Deck 21: Revolutions and Nation Building 1848-1871

Question 1

Giuseppe Mazzini's vision of the future for Italy was not shared by all Italians,some of whom,unlike Mazzini,wanted to see an Italy united under:

A) Austrian rule.
B) a Great Germany.
C) a democratic, Italian government.
D) French rule.
E) the papacy.

Answer 1

the papacy.

Question 2

In Austria,the revolution of 1848 was initially referred to as:

A) "a fight for the survival of the Austrian people."
B) "the death blow to all European radicals."
C) "the final chapter of the French Revolution."
D) "the springtime of peoples."
E) "a holy war against Russian orthodoxy."

Answer 2

"the springtime of peoples."

Question 3

Many demands were made of the Austrian empire during the 1848 revolution; one concession made by the government was the:

A) inclusion of the Hungarian royal house in the line of succession to the throne.
B) establishment of open enrollment for state universities for all citizens.
C) establishment of a Parliament with veto power over imperial edicts.
D) granting of universal male suffrage.
E) abolition of serfdom.

Answer 3

abolition of serfdom.

Question 4

The 1848 revolution in Germany saw the creation of many political clubs that admitted,for the first time,women:

A) and elected many of them to positions of authority within their organizations.
B) and also called for universal suffrage to include women of all classes.
C) as well as members of the Junker class in Prussia.
D) but refused them the right to speak in their meetings.
E) who could join only those clubs to which their husbands belonged.

Question 5

After the failed revolutions of 1848,the hopes of moderates working for Italian unification no longer centered on popular movements but rather on political moves by:

A) Austria.
B) France.
C) Piedmont-Sardinia.
D) the Venetian Republic.
E) the Papal States.

Question 6

Pan-slavism was promoted through the writings of:

A) Lajos Kossuth.
B) Ján Kollár.
C) Salvy Dcera.
D) Pan Tadeusz.
E) Hieronymus Palack.

Question 7

The Frankfurt Assembly argued two separate configurations for a united Germany: a "Great Germany" to include all Germans and a "Small Germany" to include all Germans with the exception of those:

A) in the South German Confederation.
B) in the North German Confederation.
C) in the Habsburg empire.
D) Germans living in Poland.
E) Germans living in Prussia.

Question 8

As the revolution in France moved into the various states of Germany there was pressure for constitutional reforms which ultimately lead to the:

A) strike by the textile weavers of Silesia.
B) appointment of Otto von Bismarck as chancellor.
C) resignation of Kaiser Frederick Wilhelm.
D) election of the all-German Assembly in Frankfurt.
E) assassination of Kaiser Wilhelm I.

Question 9

Although he believed in personal power and a strong central government,Napoleon III permitted the creation of:

A) a Supreme National Tribunal with veto power over his rule.
B) a revitalized National Assembly under the control of the socialists.
C) strong provincial parlements as a guard against peasant uprisings.
D) trade unions and legalized strikes to win favor with workers.
E) a National Executive Council to oversee his work as president.

Question 10

The revolutions of 1848:

A) marked the high point of liberal revolutions.
B) produced the most democratic nations in Europe.
C) represented a resurgence of Conservativism.
D) were closely aligned with a religious revival.
E) had little lasting effect on European political development.

Question 11

The Frankfurt Assembly was plagued by:

A) a virulent pamphlet war between liberals and socialists.
B) the question of working-class demands for social reform.
C) the question of a national religion.
D) disunity caused by religious differences.
E) tensions between liberalism and nationalism.

Question 12

Prussia's most successful counter to Austrian power was the creation of a customs union that established free trade among the German states and a uniform tariff against the rest of the world.This customs union was called the:

A) Tarigewerkschaft.
B) Zollverein.
C) Verbindungsteuer.
D) Zollschätzen.
E) Schutstaffel.

Question 13

Lajos Kossuth:

A) sought independence and a parliamentary government for Hungary.
B) was a Polish radical.
C) became an outspoken critic of pan-Slavism.
D) fought for a united Czech nation.
E) fought for the unification of Germany.

Question 14

One of the radical demands made by the popular movement of students and artisans to the Austrian Habsburg monarchy in 1848 was:

A) providing a separate constitution for the kingdom of Bohemia.
B) immediately closing the state university.
C) creating a single house of representatives.
D) calling for Emperor Francis Joseph I to abdicate.
E) removing all fees and tuition for higher education.

