Deck 3: Biology and Behavior

Question 1

Imagine that researchers estimated the heritability score for trait W to be 45%. Which statement is a CORRECT interpretation of this estimate?

A)Differences between African Canadians and European Canadians on trait W are 45% due to differences in their genetic makeup.
B)Jane Doe's level of trait W is 45% due to her genes.
C)The amount of variation in trait W in an entire population is 45% due to genetic factors.
D)All of these statements are correct interpretations of the estimate.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Psychological traits such as empathy, aggression, and shyness follow the _____ type of inheritance pattern.

A)dominant-recessive
B)X-linked
C)polygenic
D)heterozygous

Answer 2

C

Question 3

If the correlation between identical twins on trait R is higher than is the correlation between fraternal twins on trait R, behaviour geneticists conclude that

A)genetic factors are important in the development of trait R.
B)genetic factors are irrelevant to the development of trait R.
C)environmental factors are irrelevant in the development of trait R.
D)genetic factors and environmental factors play equivalent roles in the development of trait R.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

An adoptive twin study is conducted to examine the role of genetics and environment on sociability. Which result would lead to a conclusion that environmental factors are important in the development of this trait?

A)Identical twins reared together are more similar on the trait than are identical twins reared apart.
B)Identical twins reared together are no more similar on the trait than are identical twins reared apart.
C)Identical twins reared together are less similar on the trait than are identical twins reared apart.
D)Identical twins reared apart are more similar on the trait than are fraternal twins reared apart.

Question 5

A researcher finds that for a particular trait, the correlation between identical twins is greater than is the correlation between nontwin siblings. This result demonstrates that

A)environmental factors are important in the development of this trait.
B)genetic factors are important in the development of this trait.
C)genetic factors are not important in the development of this trait.
D)environmental factors are not important in the development of this trait.

Question 6

Which process INCREASES the capacity of dendrites to form connections with other neurons?

A)synaptic pruning
B)arborization
C)myelination
D)formation of axon spines

Question 7

During synaptogenesis, each neuron forms synapses with approximately how many other neurons?

A)tens
B)hundreds
C)thousands
D)millions

Question 8

Mandy and Candy are fraternal twins who were reared together. Bernie and Ernie are identical twins who were reared together. Which statement is MOST likely to be true?

A)Mandy and Candy are more genetically similar to each other than are Bernie and Ernie.
B)Mandy and Candy are as genetically similar to each other as are Bernie and Ernie.
C)Mandy and Candy have the same level of shared environment as do Bernie and Ernie.
D)Mandy and Candy have a greater level of shared environment than do Bernie and Ernie.

Question 9

The complete set of genes is referred to as a

A)genome.
B)genesis.
C)genotype.
D)genode.

Question 10

Disease W is a recessive gene disease. Individuals with _____ will suffer from disease W.

A)one disease W gene and one healthy gene
B)two disease W genes
C)two healthy genes
D)two disease W genes and one healthy gene

Question 11

Which list identifies the CORRECT sequence of the developmental processes of neurons?

A)neurogenesis, migration, axon growth, arborization, myelination
B)neurogenesis, axon growth, arborization, migration, myelination
C)neurogenesis, arborization, myelination, migration, axon growth
D)axon growth, arborization, myelination, neurogenesis, migration

Question 12

A clear relationship between the severity of the gene anomaly and the resulting phenotype is displayed by examining the genetic underpinnings of

A)Down syndrome.
B)Williams syndrome.
C)autism spectrum disorder.
D)all of these.

Question 13

Plasticity is highest and thus recovery from brain damage is MOST likely when _____ is occurring.

A)neuron migration
B)neurogenesis
C)cell differentiation
D)synaptic pruning

Question 14

Which factor does NOT contribute to obesity?

A)activity level
B)TV-viewing habits
C)speed of eating
D)healthy nutrition

Question 15

Regulator genes are responsible for

A)ensuring that all of the sperm's genetic material is inserted into the egg.
B)activating and deactivating other genes.
C)determining which genes go into which cell.
D)establishing an embryo's sex.

