Question 1

Compare and contrast the efforts of Garibaldi and Cavour to establish Italian unity.

Accepted Answer

Garibaldi and Cavour represented two different routes to Italian unification: Garibaldi,as a guerrilla fighter,stood for unification from below,and Cavour,as a member of the aristocracy,stood for unification from above.Cavour initially used a campaign of ambitious reforms to promote economic expansion,encourage construction of modern transportation,reform the currency,and raise the profile of northern Italy in an international community.His plan depended on diplomacy,and he made a valuable ally in Napoleonic France,the traditional enemy of his northern neighbor,Austria.As Cavour consolidated the north,Garibaldi was pulling together the south of Italy.His troops,gathered from all over Italy,were instrumental in wrenching Sicily from the control of Francis II.By encouraging peasant revolt,Garibaldi's troops were able to destabilize the largely agricultural south and place it in Garibaldi's hands,uniting Italy up to Rome.Although the two men had different styles and backgrounds,their goal was the same and Garibaldi surrendered the south to the new king of Italy,put in place by Cavour: Victor Emmanuel.

Question 2

Bismarck was appointed to the post of minister-president of Prussia in 1862 because:

Accepted Answer

A)  Kaiser Wilhelm I needed him to control a liberal Parliament. 
B)  he had vast expertise in the administrative bureaucracy of Prussia. 
C)  he had extreme nationalist aspirations. 
D)  he had experience as a Prussian Junker. 
E)  he was a weak politician Kaiser Wilhelm I could control. 
A)  Kaiser Wilhelm I needed him to control a liberal Parliament. 
B)  he had vast expertise in the administrative bureaucracy of Prussia. 
C)  he had extreme nationalist aspirations. 
D)  he had experience as a Prussian Junker. 
E)  he was a weak politician Kaiser Wilhelm I could control. A

Question 3

What made the third quarter of the nineteenth century so transformative for the Western world?

Accepted Answer

The unification of Germany and Italy changed the map of Europe,with important implications for the balance of power.The emergence of the United States as a major power also had international ramifications.For old as well as new nation-states,economic and political transformations were important means of securing a state's power.At the same time,demands for more representative government,the abolition of privilege,land reform,and slavery/serfdom were all factors in national development in the Western world.Nation building not only changed states,but it transformed relations between states and among the peoples of those states: questions concerning how to balance the power and interests of minorities and majorities,the wealthy and the poor,and the powerful and the dispossessed.
These transformations were anything but predictable.Nationalism showed itself to be a volatile,erratic,and malleable force during the mid-nineteenth century.It provided much of the fuel for revolutionary movements in 1848,but it also helped tear the revolutionaries' movement apart,undermining revolutionary gains.The upshot of this fit of nation building was a period of remarkable stability on the Continent,which ushered in an era of unprecedented capitalist and imperial expansion.The antagonisms unleashed by German unification and the crumbling of the Ottoman empire would reemerge in the Great Power politics that precipitated the First World War.

Question 4

As the revolution in France moved into the various states of Germany there was pressure for constitutional reforms which ultimately lead to the:

Accepted Answer

A)  strike by the textile weavers of Silesia. 
B)  appointment of Otto von Bismarck as chancellor. 
C)  resignation of Kaiser Frederick Wilhelm. 
D)  election of the all-German Assembly in Frankfurt. 
E)  assassination of Kaiser Wilhelm I. 
A)  strike by the textile weavers of Silesia. 
B)  appointment of Otto von Bismarck as chancellor. 
C)  resignation of Kaiser Frederick Wilhelm. 
D)  election of the all-German Assembly in Frankfurt. 
E)  assassination of Kaiser Wilhelm I.

Question 5

Giuseppe Mazzini's vision of the future for Italy was not shared by all Italians,some of whom,unlike Mazzini,wanted to see an Italy united under:

Accepted Answer

A)  Austrian rule. 
B)  a Great Germany. 
C)  a democratic, Italian government. 
D)  French rule. 
E)  the papacy. 
A)  Austrian rule. 
B)  a Great Germany. 
C)  a democratic, Italian government. 
D)  French rule. 
E)  the papacy.