Question 15

The Italian Romantic nationalist,Giuseppe Mazzini:

A) held secret meetings with Napoleon III to secure Elba for Italy.
B) sought to unite Italy under the leadership of Victor Emmanuel II.
C) led a successful invasion of Sicily from Switzerland in 1848.
D) detested the Carbonari for its role in advocating labor strikes.
E) launched a failed invasion of Sardinia in 1834.

Question 16

The German Confederation:

A) provided a common defense and real executive power.
B) was created at the Congress of Vienna.
C) did not include either Austria or Prussia.
D) was created by Otto von Bismarck.
E) was dominated by Austria and did not include Prussia.

Question 17

Passed in March 1848,the March Laws:

A) were rejected utterly by Ferdinand I.
B) were welcomed by Serbs, Croats, and Romanians living in Hungary.
C) made no provision for an adjustment in the franchise.
D) sought to abolish serfdom and noble privileges in Hungry.
E) were welcomed by Magyars in Hungary but rejected by Austrians.

Question 18

The French Revolution of 1848 resulted in:

A) a series of political dinners being held across the country.
B) toppling of the government of King Louis Philippe.
C) France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War.
D) the establishment of the Third Republic.
E) toppling of the government of Charles X.

Question 19

In 1831,Giuseppe Mazzini founded a nationalist group,_________,dedicated to Italian unification.

A) the Carbonari
B) Young Italy
C) the "Thousand"
D) the Italian Brotherhood
E) the Risorgimento

Question 20

The widespread unemployment and pressure placed on public relief in Europe in the mid-nineteenth century resulted in what has been labeled the:

A) Disgruntled Fifties.
B) Age of Anxiety.
C) Year of the Famine.
D) Decade of the Barricades.
E) Hungry Forties.

Question 21

Following the occupation of Rome in 1870,an attempt was made to solve the problems of relations between the new Italian state and the:

A) Carbonari.
B) peasantry of southern Italy.
C) northern industrialists.
D) working classes.
E) papacy.

Question 22

Italian unification was achieved both on the battlefield and through diplomacy; the diplomatic fight was led by:

A) Giuseppe Garibaldi.
B) Count Giuseppe Mazzini.
C) Baron Giacomo Puccini.
D) Count Camillo di Cavour.
E) Victor Emmanuel II.

Question 23

The first emperor of a united Germany was:

A) Wilhelm I.
B) Wilhelm II.
C) Friedrich Wilhelm I.
D) Otto II.
E) Wilhelm Friedrich II.

Question 24

One result of the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 was the:

A) freeing of the serfs in Russia.
B) unification of the United Provinces in the Netherlands.
C) accession of Napoleon III to the throne in France.
D) uniting of Venetia with the rest of Italy.
E) passage of the Reform Bill of 1867 in Britain.

Question 25

One result of the Seven Weeks' War in 1866 was that:

A) the weakness of the Prussian military was revealed.
B) Austria was forced to give up all claims to Schleswig and Holstein.
C) the power of the German Confederation was enlarged.
D) the Ottomans were finally pushed out of the Crimean Peninsula.
E) the Danes became a subject people of the Prussians.

Question 26

Bismarck's quest for a united Germany required that he:

A) placate Austria as much as possible so as not to cause Austria to declare war to stop Prussia.
B) use diplomacy as his means of achieving unification as Austria and France remained the military powers in Europe.
C) fight short, deliberate wars to achieve limited ends that would eventually lead to unification.
D) create a House of Nobles in addition to the legislative assembly to give a voice to the rulers of all the independent German states in exchange for their uniting with Prussia.
E) defeat both Austria and Russia in the War of the Austrian Succession in 1870.

Question 27

Bismarck's policies can best be understood as:

A) an extension of the Congress of Vienna.
B) his attempt to bring lasting peace to Europe.
C) an example of his desire to restore the monarchy of Prussia.
D) an illustration of his desire for power and influence for Prussia.
E) an expression of his quest for personal power and wealth.

Question 28

The decree emancipating 22 million Russian serfs in 1861:

A) produced limited change and left the peasants still working for their former masters.
B) contained no provision for the compensation of landowners.
C) turned a nation of agricultural laborers into a nation of farmers.
D) reduced the power of the mir, or peasant commune.
E) led to the rapid industrialization of Russia due to the increased number of newly created factory workers.

Question 29

The Franco-Prussian War was waged:

A) because Bismarck wanted to annex Schleswig and Holstein.
B) in order to destroy the North German Confederation.
C) as the final stage in German unification.
D) to reduce the power of the Habsburg empire.
E) to allow Bismarck to seize power in Prussia.

