Deck 3: Pavlovian Procedures

Question 1

Ivan Pavlov is best known for his research on the ________.

A) psychic reflex
B) partition complex
C) operant response
D) digestive process

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The term ___________ response refers to an innate reflex response to a stimulus.

A) conditional
B) instinctual
C) spontaneous
D) unconditional

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What fascinated Pavlov most about his salivating dogs was that _________.

A) the behavior of the dogs never changed
B) the behavior of the dogs changed erratically
C) the dogs began to salivate before receiving food
D) some dogs salivated and others did not

Answer 3

C

Question 4

In studying "psychic secretions," Pavlov focused his attention on the ________.

A) dog's thoughts and feelings
B) events in the dog's environment
C) genetic history of the dog
D) behavior of the dog before and after feeding

Question 5

________ said that Pavlov was one of the greatest geniuses of all time.

A) H. G. Wells
B) G. B. Shaw
C) C. P. Snow
D) I. M. Guessin

Question 6

The author of your text uses the terms unconditional reflex and conditional reflex, but he notes that most authors use the terms _______ and _______ reflexes.

A) innate and learned
B) natural and contrived
C) conditioned and unconditioned
D) primary and secondary

Question 7

The notation that best describes the Pavlovian procedure is _______

A) S-->R
B) CS-->UR
C) CS-->CR
D) CS-->US

Question 8

Pavlov said that the salivary glands behaved as though they had ________.

A) reason
B) an instinct
C) intelligence
D) free will

Question 9

Pavlov is best described as ________.

A) the father of learning research
B) the father of modern psychology
C) an American from Russia
D) an experimenter from head to foot

Question 10

Pavlovian conditioning is also called ________ conditioning.

A) classical
B) simple
C) basic
D) unconscious

Question 11

Many people think of scientists as dull people without feelings, but Pavlov said that science requires ______________.

A) the energy of a wailing baby
B) supreme passion
C) absolute objectivity
D) absolute integrity

Question 12

Pavlov became interested in psychic reflexes around ________.

A) 1870
B) 1900
C) 1920
D) 1927

Question 13

Pavlov called reflexes present at birth ________.

A) innate
B) unconditional
C) unconditioned
D) fixed

Question 14

Pavlov's main interest initially was ______.

A) psychology
B) learning
C) physiology
D) the philosophy of mind

Question 15

__________ stimuli are typically events that are important to survival.

A) Unconditional
B) Conditional
C) Maintenance
D) Second-order

Question 16

John, "Mr. Anxiety," finally musters up the courage to ask the beautiful and popular Carole to go to the movies. She finds the idea so ridiculous that she laughs out loud the instant he has gotten the question out. John's face turns the color of a steamed lobster. In classical conditioning terms, John's experience is an example of ________.

A) trace conditioning
B) delayed conditioning
C) simultaneous conditioning
D) backward conditioning

Question 17

George Bernard Shaw said that Pavlov was __________.

A) the biggest fool he knew
B) the greatest genius of all time
C) another Pygmalion
D) Shaw never commented on Pavlov

Question 18

J. M. Graham and Claude Desjardins established a(n) ______ as a CS for sexual arousal in rats.

A) odor
B) color
C) sound
D) tactile stimulus

Question 19

Pavlov was a ________.

A) Lithuanian
B) Russian
C) Swede
D) Pole

Question 20

A week later John (see above item) bumps into Carole on campus, feels his face turn red and recalls with embarrassment their earlier encounter. Carole has become a _______.

A) CS for blushing
B) US for blushing
C) CR to John
D) good candidate for training as a career diplomat

Question 21

In general, the more intense a US, the __________.

A) faster conditioning proceeds
B) slower conditioning proceeds
C) more intense the CS
D) less intense the CS

Question 22

When exposure to a stimulus prior to pairing with a US interferes with conditioning, the phenomenon is called ________.

A) latent inhibition
B) overshadowing
C) blocking
D) higher-order conditioning

Question 23

In so far as the rate of learning is concerned, the most important pairings of the CS and US are those that come _________.

A) at the beginning of training
B) in the middle of training
C) toward the end of training
D) at the very end of training

Question 24

Of the following conditioning procedures, the one that is least like the others is ________.

A) trace
B) delayed
C) simultaneous
D) backward

Question 25

The rate of conditioning is affected by the degree to which the US is ___________ the occurrence of the CS.

A) bi-pendant on
B) contracted to
C) contingent on
D) ipsilateral to

Question 26

Of the following, the one that does not belong with the others is ________.

A) latent inhibition
B) overshadowing
C) blocking
D) higher-order conditioning

Question 27

If, following conditioning, a CS is repeatedly presented without the US, the procedure is called ________.

A) higher-order conditioning
B) latent inhibition
C) extinction
D) preconditioning

Question 28

The time between conditioning trials is called the _______.

A) inter-stimulus interval
B) intertrial interval
C) contiguity gap
D) trace period

Question 29

A _________ stimulus is one that consists of two or more stimuli presented simultaneously.

A) conjugal
B) complex
C) concordant
D) compound

Question 30

The experiments of Staats and Staats with nonsense syllables are examples of ____________ conditioning.

A) second-tier
B) higher-order
C) signal
D) second-signal

Question 31

One way to determine if conditioning has occurred is to present the CS alone. Each such presentation is called a(n) ______ trial.

A) extinction
B) experimental
C) test
D) pseudo-

Question 32

In the figure below, the data point at the extreme right illustrates _________.

A) extinction
B) a lack of conditioning
C) spontaneous recovery
D) blocking

Question 33

Braun and Geiselhart found that eyelid conditioning generally proceeded slowly with _______.

