Deck 6: Infancy: Social and Emotional Development

Question 1

Individuation refers to the child's increasing sense of independence and autonomy.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Abused children are more likely to be sexually active and delinquent adolescents than their non-abused peers.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

In studies of children's temperament, most children are labelled as being "difficult."

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Girls tend to advance more rapidly than boys in their motor development in infancy.

Question 5

Separation anxiety occurs when children react negatively to being away from their caregivers.

Question 6

Babies who show avoidant attachment are least distressed by their mother's departure in the Strange Situation.

Question 7

Social referencing is rare before 1 year of age.

Question 8

The effects of social deprivation of monkeys and humans cannot be reversed after the deprivation has occurred.

Question 9

The clear-cut-attachment phase occurs at 6 or 7 months and is characterized by intensified dependence on the primary caregiver, usually the mother.

Question 10

Ainsworth and Bowlby found two phases during which attachment classifications develop.

Question 11

Daycare has been shown to be extremely harmful to attachment relationships.

Question 12

Autism is caused by poor parenting.

Question 13

Most North American infants are securely attached.

Question 14

Children who touch their noses in response to seeing rouge on their noses in a mirror are more likely to experience embarrassment than those who do not notice the rouge.

Question 15

Toddlers' refusal to comply with their caregivers' requests is a sign of pathology.

Question 16

According to ethologists, attachment occurs during a critical period for humans.

Question 17

Emotions are related to psychological, not physical, events.

Question 18

Autistic children rarely abuse themselves.

Question 19

Children who are disobedient, behave inappropriately, or are unresponsive are at greater risk for being abused than other children.

Question 20

Mothers, but not fathers, become attached to their children on the basis of the quality of their interactions.

Question 21

Autistic children show little interest in social interactions.

Question 22

Children who show a fear of strangers were abused as infants.

Question 23

Nothing can be done to prevent child abuse.

Question 24

The quality of childcare is unimportant in determining its effects on children.

Question 25

Features of autism include communication problems, intolerance of change, and ritualistic or stereotypical behaviour.

Question 26

Waterfowl, such as geese, follow the first moving object they see.

Question 27

The age at which social deprivation occurs affects the outcome of that deprivation.

Question 28

To develop normally, human infants require only adequate material needs.

Question 29

Emotional regulation has been demonstrated by infants younger than 1 year of age.

Question 30

Parents' responsiveness to their infants is related to their infants' attachment patterns.

Question 31

A fear of strangers during the first year of life is a sign of pathology.

Question 32

Approximately 50% of substantiated cases of child abuse have involved children witnessing violence.

Question 33

Temperament remains moderately stable from infancy to adulthood.

Question 34

One's goodness of fit with the environment is unrelated to the outcome of one's development.

Question 35

Children with disorganized or disoriented attachment may seem dazed, confused, or disoriented.

Question 36

Research has shown that, as avoidant children grew older, they grew more fearful, and resistant children became less joyful.

Question 37

Asperger's syndrome is a form of autism spectrum disorder.

Question 38

Of the substantiated cases of child abuse in Canada, approximately 35% involved neglect.

Question 39

Compared with children who have other types of attachment, secure children are the most likely to cry after being separated from their mothers.

Question 40

Attachment only occurs in humans.

Question 41

The child's attachment pattern is related to the child's temperament.

Question 42

After Mary Ainsworth earned her Ph.D. at the University of Toronto, she was offered a teaching position at Queen's University in 1939; however, two weeks later, her offer of employment was withdrawn, as the Senate refused to appoint a woman.

Question 43

Infant monkeys become attached to their mothers because of her milk.

Question 44

Emotional development is linked to attachment relationship

Question 45

Self-awareness is measured using the Strange Situation.

Question 46

Object permanence in infants develops after specific attachments.

Question 47

Adults treat boys and girls the same in all ways.

Question 48

Nathan has irregular sleep and feeding schedules, responds to frustrations with tantrums and loud crying, and takes a long time to adjust to new routines. What temperament classification most accurately describes Nathan?

A) a quick-to-anger temperament
B) a difficult temperament
C) a disengaged temperament
D) a slow-to-warm-up temperament

Question 49

Attachment pattern is unrelated to the level of cooperation or sociability of children.

Question 50

Children with daycare experience are less likely to share their toys.

Question 51

Institutionalized children tend to thrive with little social stimulation.

Question 52

More Canadian children are sexually abused than physically abused.

Question 53

Children are born with the ability to regulate their emotions.

Question 54

Imprinting must occur during a specific time period for it to develop at all, as demonstrated by Konrad Lorenz with the geese. What is the term for this time period?

A) the critical period
B) the learning period
C) the sensitive period
D) the maturational period

Question 55

Children placed in day care are more aggressive than children who are cared for in the home.

Question 56

Infants do not use caregivers' facial expressions to interpret situations.

Question 57

Erik Erikson believed that the first year is critical for developing a sense of trust in the mother.

Question 58

Once an attachment pattern is set, it remains the same throughout childhood.

Question 59

Who among the following are most at risk of abuse from their parents?

A) girls
B) full-term infants
C) first-born children
D) sick or unhealthy children

Question 60

It is clear how many emotions infants have.

Question 61

According to Margaret Mahler, a psychoanalyst, what forms the basis for a child's self-concept?