Question 6

In the aftermath of the 1848 revolution,Frederick William of Prussia rejected a new constitution.Two years later he accepted a constitution that allowed for the election of a Parliament with voting based on:

Accepted Answer

A)  universal male suffrage, although votes were weighted based on taxes paid. 
B)  membership in one of the three estates; the Third Estate received only a partial vote. 
C)  ethnic heritage; only those who could prove German heritage for three generations were allowed to vote. 
D)  land ownership; only those who owned property would be allowed to vote. 
E)  a family's wealth; only those families with a total wealth of at least 1 million marks could vote. 
A)  universal male suffrage, although votes were weighted based on taxes paid. 
B)  membership in one of the three estates; the Third Estate received only a partial vote. 
C)  ethnic heritage; only those who could prove German heritage for three generations were allowed to vote. 
D)  land ownership; only those who owned property would be allowed to vote. 
E)  a family's wealth; only those families with a total wealth of at least 1 million marks could vote.

Question 7

The Franco-Prussian War was waged:

Accepted Answer

A)  because Bismarck wanted to annex Schleswig and Holstein. 
B)  in order to destroy the North German Confederation. 
C)  as the final stage in German unification. 
D)  to reduce the power of the Habsburg empire. 
E)  to allow Bismarck to seize power in Prussia. 
A)  because Bismarck wanted to annex Schleswig and Holstein. 
B)  in order to destroy the North German Confederation. 
C)  as the final stage in German unification. 
D)  to reduce the power of the Habsburg empire. 
E)  to allow Bismarck to seize power in Prussia.

Question 8

The disciplined toughness of the English along with superior battle tactics produced a clear and devastating defeat of the Russians.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Italian unification was achieved both on the battlefield and through diplomacy; the diplomatic fight was led by:

Accepted Answer

A)  Giuseppe Garibaldi. 
B)  Count Giuseppe Mazzini. 
C)  Baron Giacomo Puccini. 
D)  Count Camillo di Cavour. 
E)  Victor Emmanuel II. 
A)  Giuseppe Garibaldi. 
B)  Count Giuseppe Mazzini. 
C)  Baron Giacomo Puccini. 
D)  Count Camillo di Cavour. 
E)  Victor Emmanuel II.

Question 10

The American Civil War resulted in many changes for the United States,among which were the abolishment of slavery,a rapid expansion of the national economy,and:

Accepted Answer

A)  the eradication of deep racial divisions, which had split the country. 
B)  a newfound national unity, which crossed class divisions. 
C)  the preeminence of the national government over states' rights. 
D)  its emergence as a world power with its newly won colonies. 
E)  the establishment of the largest standing army in the world. 
A)  the eradication of deep racial divisions, which had split the country. 
B)  a newfound national unity, which crossed class divisions. 
C)  the preeminence of the national government over states' rights. 
D)  its emergence as a world power with its newly won colonies. 
E)  the establishment of the largest standing army in the world.

Question 11

The great wave of nation building that occurred in the period 1848-1871 largely followed the democratic ideals and political principles laid out by the liberal revolutionaries of 1848.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

The Russian emancipation decree of 1861 revolutionized land holding within Russia,with devastating results for the large-scale landowners.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

The revolutions of 1848:

Accepted Answer

A)  marked the high point of liberal revolutions. 
B)  produced the most democratic nations in Europe. 
C)  represented a resurgence of Conservativism. 
D)  were closely aligned with a religious revival. 
E)  had little lasting effect on European political development. 
A)  marked the high point of liberal revolutions. 
B)  produced the most democratic nations in Europe. 
C)  represented a resurgence of Conservativism. 
D)  were closely aligned with a religious revival. 
E)  had little lasting effect on European political development.

Question 14

Lajos Kossuth:

Accepted Answer

A)  sought independence and a parliamentary government for Hungary. 
B)  was a Polish radical. 
C)  became an outspoken critic of pan-Slavism. 
D)  fought for a united Czech nation. 
E)  fought for the unification of Germany. 
A)  sought independence and a parliamentary government for Hungary. 
B)  was a Polish radical. 
C)  became an outspoken critic of pan-Slavism. 
D)  fought for a united Czech nation. 
E)  fought for the unification of Germany.

Question 15

In 1859,the classic defense of liberty,On Liberty,was written by:

Accepted Answer

A)  John Stuart Mill. 
B)  Jeremy Bentham. 
C)  Harriet Taylor. 
D)  William Godwin. 
E)  Benjamin Disraeli. 
A)  John Stuart Mill. 
B)  Jeremy Bentham. 
C)  Harriet Taylor. 
D)  William Godwin. 
E)  Benjamin Disraeli.