Question 30

Who led the "Thousand" that set out to liberate Sicily from Bourbon rule in 1860?

A) Lajos Kossuth
B) Camillo Benso di Cavour
C) Francis II of France
D) Giuseppe Garibaldi
E) Giuseppe Mazzini

Question 31

In the aftermath of the 1848 revolution,Frederick William of Prussia rejected a new constitution.Two years later he accepted a constitution that allowed for the election of a Parliament with voting based on:

A) universal male suffrage, although votes were weighted based on taxes paid.
B) membership in one of the three estates; the Third Estate received only a partial vote.
C) ethnic heritage; only those who could prove German heritage for three generations were allowed to vote.
D) land ownership; only those who owned property would be allowed to vote.
E) a family's wealth; only those families with a total wealth of at least 1 million marks could vote.

Question 32

The term Realpolitik was closely associated with:

A) Friedrich von Schiller.
B) Ludwig Feuerbach.
C) Otto von Bismarck.
D) Arthur Schopenhauer.
E) Rosa Luxemburg.

Question 33

In his book The Subjection of Women,John Stuart Mill advocated the:

A) right of women to vote.
B) subjection of women to men.
C) right of women to work as domestic servants.
D) right of women to enter religious orders.
E) subjection of women to the Church of England.

Question 34

The British leader who urged increasing the franchise in the hope it would result in more conservative votes was:

A) William Gladstone.
B) Edward Elgar.
C) Charles Dickens.
D) Benjamin Disraeli.
E) Robert Peel.

Question 35

In 1859,the classic defense of liberty,On Liberty,was written by:

A) John Stuart Mill.
B) Jeremy Bentham.
C) Harriet Taylor.
D) William Godwin.
E) Benjamin Disraeli.

Question 36

In 1867,the conservative government of Great Britain passed the Great Reform Bill which:

A) repealed all taxes on food.
B) doubled the franchise by extending the vote, in general, to all skilled workers.
C) allowed the British parliament to restrict the franchise in special elections.
D) provided for the world's first pension program for workers.
E) repealed the Corn Laws.

Question 37

The incident that began the Franco-Prussian War was:

A) the French repression of German student fraternities west of the Rhine.
B) a banquet held in honor of Napoleon's victory at Jena.
C) the assassination of the Prussian ambassador to France.
D) a public scandal that implicated Otto von Bismarck.
E) an international misunderstanding created by Otto von Bismarck.

Question 38

In the nineteenth century,both the United States and Russia shared a similar problem in building their respective nations,which was:

A) the lack of an extensive rail system to transport goods.
B) slavery and serfdom.
C) the many competing nationalities living within their borders.
D) lack of a strong central government.
E) the rapid expansion of the territory under their control.

Question 39

Beginning in the mid-1850s under Napoleon III,much of Paris was rebuilt with both social and political concerns in mind.This reconstruction was directed by:

A) Compte de Chateaubriand.
B) Baron Haussmann.
C) Marquis de Lafayette.
D) Baron Arouet.
E) Compte de Rothschilde.

Question 40

Bismarck was appointed to the post of minister-president of Prussia in 1862 because:

A) Kaiser Wilhelm I needed him to control a liberal Parliament.
B) he had vast expertise in the administrative bureaucracy of Prussia.
C) he had extreme nationalist aspirations.
D) he had experience as a Prussian Junker.
E) he was a weak politician Kaiser Wilhelm I could control.

Question 41

Prussia was to Germany as _________ was to Italy.

A) the Roman Republic
B) Piedmont-Sardinia
C) Venetia
D) the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
E) Tuscany

Question 42

The term Manifest Destiny was used to express the desire of many to see:

A) the United States overspread the continent.
B) slavery in the United States continue forever.
C) the United States take its rightful place among the European imperial powers.
D) Russia expand from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific and from the Arctic to the Indian Ocean.
E) the British establish themselves around the world so that the sun would never set on their empire.

Question 43

The massive rebuilding effort in France,financed by Crédit Mobilier,was especially focused on preserving the medieval center of Paris as a symbol of its glorious past.

Question 44

The revised German system of voting,in which voters were divided into three classes according to how much tax they paid,was a much more representative system than the medieval electoral system of representation by estate.

Question 45

Education was a goal of the Prussian reformers prior to 1848.

