become an actress because she thinks acting is fun.

Question 8

Three of the following are circumstances that foster effective feedback.Which one of the following is not?

A)when it provides students information they can't access.
B)when it identifies students' strengths and areas of difficulty.
C)when it maintains student self-efficacy and self-esteem.
D)when it is overly positive.

Question 9

While working on a series of math problems, Jodi stops after each problem to ask her teacher, "Did I do this right?" or "Is this one okay?" With this information in mind, which one of the following is most likely to be true about Jodi?

A)She has a high need for affiliation.
B)She has a high need for approval.
C)She has learned helplessness.
D)She has strong safety needs.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes how the social cognitive perspective differs from the behaviourist perspective?

A)the effect of reinforcement is not considered.
B)the consequences of behaviours affect one's expectations regarding future behaviours.
C)self-efficacy effects decisions regarding the future.
D)the lack of contingency contracts.

Question 11

A recent study by Programme for International Student Achievement (PISA, 2007) focused on achievement in science literacy among Canadian 15-year olds.Which of the following is not a finding from this study?

A)Canadian students scored above the International average.
B)Students in French-language systems performed better than English-language systems across the country.
C)Science achievement was related to parents' level of post-secondary education.
D)Socio-Economic Status (SES) was related to science achievement.

Question 12

Based on what you know about the need for affiliation, which of the following teachers in likely to be meeting the needs of all students in a diverse classroom?

A)Ms.Brown always uses group work in science class.
B)Ms.Dupree allows students to choose whether they want to work independently or in groups for half of her math classes.
C)Mr.Thompson gives independent seatwork to students who have behaviour problems.
D)Mr.LeBlanc allows students free time to socialize once their reading is completed.

Question 13

Where do we most often see students' motivation reflected?

A)in their report cards.
B)in their affective states.
C)in their personality and IQ.
D)in their personal investment and cognitive engagement.

Question 14

Which theory suggests that motivation can be considered as an enduring personality characteristic?

A)the behaviourist perspective.
B)the achievement motivation perspective.
C)the trait perspective.
D)the state perspective.

Question 15

Which one of the following best describes the beliefs about one's own general ability to deal effectively with the environment?

A)self-worth.
B)self-efficacy.
C)self-actualization.
D)self-determination.

Question 16

When is the need for relatedness especially high?

A)middle school.
B)high school.
C)preschool.
D)elementary school.

Question 17

Which one of the following situations best illustrates the role of drive in motivation?

A)After not having time for either breakfast or lunch, Adam eats three large hamburgers for dinner.
B)Yvonne is intrigued by her psychology course; it explains why she and her friends do some of the things they do.
C)Jake works out at the gym each day.His goal is to win the title of "Mr.Fitness".
D)Vikki writes notes to her friends whenever she gets bored in class.

Question 18

When choosing a partner to work on a science fair project, Aidan selects a close friend who is not particularly good in science.With this information in mind, which one of the following is most likely to be true about Aidan?

A)He has a high need for affiliation.
B)He has a high need for approval.
C)He has a mastery goal.
D)He has a lot of anxiety about doing well on the task.

Question 19

Which one of the following is the best response to the question "Why does motivation often lead to improved academic performance?":

A)because it increases IQ scores.
B)because of the indirect effects of energy and effort.
C)because it help students to attend better.
D)because it increases independence..

Question 20

Which one of the following examples best illustrates the concept of situated motivation?

A)Nathan gets extremely upset when he gets anything less than a perfect score on a test paper, probably because his parents have always expected him to be perfect at everything he does.
B)Last year Ophelia was bored to tears in history class, but this year she loves history because her teacher seems to make the subject come alive.
C)Polly is afraid of water because once, when she was a little girl, she almost drowned.
D)Quinton would really like to play on his high school basketball team but, because he is quite short, he has settled for what he considers to be second-best, being on the wrestling team.