Question 16

Cole was born with nonfunctioning hands and must use his feet for most tasks that are typically done with one's hands. Considering experience-expectant plasticity, the MOST likely thing that will happen to the area of Cole's cortex that would normally process sensory information from the hands is that the area will

A)reorganize to process sensory information from his feet.
B)atrophy as a result of synaptic pruning.
C)interfere with the functioning of nearby areas of the brain.
D)disintermediate.

Question 17

Which condition is a direct effect of malnutrition?

A)brain damage
B)poverty
C)delayed intellectual development
D)decreased expectations of child from adults

Question 18

How does neurogenesis occur?

A)through cell division
B)through cell death
C)through myelination
D)through synaptogenesis

Question 19

The amount of variability of a trait that is due to genetic and environmental factors is referred to as

A)heritability.
B)inheritance.
C)the genotype.
D)shared genes.

Question 20

The weight of adopted children is

A)more strongly related to the weight of their adoptive parents than to the weight of their biological parents.
B)more strongly related to the weight of their biological parents than to the weight of their adoptive parents.
C)unrelated to either the weight of their biological parents or the weight of their adoptive parents.
D)equally related to the weight of their biological and adoptive parents.

Question 21

Genetic testing during in vitro fertilization in which the fertilized eggs are tested for a specific genetic disorder is referred to as

A)preimplantation genetic diagnosis.
B)noninvasive prenatal testing.
C)aneuploidy.
D)chorionic villus sampling.

Question 22

For a right-handed person, the left hemisphere processes information in a piecemeal, linear manner, whereas the right hemisphere processes information in a holistic manner. This occurrence is a result of

A)association area specialization.
B)corpus callosum communication.
C)frontal lobe management.
D)cerebral lateralization.

Question 23

Which statement regarding children whose parents overregulate their eating behaviour is TRUE?

A)They are less likely to struggle with their weight as adults.
B)They are better at regulating their own food intake.
C)They are less likely to struggle with their weight as adults and are better at regulating their own food intake.
D)They are more likely to have a higher BMI and other risk factors for adult obesity.

Question 24

Kody, a boy, and Shakira, a girl, are brother and sister. They both inherit the same recessive allele for trait T on their X chromosome from their mother. What is the relative likelihood of Kody and Shakira expressing trait T?

A)Both Kody and Shakira are likely to express trait T.
B)Kody is more likely than is Shakira to express trait T.
C)Shakira is more likely than is Kody to express trait T.
D)Neither Kody nor Shakira is likely to express trait T.

Question 25

Which twins are LEAST similar in intelligence?

A)identical twins in childhood
B)identical twins in adulthood
C)fraternal twins in childhood
D)fraternal twins in adulthood

Question 26

_____ genes are expressed when an individual is heterozygous for a trait that follows a Mendelian inheritance pattern.

A)Recessive
B)Dominant
C)Polygenic
D)Allele

Question 27

_____ lead(s) to extremely high rates of fetal and infant mortality.

A)Edwards syndrome
B)Patau syndrome
C)Both Edwards syndrome and Patau syndrome
D)Neither Edwards syndrome nor Patau syndrome

Question 28

Which factor plays a central role in determining which of the brain's synapses will be eliminated and which will be maintained?

A)the frequency with which they are activated
B)sensitive periods
C)their genetic potential
D)random variability

Question 29

Which condition is NOT an effect of malnutrition?

A)delayed intellectual development
B)lethargy and withdrawal
C)brain damage
D)increased hyperactivity

Question 30

Ashley is currently 5 months pregnant. When she had an ultrasound performed, her obstetrician found a suspected abnormality with her pregnancy. Today, he is taking a sample of the amniotic fluid to do further testing. What type of test is this?

A)prenatal screening test
B)CVS
C)amniocentesis
D)IVF

Question 31

During which time is brain damage LEAST likely to lead to permanent deficiencies?

A)prenatal development
B)the first year of life
C)early childhood
D)adulthood

Question 32

When do environmental influences on development begin?

A)at birth
B)immediately after birth
C)during infancy
D)during prenatal development

Question 33

Which method for examining the specific areas of the brain associated with particular behaviours, thoughts, and feelings is MOST likely to be used with infants and young children?