Question 46

The expression the "Eastern Question" refers to the:

A) question of who would benefit as the Ottoman empire lost its grip in southeastern Europe.
B) problem of Jewish settlements in the Habsburg empire.
C) ongoing conflict between Russia and China.
D) relationship between Slavophiles and Russian Westernizers.
E) deep suspicion of the French and the British of Russian political goals in the West.

Question 47

Karl Marx saw the June days of 1848 as:

A) "the birth of true freedom."
B) "the underhanded workings of reactionaries."
C) "freedom's dues being paid."
D) "the working class knocking at the gates of history."
E) "the shadow of Charles X."

Question 48

Although Prussia had an active and a liberal intelligentsia,an engaged press,and a liberal civil service,the liberal political movement was not popular enough to win a majority of votes to ever confront the king.

Question 49

The Crimean War prompted dramatic changes in the British army's administrative and logistical systems due to the actions of individuals such as:

A) Clara Barton.
B) Florence Nightingale.
C) Julia Ward Howe.
D) Alice Cameron.
E) Jane Austen.

Question 50

The Second Empire in France was founded in 1852:

A) after a majority vote of the people.
B) after Louis Napoleon seized power.
C) immediately following a bloody revolution.
D) after the Franco-Prussian War.
E) after France invaded Mexico.

Question 51

Bismarck supported the monarchy and fiercely opposed the liberal movement,despite being born into the Junker class of the liberal working class.

Question 52

Central to the Jeffersonian Revolution included all of the following EXCEPT:

A) opposition to a national religion.
B) opposition to special privilege based on birth.
C) a dependency on free, independent farmers.
D) territorial expansion.
E) stimulation of commerce by establishing central banking institutions.

Question 53

One of the most powerful forces driving the internal politics of the Austrian empire was ethnic nationalism.

Question 54

In 1871 the German Empire was proclaimed at Berlin.

Question 55

Prussian victories in war weakened liberal opposition to the king and Bismarck's policies by refocusing the attention of the people on international affairs and positive outcomes.

Question 56

The task of unifying Italy was especially daunting as was a patchwork of small states before the unification movement of 1848.

Question 57

The Russian emancipation decree of 1861 revolutionized land holding within Russia,with devastating results for the large-scale landowners.

Question 58

Democrats under Andrew Jackson campaigned for:

A) expansion of U.S. territory to provide more land for cotton production.
B) the addition of a Bill of Rights to the Constitution.
C) universal suffrage for white males.
D) full integration of Native Americans of the Old South into American society.
E) the extension of slavery throughout the United States by repealing the Mason-Dixon Law.

Question 59

As a result of the Crimean War:

A) Russia gained absolute control over the Balkans.
B) Austrian influence in the Balkans was increased.
C) Romania lost its independence.
D) the Ottoman army was destroyed.
E) Russia lost its influence in the Balkans.

Question 60

The American Civil War resulted in many changes for the United States,among which were the abolishment of slavery,a rapid expansion of the national economy,and:

A) the eradication of deep racial divisions, which had split the country.
B) a newfound national unity, which crossed class divisions.
C) the preeminence of the national government over states' rights.
D) its emergence as a world power with its newly won colonies.
E) the establishment of the largest standing army in the world.

Question 61

What made the third quarter of the nineteenth century so transformative for the Western world?

Question 62

Why was unification of Italy such a long and difficult process?

Question 63

Nation building in the United States was inextricably linked to the expropriation of Native American lands.

Question 64

Compare and contrast the efforts of Garibaldi and Cavour to establish Italian unity.

Question 65

In what ways did the Crimean War change warfare?

Question 66

How was 1848 perhaps the beginning of the end of the Austria Empire?

Question 67

In what ways did the American Civil War transform the United States?

Question 68

The Crimean War was,in essence,a response to the collapse of the Ottoman empire.

Question 69

Was Bismarck the key to success in the building of a German nation-state?

Question 70

During the Crimean War,the advances of medicine and improved camp conditions resulted in very few deaths for the French and English troops from diseases,such as typhus or cholera,which usually took as many lives as the actual battles.

Question 71

The great wave of nation building that occurred in the period 1848-1871 largely followed the democratic ideals and political principles laid out by the liberal revolutionaries of 1848.

Question 72

Why did the Frankfurt Assembly not meet with the same success as the French Assembly in 1789?

Question 73

Compare and contrast the problems Russia and the United States experienced in their nation building.

Question 74

The disciplined toughness of the English along with superior battle tactics produced a clear and devastating defeat of the Russians.

Question 75

What were the forces that pushed for democratic reforms and the Second Reform Bill of 1867?