Question 21

As teachers, we can probably best help students overcome debilitating anxiety in the classroom by:

A)downplaying the importance of education; putting less emphasis on working hard and more on relaxing and having fun.
B)allowing them to work at whatever subjects they like best until they feel ready to tackle other, perhaps more difficult subjects.
C)communicating to them that they can succeed with effort, and that mistakes can be corrected.
D)reminding them how important it is that they demonstrate mastery of instructional objectives for the year.

Question 22

Consider the discussion in the textbook on anxiety.The best approach to taking a difficult exam is to:

A)worry a little bit about the exam, but not too much.
B)imagine the worst possible thing that could happen if you fail the exam.
C)worry about the exam as you study the night before, but be as relaxed as possible when you take it.
D)be completely relaxed both when you study and when you take the exam.

Question 23

Three of the following are part of a tip sheet authored by researchers at the University of Waterloo.Which one of the following is not necessarily a tip found on "Motivating students: Creating an inspiring environment"?

A)attend to students' sense of inclusion.
B)attend to students' sense of competence.
C)attend to students' personal meanings of course material.
D)attend to students' self-handicapping strategies

Question 24

You go to an art museum on a Sunday afternoon.With respect to hot cognition, you most likely to remember the picture of:

A)a man with a gaping chest wound.
B)a pleasant farm scene, with cows grazing by a stream.
C)one dog baring its teeth at another.
D)fruit in a colourful Mexican pot.

Question 25

Consider the textbook definitions of threat and challenge.Identify the situation that is most likely to pose a threat rather than a challenge.

A)You think you can probably make the basketball team, but only if you practice every day at home.
B)You are asked to climb up a twenty-foot rope hanging from the ceiling.You have climbed ten feet before, but you have never climbed twenty feet.
C)You have invited a professor to dinner and are trying a recipe you have never tried before.
D)You are required to take a college course in nuclear physics, even though you failed basic physics in high school.

Question 26

Under some conditions, negative feedback can increase students' intrinsic motivation to perform school tasks.With these conditions in mind, choose the statement below that is most likely to promote intrinsic motivation.

A)"You have the lowest quiz score in the entire class, Bill.I want you to see if you can do better than at least half of your classmates next time."
B)"The Drama Club should be embarrassed about the mess it left in the cafeteria after school yesterday.Do you want the rest of the school to think that Drama Club members are slobs?"
C)"I know you have the ability to write a better essay than this, Janet.Let me give you some suggestions about what you might do differently next time."
D)"I'm not pleased with the projects that you students turned in yesterday.You should be ashamed of yourselves for not taking the assignment more seriously."

Question 27

Which one of the following statements is most accurate about how anxiety affects students' performance in the classroom?

A)A little bit of anxiety can facilitate learning and performance, and high anxiety can facilitate performance on very easy tasks.
B)The best way to deal with anxiety is to eliminate it.Totally relaxed students learn more and perform better.
C)High anxiety can facilitate performance on very difficult tasks, but it may get in the way when students try to do tasks that they have learned to do quickly and automatically.
D)A little bit of trait anxiety may facilitate learning, but state anxiety can be detrimental to performance.

Question 28

Which one of the following examples characterizes anxiety rather than fear, as the textbook distinguishes between the two terms?

A)Olivia has to get up in front of her class to give an oral presentation about Central America.She has prepared well for the presentation but still feels nervous.
B)Paula does not want to go home because she just failed a history exam.Her parents have told her she will be grounded for two weeks if she fails a test.
C)Margot does not want to give her oral presentation about sickle-cell anemia.She always stutters badly, and she knows some of her classmates will laugh at her.
D)Shannon is apprehensive about the possibility of a tornado.There have been several tornado warnings throughout the day, and she can hear the wind howling loudly outside the classroom window.

Question 29

Which one of the following most accurately describes the relation between cognition and motivation?

A)motivation affects cognition.
B)cognition and motivation are unrelated.
C)cognition affects motivation.
D)cognition and motivation mutually affect each other.

