Chat with AIExam 3: Pavlovian Procedures
An experimenter presents a flash of light and a bell simultaneously followed by food. Conditioning proceeds satisfactorily, but when the experimenter presents the light and bell separately, he finds that the bell is an effective CS, but the light is not. The experimenter has demonstrated _______
(29) 
VerifiedD
Pavlov's main interest initially was ______.
(40) VerifiedC
Most people believe that when conditioning occurs, there must be an awareness of the connection between the CS and US. For example, when Pavlov sounded a buzzer, this made the dog think of food, and thinking of food made the dog salivate. What is wrong with this viewIn answering this question, you may want to mention the experiment of Kenneth Diven (1937). (86)
This deals with the role of awareness in conditioning. Students should mention that animals such as worms and even protozoa show conditioning, yet they have not the neurological capacity for awareness. In the Diven study, people showed conditioning without being able to specify the connection between the word barn and the shocks that followed it.
(19) 
Answered by Examlex AI CopilotThe belief that awareness of the connection between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US) is necessary for conditioning to occur is not entirely accurate. This view suggests that in order for conditioning to take place, the individual must be consciously aware of the association between the CS and the US. However, this perspective overlooks the fact that conditioning can occur without explicit awareness.
One example that challenges this belief is the experiment conducted by Kenneth Diven in 1937. Diven's study demonstrated that conditioning can occur without conscious awareness of the connection between the CS and the US. Participants in the study showed conditioning to a word (e.g., "barn") paired with an electric shock, even though they were unable to specify the connection between the word and the shocks that followed it.
Furthermore, it is important to note that various non-human organisms, such as worms and protozoa, have shown evidence of conditioning despite lacking the neurological capacity for awareness. This suggests that conditioning can occur in the absence of conscious awareness.
In conclusion, the idea that awareness of the CS-US connection is necessary for conditioning to occur is not entirely accurate. While awareness may play a role in some instances of conditioning, there is evidence to suggest that conditioning can occur without explicit awareness of the association between the stimuli.
J. M. Graham and Claude Desjardins established a(n) ______ as a CS for sexual arousal in rats.
(32) A CS that consists of two or more stimuli is called a _________ stimulus.
(29) John, "Mr. Anxiety," finally musters up the courage to ask the beautiful and popular Carole to go to the movies. She finds the idea so ridiculous that she laughs out loud the instant he has gotten the question out. John's face turns the color of a steamed lobster. In classical conditioning terms, John's experience is an example of ________.
(40) The procedure of pairing a neutral stimulus with a well-established CS is called higher-order
conditioning.
(38) The notation that best describes the Pavlovian procedure is _______
(29) In Pavlovian conditioning, contiguity usually refers to the ________.
(34) Braun and Geiselhart found that eyelid conditioning generally proceeded slowly with _______.
(31) In so far as the rate of learning is concerned, the most important pairings of the CS and US are those that come _________.
(40) One way to determine if conditioning has occurred is to present the CS alone. Each such presentation is called a(n) ______ trial.
(39) A key feature of Pavlovian conditioning is that the CS and US appear together regardless of what the
animal or person does.
(34) Explain the differences among trace, delay, simultaneous, and backward procedures.
(40) Two students, Edward and Edwina, serve as subjects in a conditioning experiment. The CS is a buzzer; the US is a mild electric shock; the UR is a change in the electrical conductivity of their skin called the Galvanic Skin Response. Both subjects undergo 50 trials, but the experimenter feels sorry for Edwina so periodically he lets her off without a shock. The results will indicate that _______
(34) Of the following conditioning procedures, the one that is least like the others is ________.
(33) A week later John (see above item) bumps into Carole on campus, feels his face turn red and recalls with embarrassment their earlier encounter. Carole has become a _______.
(32) Oafish Bill (John's twin brother; see items above) has heard nothing of John's unfortunate encounter with Carole, and he decides to ask her out. Just as he approaches her she bursts into laughter, apparently in response to a joke someone just told. Bill immediately pops the question and she politely declines, having decided to join a convent at the end of the semester. A week later Bill bumps into Carole on campus but feels no particular embarrassment. The pairing of Bill's request for a date and Carole's laughter is most likely an example of ________.
(37) 
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