A) learning emotional regulation
B) refusing to share toys with others
C) a process of separation-individuation
D) reinforcements and punishments by parents

Question 62

Which statement best describes attachment?

A) It is unrelated to survival needs.
B) It is experienced only by humans.
C) It is unaffected by one's environment.
D) It is a reciprocal relationship between child and parent.

Question 63

Which of the following is a characteristic of self-awareness?

A) It does not reliably occur until about 24 months of age.
B) It is not necessary for sharing and cooperation.
C) It makes possible the development of self-conscious emotions, such as embarrassment.
D) It is the process of differentiation.

Question 64

How many cycles of The Canadian Incidence Study (CIS) of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect have been published?

A) 3
B) 4
C) 5
D) 6

Question 65

Cynthia's daughter has Asperger's disorder. Cynthia explains that people must use person-first language when referring to children with autism. What does she mean by this?

A) Use the phrase "child with autism" rather than using the term autism to define the child (e.g., "the autistic child").
B) Do not refer to a child's social deficiencies or stereotyped behaviours in any way because it makes people uncomfortable.
C) Ignore the symptoms when speaking of the child's autism so that the child maintains a positive self-image.
D) Treat the child according to their behavioural age rather than the their chronological age in years.

Question 66

Carver and Vaccaro (2007) suggest that social referencing requires three components. Which of the following is one of those components?

A) lacking a fear of strangers and separation anxiety
B) looking at another, usually older individual in a novel and vague situation
C) looking at another individual to determine if they are friendly
D) displaying a fearful response to a stranger and receiving a similar response

Question 67

Jessica and Tim are first-time expectant parents. They are eager to ensure their child forms a secure attachment relationship with them. What would you tell them?

A) Daughters and sons respond similarly to maternal behaviour.
B) The father plays no role in attachment relationships.
C) The quality of the attachment relationship is entirely dependent on the mother.
D) It grows from loving affection and can be an enduring bond.

Question 68

Shannon is turning 1 year old and her grandparents have travelled a great distance to be at her birthday party. When they arrive Shannon cries and will not let them pick her up. What is Shannon experiencing?

A) anger and rage
B) stranger anxiety
C) elder fear
D) emotional overload

Question 69

Which of the following is a finding of the research on emotional regulation?

A) Emotional regulation is inborn and cannot be learned.
B) No relationship exists between attachment and emotional regulation.
C) Emotional regulation is unrelated to interactions with one's parent.
D) Adolescents with good emotional regulation generally had secure early life attachments.

Question 70

According to Erikson's psychoanalytic theory, what is most vital for a child to develop in the first year of life?

A) a sense of trust
B) a sense of identity
C) a sense of autonomy
D) a sense of self-efficacy

Question 71

Kevin has been maltreated by his parents. Which behaviour is Kevin most likely to exhibit?

A) increased likelihood of illness
B) fear of strangers
C) antisocial personality disorder
D) substance abuse

Question 72

Which statement best reflects current research about spoiling children?

A) Parents must stop responding to infant cries by age 3 months in order to avoid spoiling.
B) Children who have insecure attachment are more likely to be spoiled.
C) Infants who cry constantly are most vulnerable to poor behaviour as adolescents.
D) Parents should respond immediately to the cries of infants younger than 10 months because they are incapable of being spoiled.

Question 73

Which of the following most likely influences the effects of social deprivation?

A) a lag in cognitive development
B) a lack of love and affection
C) a deficiency in social stimulation
D) a deficiency in sensory stimulation

Question 74

How did Bowlby explain smiling in the infant?

A) It is unrelated to attachment.
B) It is random until about 6 months of age.
C) It is usually due to gastrointestinal distress.
D) It may serve as a stimulus for affection from others.

Question 75

Kai was diagnosed with autism and his parents are looking for treatment options. What can you tell them about treatment effectiveness?

A) Group treatment programs are the best option for most children.
B) Treatment is only helpful for children who are over the age of 12 years.
C) Individual treatment instruction appears to have the most significant impact.
D) Treatment programs that focus on drug therapies are the most effective options.

Question 76

Which drug treatment option has been explored to treat autism?

A) Mood-stabilizing drugs have been used in older patients to enable them to attend school.
B) Aspirin has been used to address the biological linkage between adrenalin and anger outbursts.
C) Anti-depressants have been used to address anxiety and hyperactivity.
D) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have been used to help prevent self-injury and aggression.

Question 77

Of all substantiated child abuse cases in Canada, approximately what percentage involved sexual abuse?

A) 5
B) 10
C) 15
D) 20

Question 78

Which strategy is most likely to be recommended to prevent child abuse?

A) strengthening parenting skills in the general population
B) fining those who fail to report suspected cases of child abuse
C) making child abuse a crime
D) taking abused children out of their environment and placing them in foster care

Question 79

Which of the following is the most appropriate action to take to befriend a boy who is showing stranger anxiety?

A) Rush over to the child and pick him up.
B) Approach the child when he is far away from his attachment figure.
C) Approach the child in the presence of an attachment figure in familiar surroundings.
D) Approach the child in unfamiliar surroundings, rather than in his own home.

Question 80

According to the textbook, what is the critical age before which infants should be adopted in order to ensure secure attachments?

A) 6 weeks
B) 6 months
C) 1 year
D) 5 years