Question 30

Louis suffers from extreme test anxiety.Three of the statements below probably describe Louis.Which one does not?

A)As he takes a test, he looks closely and carefully at the wording of each test question.
B)He has trouble thinking clearly about how to answer each question.
C)He is more worried than his classmates about how his teacher will evaluate his performance.
D)He gets lower test scores than his classmates, even though he knows the material as well as they do.

Question 31

If you want to promote intrinsic motivation in your students, you should:

A)help them master challenging tasks.
B)remind them of how proud their parents will be of their achievements.
C)remind them of how important school grades are for getting into college.
D)give them enough easy tasks to boost their sense of self-efficacy.

Question 32

Which teacher is most likely to promote intrinsic motivation in his or her students?

A)Mr.MacNeil reminds students in his class on automobile repair that a good auto mechanic can always find a job.
B)Ms.Newton writes in the margin of Joseph's paper that he needs to work to improve his spelling.
C)Ms.Chang offers a bag of popcorn to the group of students that finishes its cooperative group project first.
D)Ms.Downey tells Ted that his research report was excellent and that he should be very proud of the job he did.

Question 33

Which one of the following is definitely an example of trait anxiety?

A)Jan runs faster than usual when she is chased by a pit bull across school grounds.
B)Tom becomes nauseous every time he takes a test.
C)Zack did not pass the last math test, but he has done well on previous math tests.
D)Johanne draws a blank the first time he reads an essay question.

Question 34

Your students have been given a challenging task-one at which they can succeed only if they work hard.Considering what we know about the effects of anxiety on performance, which one of the following students is most likely to complete the task successfully?

A)Kent is feeling quite "mellow" today; his attitude is whatever happens, happens.
B)Margie is feeling really "up tight" about how she does on a task because her performance is going to affect whether she passes or fails the class.
C)Suzette does not care; in fact, she is half asleep.
D)Damion wants to do well on the task and is a little anxious about it, but not to the point where his hands are sweaty or his stomach is in a knot.

Question 35

Which one of the following individuals clearly has state anxiety?

A)Dawn does not like physical education class because she knows she is not much of an athlete.
B)Janine has always had a fear of heights.
C)Liam panics when he discovers he studied the wrong chapter for the quiz.
D)Liz has always struggled with mathematics, so she takes only the minimum number of math courses required.

Question 36

Which one of the following is the best example of state anxiety rather than trait anxiety?

A)Lise is often nervous in math class, where she rarely participates unless her teacher specifically calls on her.She sits quietly at her desk, and she does not interact with her classmates because she finds it difficult to do so without shaking.
B)Britt is an excellent student, but she has considerable trouble speaking to others in any of her classes.She performs very well on tests and other written work, but she gets exceptionally anxious during group work and oral reports.
C)Herdis becomes nervous when she has to give a presentation in front of her English class.This is the first time she has ever had to do something like this and she does not know how well she will do.
D)Ben becomes nervous whenever he has to take any kind of paper-pencil test, even when he knows what questions are going to be on the test and is thoroughly prepared.

Question 37

Which one of the following teachers is using a strategy consistent with the concept of hot cognition?

A)Ms.Cloutier shows her students a colourful video that depicts the lives of animals that live on the African plains.
B)Mr.Maguire encourages his students to try to find the best in each of their classmates.
C)Ms.Butchey has her students engage in fifteen minutes of vigorous exercise before they sit down to tackle some difficult math problems.
D)Mr.Moore portrays the Holocaust so vividly that her students become very angry at the atrocities the Nazis committed.

Question 38

What are the two additional conditions for intrinsic motivation?

A)self-reinforcement and drive.
B)self-efficacy and achievement motivation.
C)self-efficacy and self-determination.
D)self-concept and self-determination.

Question 39

Which one of the following students is most likely to have facilitating anxiety?