A)positron emission tomography (PET) scan
B)functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
C)electrophysiological recording
D)autopsy

Question 34

Imagine an infant who is given special glasses to wear from birth. The glasses do not allow the infant to see any colour; rather, the world appears to the infant in shades of grey. The child's brain development would probably be affected through experience-_____ processes.

A)protected
B)expectant
C)dependent
D)independent

Question 35

Which structures increase the speed and efficiency of electrical impulse transmission?

A)myelin sheaths
B)synapses
C)dendrites
D)glial cells

Question 36

_____ is a variant of the MRI that uses the rate of water diffusion to model 3-D spatial location to study how brain networks develop.

A)EEG
B)ERP
C)DTI
D)fMRI

Question 37

Behaviour genetics rests in part on the premise that to the extent genetic factors are important, individuals who _____ should be more similar than are individuals who _____.

A)are closely related; are unrelated
B)are unrelated; are closely related
C)have lived together; have not lived together
D)have not lived together; have lived together

Question 38

What is the observable expression of an individual's genetic material?

A)his or her genome
B)his or her genotype
C)his or her phenotype
D)the environment

Question 39

In regard to the pattern of synaptogenesis in the prefrontal cortex and the visual cortex, synaptogenesis

A)occurs at approximately the same rate in these two areas across the life span.
B)occurs earlier in the prefrontal cortex than in the visual cortex.
C)is complete earlier in the visual cortex than in the prefrontal cortex.
D)occurs at a faster rate in the prefrontal cortex than in the visual cortex.

Question 40

A cross-sectional study of children who were born with cerebral damage and a control group of children with no brain damage demonstrated that

A)the two groups showed no differences in IQ.
B)the two groups showed no differences in IQ at the age of 6, but the group with brain damage had lower average IQ at older ages.
C)the group with brain damage had lower average IQ at the age of 6, but the groups showed no differences at older ages.
D)the two groups showed no differences in IQ through puberty, but the group with brain damage had lower average IQ at older ages.

Question 41

Genes guarantee that humans will be similar to each other in certain ways. What are these?

A)at the species level
B)at the individual level
C)at both the species and the individual level
D)neither at the species nor the individual level

Question 42

Which statement provides the BEST evidence for the argument that intelligence has a genetic influence?

A)Identical twins are not identical in IQ.
B)Identical twins are more similar in intelligence than are fraternal twins.
C)Fraternal twins are more similar in intelligence when they are reared together than when they are reared apart.
D)Fraternal twins become less similar in intelligence as they get older.

Question 43

Children living in poverty are not necessarily at a heightened risk for

A)being overweight or obese.
B)schizophrenia.
C)cardiovascular disease.
D)psychiatric illness.

Question 44

Consider the following statements. Statement A: congenitally blind individuals show activation of the visual cortex when reading Braille. Statement B: deaf individuals' responses to peripheral visual stimuli are several times stronger than those of hearing people. Which statement represents evidence of the ability of the human brain to reorganize when an expected form of sensory experience is absent?

A)statement A only
B)statement B only
C)both statements A and B
D)neither statement A nor statement B

Question 45

Which statement about synapses is TRUE?

A)Synapses keep the neuron functioning.
B)Synapses are the connections between neurons.
C)Synapses conduct electrical signals away from the cell body.
D)Synapses contain DNA.

Question 46

Which statement about neurogenesis is TRUE?

A)It concludes at around 18 weeks after conception.
B)It is predetermined by genetics throughout life.
C)It increases and decreases depending on the environment.
D)None of these statements is true.

Question 47

Young children who suffer damage to the language area of the cortex generally

A)recover to a greater extent than do adults who suffer the same damage.
B)recover to a lesser extent than do adults who suffer the same damage.
C)recover to an extent equal to that of adults who suffer the same damage.
D)fail to recover.

Question 48

This type of screening involves a tiny pinprick to the infant's heel.

A)carrier genetic testing
B)newborn screening
C)prenatal testing
D)prenatal diagnostic screening

Question 49

The gene that codes for characteristic X has two alleles. Allele D is dominant, and allele r is recessive. If the father is homozygous for trait X with allele r and the mother is heterozygous for trait X, the chance that one of their offspring will exhibit form r for trait X is

A)0%.
B)25%.
C)50%.
D)75%.

Question 50

Which is NOT an example of how associative learning can impact food choices of children?