Question 16

Was Bismarck the key to success in the building of a German nation-state?

Accepted Answer

Although Bismarck waged a powerful diplo

Question 17

The German Confederation:

Accepted Answer

A)  provided a common defense and real executive power. 
B)  was created at the Congress of Vienna. 
C)  did not include either Austria or Prussia. 
D)  was created by Otto von Bismarck. 
E)  was dominated by Austria and did not include Prussia. 
A)  provided a common defense and real executive power. 
B)  was created at the Congress of Vienna. 
C)  did not include either Austria or Prussia. 
D)  was created by Otto von Bismarck. 
E)  was dominated by Austria and did not include Prussia.

Question 18

Prussia's most successful counter to Austrian power was the creation of a customs union that established free trade among the German states and a uniform tariff against the rest of the world.This customs union was called the:

Accepted Answer

A)  Tarigewerkschaft. 
B)  Zollverein. 
C)  Verbindungsteuer. 
D)  Zollschätzen. 
E)  Schutstaffel. 
A)  Tarigewerkschaft. 
B)  Zollverein. 
C)  Verbindungsteuer. 
D)  Zollschätzen. 
E)  Schutstaffel.

Question 19

One result of the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 was the:

Accepted Answer

A)  freeing of the serfs in Russia. 
B)  unification of the United Provinces in the Netherlands. 
C)  accession of Napoleon III to the throne in France. 
D)  uniting of Venetia with the rest of Italy. 
E)  passage of the Reform Bill of 1867 in Britain. 
A)  freeing of the serfs in Russia. 
B)  unification of the United Provinces in the Netherlands. 
C)  accession of Napoleon III to the throne in France. 
D)  uniting of Venetia with the rest of Italy. 
E)  passage of the Reform Bill of 1867 in Britain.

Question 20

In 1867,the conservative government of Great Britain passed the Great Reform Bill which:

Accepted Answer

A)  repealed all taxes on food. 
B)  doubled the franchise by extending the vote, in general, to all skilled workers. 
C)  allowed the British parliament to restrict the franchise in special elections. 
D)  provided for the world's first pension program for workers. 
E)  repealed the Corn Laws. 
A)  repealed all taxes on food. 
B)  doubled the franchise by extending the vote, in general, to all skilled workers. 
C)  allowed the British parliament to restrict the franchise in special elections. 
D)  provided for the world's first pension program for workers. 
E)  repealed the Corn Laws.

Exam 21: Revolutions and Nation Building 1848-1871

Compare and contrast the efforts of Garibaldi and Cavour to establish Italian unity.

Bismarck was appointed to the post of minister-president of Prussia in 1862 because:

What made the third quarter of the nineteenth century so transformative for the Western world?

As the revolution in France moved into the various states of Germany there was pressure for constitutional reforms which ultimately lead to the:

Giuseppe Mazzini's vision of the future for Italy was not shared by all Italians,some of whom,unlike Mazzini,wanted to see an Italy united under:

In the aftermath of the 1848 revolution,Frederick William of Prussia rejected a new constitution.Two years later he accepted a constitution that allowed for the election of a Parliament with voting based on:

The Franco-Prussian War was waged:

The disciplined toughness of the English along with superior battle tactics produced a clear and devastating defeat of the Russians.

Italian unification was achieved both on the battlefield and through diplomacy; the diplomatic fight was led by:

The American Civil War resulted in many changes for the United States,among which were the abolishment of slavery,a rapid expansion of the national economy,and:

The great wave of nation building that occurred in the period 1848-1871 largely followed the democratic ideals and political principles laid out by the liberal revolutionaries of 1848.

The Russian emancipation decree of 1861 revolutionized land holding within Russia,with devastating results for the large-scale landowners.

The revolutions of 1848:

Lajos Kossuth:

In 1859,the classic defense of liberty,On Liberty,was written by:

Was Bismarck the key to success in the building of a German nation-state?

The German Confederation:

Prussia's most successful counter to Austrian power was the creation of a customs union that established free trade among the German states and a uniform tariff against the rest of the world.This customs union was called the:

One result of the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 was the:

In 1867,the conservative government of Great Britain passed the Great Reform Bill which:

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