A)Ross does not begin his twenty-page research report for his psychology class until the night before it is due.
B)Grant has heard that his statistics professor is an easy grader, so he is not the least bit worried about getting at least a B in his statistics course.
C)Kurt cannot find the note cards he made for his book report, and in five minutes it will be his turn to give his report.
D)Iain is nervous about doing well in the 100-meter dash.

Question 40

The textbook describes two conditions that may be essential for intrinsic motivation.With these conditions in mind, choose the teacher below who is most likely to promote intrinsic motivation in his or her students.

A)Ms.Baxter gives her students concrete suggestions about how to improve their clay sculptures.
B)Mr.Bell reminds his students that the deadline for their research paper is a week from Friday.
C)Mr.Crossan praises his students for continuing to work quietly when he was called away from the classroom.
D)Ms.Patel reminds her students, "You should know your multiplication tables by now."

Question 41

Before every event at her school's track and field day, Julie envisions herself at the finish line with a 1^st place ribbon.This is an example of:

A)an expectancy.
B)a value.
C)internalized motivation.
D)self-determination.

Question 42

Jean does her homework primarily to gain her teacher's approval.She has little internal desire to do her homework, although she does feel slight twinges of guilt when she fails to get an assignment done on time.Of the four stages through which internalized motivation evolves, which stage does Jean appear to be in?

A)external regulation
B)introjection
C)identification
D)integration

Question 43

Which one of the following is most accurate regarding intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?

A)extrinsic motivation should be fostered in later years.
B)intrinsic motivation should always be encouraged.
C)intrinsic and extrinsic motivation can complement each other.
D)less intrinsic motivation is seen in students who have social difficulties.

Question 44

Three of the following strategies should engage students' interest in class material.Which one is least likely to do so?

A)Have each student read a different character's lines when the class is reading the play Our Town.
B)Ask students to imagine what it must have been like to live in medieval England.
C)Show students a scientific phenomenon that is not what they would expect to happen given their existing beliefs about the world.
D)Tell students that occasional failures are probably due to circumstances beyond their control.

Question 45

Which one of the following best illustrates the role of value in motivation?

A)Angie takes piano lessons mainly because her parents insist that she does.
B)April thinks her teacher asked her to play too hard a piece.
C)Constance thinks she can impress her friends by playing well.
D)Nellie is afraid of how embarrassed she will be if she makes a mistake.

Question 46

According to Richard Koestner, a psychology professor at McGill University, how should classroom rules and procedures be presented to minimize students' sense of the classroom as a controlling environment?

A)as reinforcers.
B)as information.
C)as games.
D)as traditions.

Question 47

Which one of the following exemplifies situational interest rather than personal interest?

A)Vijay finds the Guinness Book of World Records on a library shelf and is intrigued by the strange people it describes.
B)Blaine cannot think of anything he would rather do than play video games with his friends.
C)Chuck spends every Saturday and Sunday working on the 1951 Chevy in his garage.
D)Harry loves to snorkel and hopes to major in marine biology when he goes to college.

Question 48

A student's expectancy about classroom success is influenced by three of the following factors.It will not be influenced by:

A)whether the student has set short-term or long-term goals.
B)how helpful the student thinks the teacher's instruction will be.
C)how much effort the student thinks will be necessary to succeed.
D)how successful the student has been in the past.

Question 49

Which one of the following goal types is often associated with an experience of debilitating test anxiety?

A)performance-avoidance goal
B)work-avoidance goal
C)performance-approach goal
D)social goal

Question 50

Given what motivation theorists tell us about expectancies and values, you are least likely to value an activity that:

A)will make you look good in front of your peers.
B)you will have to work exceptionally hard to succeed.
C)you do not enjoy but is important for career success.
D)will enable you to obtain desired reinforcement.

Question 51

In terms of motivation theory, a sense of self-determination means:

A)reinforcing yourself when you do a good job.
B)believing that you have some choice about what you do.
C)deciding what kind of person you want to become.
D)knowing that you can accomplish something if you just put your mind to it.