A)children being more likely to select foods that have been marketed using popular cartoon characters
B)children refusing to eat foods they are unfamiliar with
C)children selecting fast-food choices due to the prizes or toys offered
D)children earing food items because they believe that other children like those food items

Question 51

Alysa and her husband, Bradley, would like to have a baby. Today, Alysa has an appointment with her obstetrician, who will determine if she is a transporter of a specific disorder that could impact the development of a future potential baby. This is known as

A)carrier genetic testing.
B)newborn screening.
C)prenatal testing.
D)paternal testing.

Question 52

Which statement presents an example of a secular trend?

A)African Canadian children mature more quickly than do their European Canadian peers.
B)Females generally reach puberty before their male peers do.
C)The average child growing up in North Korea is several inches shorter than is the average child growing up in North America.
D)Adults in North America are several inches taller than their same-sex great-grandparents were.

Question 53

The three main components of neurons are

A)axons, interneurons, and dendrites.
B)cell bodies, glials, and synapses.
C)dendrites, cell bodies, and axons.
D)cell bodies, axons, and myelin.

Question 54

Which statement about the cerebral cortex is NOT true?

A)The function of the cerebral cortex is essentially identical across a wide variety of animal species.
B)The lobes of the cerebral cortex differ in the general tasks with which they are associated.
C)The size of the cerebral cortex is unrelated to its function.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 55

Which was used in a research study to determine whether the effects of family SES on school achievement could be genetically mediated?

A)genome-wide association study
B)genome-wide complex trait analysis
C)heritability analysis
D)adoptive twin study

Question 56

_____ mediate the pathways between genes and behaviour.

A)Endophenotypes
B)Regulator genes
C)Sex chromosomes
D)Alleles

Question 57

Genes code for

A)the production of proteins.
B)specific behaviours.
C)the construction of DNA.
D)traits.

Question 58

For twins who grow up together, the degree of similarity of the environment is assumed to be equal. This is known as the

A)equal environments assumption.
B)heritability assumption.
C)population heritability hypothesis.
D)genome-wide association.

Question 59

Jerome is 20 years old. He is now likely _____ times heavier and _____ times taller than he was at birth.

A)5 to 7; 3
B)10 to 12; 2
C)15 to 20; 3
D)10; 4

Question 60

Lenny is a very active toddler who began to crawl, pull himself up to a standing position, walk, climb, and run at a very early age. Which statement is NOT an example of a way in which Lenny's phenotype may affect his environment?

A)Chasing Lenny and keeping him safe has made his parents very tired and stressed, resulting in a lack of patience with Lenny.
B)Lenny regularly seeks out new adventures, such as climbing to the top of his backyard swing set, in which he often gets injured and must be seen by a doctor.
C)In an attempt to get Lenny to use his high activity level in a constructive manner, his parents enrol him in a gymnastics class.
D)Lenny's father is also quite active, and he frequently brings Lenny to the playground, athletic games, and amusement parks.

Question 61

Behaviour genetics rests in part on the premise that to the extent environmental factors are important, individuals who _____ should be more similar than are individuals who _____.

A)are closely related; are unrelated
B)are unrelated; are closely related
C)have lived together; have not lived together
D)have not lived together; have lived together

Question 62

A twin study is conducted to examine the role of genetics and environment on the fondness of individuals for chocolate. Which result would lead to the conclusion that genetic factors are important in the development of this trait?

A)Twins who have lived together are more similar on the trait than are twins who have lived apart.
B)Twins who have lived apart are more similar on the trait than are twins who have lived together.
C)Identical twins are more similar on the trait than are fraternal twins.
D)Fraternal twins are more similar on the trait than are identical twins.

Question 63

Polygenic inheritance refers to

A)a single gene affecting multiple traits.
B)the blending of genes in heterozygous individuals.
C)dominant-recessive patterns of inheritance.
D)the combined action of multiple genes.

Question 64

With the exception of the genes on the X and Y chromosomes, how many copies of each type of gene does an individual generally carry?

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)four

Question 65

Information from multiple sensory systems is processed and integrated in the

A)frontal lobe.
B)corpus callosum.
C)glial cells.
D)association areas.