A) infants
B) children
C) young adults
D) older adults

Question 34

Higher-order conditioning is probably most important to ___________.

A) rats
B) dogs
C) cats
D) humans

Question 35

An experimenter presents a flash of light and a bell simultaneously followed by food. Conditioning proceeds satisfactorily, but when the experimenter presents the light and bell separately, he finds that the bell is an effective CS, but the light is not. The experimenter has demonstrated _______

A) counterconditioning
B) latent inhibition
C) blocking
D) overshadowing

Question 36

In Pavlovian conditioning, contiguity usually refers to the ________.

A) time between CS and US
B) interval between CS-US trials
C) space between CS and US
D) interval between training sessions

Question 37

The experiment in which a dog learned to salivate at the sight of a black square after it had been paired with a CS for salivating is an example of _________ conditioning.

A) second-tier
B) higher-order
C) signal
D) second-signal

Question 38

Two students, Edward and Edwina, serve as subjects in a conditioning experiment. The CS is a buzzer; the US is a mild electric shock; the UR is a change in the electrical conductivity of their skin called the Galvanic Skin Response. Both subjects undergo 50 trials, but the experimenter feels sorry for Edwina so periodically he lets her off without a shock. The results will indicate that _______

A) the CR is stronger in Edward
B) the CR is stronger in Edwina
C) there is no difference in the CRs produced by Edward and Edwina
D) Edward salivates at the sight of Edwina

Question 39

Oafish Bill (John's twin brother; see items above) has heard nothing of John's unfortunate encounter with Carole, and he decides to ask her out. Just as he approaches her she bursts into laughter, apparently in response to a joke someone just told. Bill immediately pops the question and she politely declines, having decided to join a convent at the end of the semester. A week later Bill bumps into Carole on campus but feels no particular embarrassment. The pairing of Bill's request for a date and Carole's laughter is most likely an example of ________.

A) trace conditioning
B) delayed conditioning
C) simultaneous conditioning
D) backward conditioning

Question 40

In Pavlovian conditioning, ISI refers to ______.

A) ideal stimlus index
B) incipient satiation index
C) interstimulus interval
D) Intergalactic Space Invoice

Question 41

Spontaneous recovery is associated with _______.

A) higher-order conditioning
B) latent inhibition
C) extinction
D) preconditioning

Question 42

Pavlov won the Nobel Prize for his research on conditioning.

Question 43

The first conditioning trials are typically _____ (more/less) effective than later trials.

Question 44

Pavlov's work paved the way for Darwin's theory of evolution.

Question 45

One way to test for the effects of conditioning is to use test trials.

Question 46

In ____________ conditioning, the CS and US occur at the same time.

Question 47

If two stimuli are paired and then one becomes a CS, the other will become a CS more rapidly than it
otherwise would have, a phenomenon called sensory ________.

Question 48

If a CS is presented several times alone, and is then repeatedly paired with a US, conditioning
proceeds more rapidly than if the CS had never been presented alone.

Question 49

In _______ conditioning the CS and US overlap.

Question 50

A CS that consists of two or more stimuli is called a _________ stimulus.

Question 51

The equation, ?Vn = c (?- Vn -1), is associated with the _______________ of Pavlovian conditioning.

A) Rescorla-Wagner model
B) preparatory response theory
C) stimulus substitution theory
D) valence theory

Question 52

Explain why Pavlov became interested in psychic reflexes.

Question 53

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, blocking occurs because when the second (blocked) CS is
presented, most of the learning that can occur has already been "used up" by the first CS.

Question 54

A key feature of Pavlovian conditioning is that the CS and US appear together regardless of what the
animal or person does.

Question 55

The procedure of pairing a neutral stimulus with a well-established CS is called higher-order
conditioning.

Question 56

Generally, the _____ (more/less) intense a stimulus, the faster conditioning occurs.

Question 57

Each pairing of a CS and US is one _______.

Question 58

Conditional reflexes are so named because they ____________.

Question 59

Each time a buzzer sounds, a puff of air makes a rabbit blink. Soon the rabbit blinks when it hears the buzzer. George believes that this means the buzzer takes the place of the air puff. George is an
Advocate of ________.

A) stimulus substitution theory
B) exchange theory
C) preparatory response theory
D) stimulus-response theory

Question 60

The Rescorla-Wagner model has been very influential, but it does not explain tent inhibition.
Completion

Question 61

How has the study of Pavlovian conditioning altered your view of human naturetudents might point out that Pavlov's work means that certain kinds of behavior can be attributed to specific kinds of experiences. Further, this realization gives us some power since it means that we can produce certain kinds of behavior by providing certain experiences.

Question 62

Pavlov reported that repeatedly pairing a mild acid and a particular odor, in that order, failed to
produce a CR. The experimenter then got a CR by presenting an odor followed by the mild acid. This
time, however, he used a different odor. Explain why he used a different odor.

Question 63

Explain why Pavlovian conditioning is not really a simple form of learning.

Question 64

Most people believe that when conditioning occurs, there must be an awareness of the connection between the CS and US. For example, when Pavlov sounded a buzzer, this made the dog think of food, and thinking of food made the dog salivate. What is wrong with this viewIn answering this question, you may want to mention the experiment of Kenneth Diven (1937). (86)
This deals with the role of awareness in conditioning. Students should mention that animals such as worms and even protozoa show conditioning, yet they have not the neurological capacity for awareness. In the Diven study, people showed conditioning without being able to specify the connection between the word barn and the shocks that followed it.

Question 65

Explain how extinction of a CR can be viewed as the acquisition of a behavior.

Question 66

Explain the differences among trace, delay, simultaneous, and backward procedures.