Question 52

Identify the student who appears to have a mastery goal rather than a performance goal.

A)When Abby gets a new assignment, she likes to set it aside for a day or so before she actually begins to work on it.
B)Bonnie is a perfectionist who gets upset when her test performance is anything but A+.
C)When given the choice between taking an easy class or a more challenging one, Cora chooses the challenging one.
D)Nigel is easily distracted by the many stimuli competing for his attention in the classroom.

Question 53

Which one of the following teaching strategies is most likely to increase students' sense of self-determination?

A)Mr.Elliot reminds his students that they cannot participate in the extracurricular sports program if their grade-point-averages fall below 2.0.
B)Ms.Browning asks her third graders to develop some class rules to ensure that all class members will have a chance to express their ideas openly.
C)Mr.Crowell explains to his middle school students why good writing skills are important in the business world.
D)Mr.Diaz gives his students enough practice with basic arithmetic facts that they learn them to a level of automaticity.

Question 54

You are teaching the times tables to your class.Today you plan to give a timed test of the multiplication math facts.Your goal is to promote intrinsic motivation.Given what we know about intrinsic motivation, which one of the following strategies should be most effective?

A)Tell students that you expect them to get a certain number of items correct.
B)Promise five minutes of free time to students who get a certain number of items correct.
C)Encourage students to see if they can do better on the test than they did last time.
D)Put a shiny gold star on every perfect test paper.

Question 55

Which of the following is considered to be the ideal scenarion in relation to experiences of failure?

A)experiencing no failure.
B)experiencing frequent failure.
C)experiencing occasional failure.
D)experiencing failure publicly.

Question 56

Consider the recommended strategies for promoting student interest.Which teacher is most likely to capture students' interest in classroom subject matter?

A)In Ms.Gaffery's physical education class, instead of having students warm up with calisthenics, she warms them up by teaching them the popular line dance "The Boot Scootin' Boogie".
B)In her English literature class, Ms.Isaacs has her students compete to see who can memorize Hamlet's soliloquy ("To be or not to be ...") the fastest.
C)In his history class, Mr.Jacobs intersperses occasional anecdotes about his days as a high school football hero into his lecture on the Renaissance.
D)In his driver education class, Mr.Lancaster lists statistics describing the probabilities of accidents happening when teenagers drive drunk.

Question 57

Which one of the following illustrates the role of expectancy in motivation?

A)Antonio plays for hours on end in the bathtub.
B)Bernie's parents promise him a new bike if he can learn.
C)Chip's older brother almost drowned last year.
D)Drew is pretty sure he can learn if he tries.

Question 58

Which of the following is the most likely pathway toward internalized motivation?

A)internalization, introjection, identification, external regulation.
B)value, identification, introjection, integration.
C)external regulation, identification, introjection, integration.
D)external regulation, introjection, identification, integration.

Question 59

Which one of the following illustrates personal interest rather than situational interest?

A)Jennifer is puzzled when a peeled hardboiled egg is suddenly sucked into a bottle after the teacher lights a fire inside the bottle.
B)Trent gets totally wrapped up in the adventure novel he reads during free time.
C)Riley cannot wait to find out what is in the big cardboard box his teacher has brought to school today.
D)Victoria loves ballet and wants to become a ballerina when she grows up.

Question 60

When Scott was first learning how to write, he wrote quickly and sloppily, without regard for how his papers looked.However, his teachers praised him regularly for writing carefully and legibly, and eventually he began to pride himself on his neat and careful handwriting.This transition can best be described as:

A)acquiring an external locus of control.
B)developing internalized motivation.
C)developing situational interest.
D)developing extrinsic motivation.

Question 61

Kumar is a good student.He attributes his success partly to studying long hours and partly to his intelligence ("It runs in the family," he says).From the perspective of attribution theory, three of the following statements are likely to be accurate descriptions of Kumar.Which one is probably not an accurate description?