Question 66

Identical twins Ilyse and Lauren both have a gene for trait H. The gene for trait H is expressed only when a child eats rice before the age of 2. Ilyse and Lauren are separated at birth, and Ilyse lives in Japan, where babies begin eating rice at an early age. Lauren lives in Canada, and she is not given rice before the age of 2. Ilyse develops trait H, whereas Lauren does not develop the trait. This is an example of

A)polygenic inheritance.
B)genotype-environment interaction.
C)phenotypical variety.
D)the dominant-recessive pattern of inheritance.

Question 67

The influence of the child's _____ on his or her _____ represents the active child theme.

A)genotype; phenotype
B)environment; phenotype
C)phenotype; environment
D)genotype; environment

Question 68

Which sequence lists the CORRECT order of events in the development of a male?

A)Y chromosome encodes protein, production of testosterone, prenatal formation of testes
B)Y chromosome encodes protein, prenatal formation of testes, production of testosterone
C)prenatal formation of testes, Y chromosome encodes protein, production of testosterone
D)production of testosterone, Y chromosome encodes protein, prenatal formation of testes

Question 69

Which statement describes evidence for the importance of environmental factors in the development of a particular trait?

A)An adoptive twin study shows that the correlation between identical twins who grew up together is higher than is the correlation between identical twins who grew up apart.
B)A twin study shows that the correlation between identical twins is higher than is the correlation between fraternal twins.
C)An adoption study shows that the correlation between adoptive children and their biological parents is higher than is the correlation between the children and their adoptive parents.
D)All of the statements describe such evidence.

Question 70

Dr. Spock is interested in examining genetic and environmental influences on enjoyment of reading. She has decided to include fraternal twins in her study. If she finds that the correlation between fraternal twins on enjoyment of reading is higher than is the correlation between _____ on this measure, then she has evidence for the influence of _____.

A)identical twins; environment and genetics
B)non-twin siblings; environment and genetics
C)fraternal twins reared apart; environment
D)identical twins reared apart; genetics

Question 71

When is neurogenesis complete?

A)2 weeks after conception
B)by the midway point of gestation
C)9 months after birth
D)age 6

Question 72

Notable differences in the degree of placenta sharing is referred to as

A)methylation.
B)epigenetics.
C)heritability.
D)chorionicity.

Question 73

Which statement is an example of experience-expectant processes?

A)Individuals are able to remember the details of a magazine article after they have read it.
B)Children who are born with cataracts that are not removed early enough will have permanently impaired vision.
C)Rats that are trained to use just one limb to get a food reward have increased dendritic material in the particular area of the motor cortex that controls the movement of that limb.
D)All of these statements are examples of experience-expectant processes.

Question 74

_____ is an optical imaging technique that measures neural activity by detecting metabolic changes that lead to differential absorption of infrared light in brain tissue.

A)NIRS
B)ERP
C)MEG
D)fMRI

Question 75

An individual suffers brain damage to one small area of the brain. As a result, he struggles to process visual information. Which area has MOST likely been injured?

A)frontal lobe
B)corpus callosum
C)occipital lobe
D)parietal lobe

Question 76

Which statement about gene expression is TRUE?

A)All genes possessed by an individual are expressed continuously.
B)All genes contained in a particular cell are expressed in that cell, but not all genes are contained in every cell.
C)Some genes are expressed for only a short period of the cell's life.
D)All genes possessed by an individual are expressed at some point in the individual's life.

Question 77

The cerebral cortex constitutes _____ of the human brain.

A)10%
B)25%
C)80%
D)100%

Question 78

In the process of synaptogenesis

A)axons are insulated.
B)neurons are created through cell division.
C)connections between neurons are formed.
D)the brain eliminates unnecessary synapses.

Question 79

Which type of prenatal testing uses fetal cells taken from the placenta to detect genetic anomalies?

A)preimplantation genetic diagnosis
B)noninvasive prenatal testing
C)aneuploidy
D)chorionic villus sampling

Question 80

An important finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart is the extent of the

A)similarity of the twins in a wide range of behavioural traits.
B)similarity of the twins in a wide range of physical traits.
C)differences between the twins on the vast majority of behavioural traits.
D)differences between the twins on many physical traits.