A)When he is confused about class material, he is reluctant to ask questions.
B)He feels proud of his academic accomplishments.
C)He expects to continue doing well in school over the next few years.
D)He has high self-efficacy regarding school tasks.

Question 62

Which one of these students has a performance-approach goal?

A)Frank finds a homework assignment too easy to waste his time with.
B)Herb frequently asks questions in class in order to understand the information better.
C)Serena decides to enter the school science fair in hopes of impressing her teacher, classmates, and parents.
D)Rita was somewhat disappointed about her last test score in math.Realizing that people learn from their mistakes, she decides to study harder for the next test using different study strategies.

Question 63

Which one of the following teachers is most likely to promote intrinsic motivation in his or her students?

A)Mr.Albertson promises his students that if they all finish their short stories by Friday morning, he will give them a half an hour of free time on Friday afternoon.
B)Ms.Petrella describes events in history so vividly that her students are captivated during the entire lesson.
C)Ms.Shaw tells students in her algebra class that she is extremely disappointed in their performance on the last test.
D)Mr.Yoo sends "good news" letters home to parents whenever students have a B average or better.

Question 64

Three of the following are typically associated with mastery goals.Which one is associated with performance goals (especially performance-avoidance goals)?

A)believing that competent people usually succeed without much effort
B)believing that errors are an inevitable part of the learning process
C)engaging in such processes as meaningful learning and elaboration
D)being satisfied with one's performance if it shows improvement over time

Question 65

Which one of the following statements indicates that the speaker is focused on a performance-avoidance goal?

A)"This is my chance to show all my classmates how smart I am."
B)"Boy, I hope I don't screw this problem up.If I do, I'll look like an idiot."
C)"I'd really like to become a better math student.I hope the teacher gives me feedback about how I can improve my skills."
D)"I need to do well in my science classes so I can get into a good engineering school."

Question 66

Three of the following characterize students with a performance goal.Which one characterizes students with a mastery goal?

A)looking at classmates' performance as an indication of how well you are doing
B)doing something that you know you will be reinforced for
C)trying to learn something word for word
D)concluding that you need to work harder when you fail

Question 67

Three of the following strategies will enable us to capitalize on students' goals as we try to motivate them to learn and achieve in the classroom.Which strategy is not recommended?

A)Encourage students to focus on long-term rather than short-term goals.
B)Keep students' accomplishments confidential, especially if they are trying to hide their high achievement from their peers.
C)Plan activities through which students can simultaneously meet both their academic goals and their social goals.
D)Show students how the things they learn in class are relevant to their present and future needs.

Question 68

Four students in Mr.Kent's physical education class have just done poorly on the physical fitness test.Which student is exhibiting a mastery goal?

A)Muriel gets As in all her other classes so she does not mind getting a C in physical education.
B)Oliver is going to come back after class to look at his scores and ask Mr.Kent for suggestions about how to improve in his weak areas.
C)Patrice is very upset about her poor performance and plans to work very hard to do better next year because she does not want her friends to think that she is a wimp.
D)Sunil plans to start working out this very weekend so he will be in better shape.Because his father is the school soccer coach, everyone expects Sunil to excel in athletics.

Question 69

Marie-Chantal attributes her perfect score in bowling to the recently waxed bowling lane.This is an example of what type of attribution?

A)internal, stable, controllable.
B)external, unstable, uncontrollable.
C)external, stable, uncontrollable.

Question 70

Francine failed her English literature exam.Given what attribution theory tells us about how students typically interpret failures, how is Francine least likely to explain her failure?

A)She did not study enough.
B)The teacher writes bad exams.
C)The room was too noisy during the exam.
D)She had bad luck.

Question 71

Which one of the following is the best example of a student attributing success to internal factors?

A)Nita has just gotten an A on her final exam in world history and is feeling very grateful to the teacher for her good grade.
B)Carole's teacher has just told her that she will be the group leader for her reading group next quarter.Carole is glad her teacher is in a good mood today.
C)Renata has just gotten a good grade on her math test and she is glad that her mother got her a math tutor.
D)Meg has just gotten a good grade on her geography test.She is proud that she did so well and glad that she studied hard.

Question 72

Which one of the following students clearly has a mastery goal rather than a performance goal?

A)Alice stays away from science courses because she has never done very well in science.
B)Boris wants the recognition that being a star football player will bring him.
C)Cal is relieved to learn he passed his English composition course.
D)Dinah does not worry about making mistakes as long as she knows she is making progress.

Question 73

Which one of the following students most clearly has a work-avoidance goal?

A)Frederick stayed up so late last night watching television that he can hardly stay awake in class.
B)Loni is so active in student government that she often does not have time to get her homework done.
C)Chris asks for his teacher's help on something he is perfectly capable of doing on his own.
D)Nancy wonders why she has to work harder than her friends to get the same grades they do.

Question 74

Ms.Nobel says to her creative writing class, "I know you are all eager to become better writers, so I've invited a friend of mine who writes novels to come and talk to us about her newest mystery and share some of her writing techniques." Which strategy is Ms.Nobel using to motivate her students?

A)Elicit students' intrinsic motivation by involving an outside resource person.
B)Communicate the belief that students want to learn.
C)Induce a strong performance goal.
D)Encourage students to think about their future academic needs.

Question 75

In which one of the following situations is a student attributing failure to stable and uncontrollable factors?

A)Bart tells himself that he failed the last history test because the substitute teacher constructed a bad test.He expects to do better when his regular teacher returns from maternity leave.
B)Caitlin tells herself that she is getting low grades in math because, like her mom, she just is not any good at math.
C)Pia thinks that she was the last one to be chosen for the baseball team because she had not been practicing enough.She vows to do better next time.
D)Marley believes she is having trouble in music because she has been absent the last two weeks.She knows she will have to work extra hard to catch up to her class.

Question 76

Which one of the following individuals definitely has a mastery goal rather than a performance goal?

A)Andrea is in the pool each day at 6:00a.m.; she has set her sights on an Olympic gold medal in swimming.
B)Brandon wants to please his parents by doing well in school.
C)Claude studies science so he can understand what makes things "tick."
D)Darlene never asks questions in class; she is afraid they might make her look stupid.

Question 77

Which one of the following students clearly has a performance goal rather than a mastery goal?

A)Alec judges his own performance on the basis of how his classmates do.
B)Blanche always does more than her teacher requires.
C)Christina persists when she encounters a difficult mathematics problem.
D)Barry is bored by easy assignments.

Question 78

Four students in Ms.Bennett's social studies class have to give an oral report on a country of their choosing.Which one of the students exhibits behaviour consistent with a mastery goal?

A)When Eldon gives his report on Hungary, he stands straight and speaks clearly because he wants to impress his teacher and fellow students with his knowledge and ability.
B)Francis wants to give a good presentation on the United Arab Emirates because he needs to improve his overall class grade.
C)As Holly gives her report on Mongolia, she is very nervous.She is afraid she might make a fool of herself in front of her classmates.
D)Sergio does his report on Spain because that is where his family is from.He has enjoyed talking to his grandfather about what it is like to live in Spain.

Question 79

Roxanne and her teammates consistently lose basketball games by a very close margin.Roxanne believes that their losses are always due to bad calls on the part of the referees.With this information in mind, identify the statement below that is most likely to be an accurate description of Roxanne?

A)She feels guilty about not practicing harder.
B)She feels resentment toward the referees.
C)She has decreasing self-confidence about her ability to play basketball.
D)She intends to ask her coach for suggestions about how to improve her game.

Question 80

Three of the following characterize students with a mastery goal.Which one characterizes students with a performance goal?

A)thinking that if you have to try hard, you must not be very capable
B)thinking that you are doing well as long as you are making progress, even though you are not totally successful
C)seeking out your teacher's guidance when you are having trouble doing something
D)being bored by easy tasks