Deck 8: Remembering and Judging

Question 1

The process of acquiring and using knowledge is called ________.

A)learning
B)cognition
C)sensation
D)perception

Answer 1

cognition

Question 2

Which of the following describes implicit memory

A)Knowledge or experiences that can be consciously remembered
B)Memory of the first-hand experiences that we have had
C)Memory of facts and concepts about the world
D)The influence of experience on behavior, even when we are not aware of the effect

Answer 2

The influence of experience on behavior, even when we are not aware of the effect

Question 3

According to your text, the cognitive approach became the most important school of psychology in the ____.

A)1940s
B)1950s
C)1960s
D)1970s

Answer 3

1960s

Question 4

Having done "21 for 21" shots the night before, Deanna barely remembers her 21st birthday. That is, her _________ memory is sketchy.

A)procedural
B)semantic
C)episodic
D)working

Question 5

Which of the following scientists could be considered a cognitive psychologist

A)Dr.Abdalla, who investigates problem solving
B)Dr.Braithwaite, who studies formal reasoning processes
C)Dr.Clark, who examines how people encode information from the environment
D)All three scientists could be considered cognitive psychologists

Question 6

Psychologists use the term _________ to refer to the ability to store and retrieve information over time.

A)learning
B)memory
C)cognition
D)perception

Question 7

Which of the following describes episodic memory

A)Knowledge or experiences that can be consciously remembered
B)Memory of the first-hand experiences that we have had
C)Memory of facts and concepts about the world
D)The influence of experience on behavior, even when we are not aware of the effect

Question 8

Cory knows that the capital of Vermont is Montpelier. This is an example of a(n) _______ memory.

A)semantic
B)explicit
C)procedural
D)both A and B

Question 9

Which of the following describes semantic memory

A)Knowledge or experiences that can be consciously remembered
B)Memory of the first-hand experiences that we have had
C)Memory of facts and concepts about the world
D)The influence of experience on behavior, even when we are not aware of the effect

Question 10

Which alternative correctly identifies a type of memory, a memory stage, or a memory process

A)retrieval - memory stage
B)encoding - memory process
C)sensory memory - type of memory
D)implicit memory - memory stage
E)short-term memory - type of memory

Question 11

Which of these statements does NOT accurately identify a general difference between computers and the human brain

A)Computers process information in a parallel fashion, whereas the brain processes information in a serial fashion.
B)The brain processes information slower than computers do.
C)Whereas computers distinguish between memory and processing, the brain does not.
D)The brain is more powerful than any computer.

Question 12

Which of these statements does NOT accurately identify a general difference between computers and the human brain

A)Computers process information in a serial fashion, whereas the brain processes information in a parallel fashion.
B)The brain processes information faster than computers do.
C)Whereas computers distinguish between memory and processing, the brain does not.
D)The brain is more powerful than any computer.

Question 13

Psychologists use the term _________ to refer to the ability to store and retrieve information over time. The process of acquiring and using knowledge is called ________.

A)learning; perception
B)memory; perception
C)learning; cognition
D)memory; cognition

Question 14

It is 10:15 A.m.on a mid-semester Wednesday.Three sections of introductory psychology are meeting on the second floor of Old Main.In Room 201, Ms.Romero is describing implicit memory.Across the hall in 204, Dr.Darby's class is considering the differences between sensory and short-term memory.Finally, in Old Main 209, Dr.Eastwood is writing the terms 'encoding,' 'storage,' and 'retrieval' on the whiteboard.Ms.Romero is discussing memory ______.Dr.Darby's class is examining memory ________.Dr Eastwood is describing memory _________.

A)processes; types; stages
B)stages; processes; types
C)types; processes; stages

Question 15

"Discuss several factors that contributed to the economic collapse of late 2008," reads a question on the midterm in an Economics course. Such a question is a ________ test of _______ memory.

A)recall; semantic
B)recall; procedural
C)recognition; semantic
D)recognition; procedural

Question 16

Ron moved from Alabama to Georgia ten years ago. "My fifth-grade teacher made us memorize the names of all the counties in Alabama," Ron tells his friend Rory. Rory tests Ron by giving him a list of thirty counties - 15 Alabama counties, mixed in with 15 counties from other states. "Ok, pick out the Alabama counties," Rory challenges Ron. Which method does Rory's test use

A)rehearsal
B)recognition
C)reminiscence
D)recall

Question 17

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between explicit memory and episodic memory

A)Explicit memory is one type of episodic memory.
B)Episodic memory is one type of explicit memory.
C)Explicit memory and episodic memory are two different memory stages.
D)Explicit memory and episodic memory are the same thing.

Question 18

Knowing how to serve a badminton birdie is an example of a (n) ________ memory.

A)episodic
B)semantic
C)procedural
D)explicit

Question 19

Which of the following describes explicit memory

A)Knowledge or experiences that can be consciously remembered
B)Memory of the first-hand experiences that we have had
C)Memory of facts and concepts about the world
D)The influence of experience on behavior, even when we are not aware of the effect

Question 20

An essay question is a _________ test of memory; a multiple-choice question is a __________.

A)recall; recall test also
B)recall; recognition test
C)recall; relearning test
D)recognition; recognition test also

Question 21

A typical multiple-choice question on a psychology test is an example of a ___________ test of _________memory.

A)recall; implicit
B)recall; explicit
C)relearning; implicit
D)recognition; explicit

Question 22

In an implicit memory experiment, participants are first briefly exposed to unusual, lengthy words in Phase I; later in the week, in Phase II, participants return for a word completion task, in which they attempt to fill in the missing letters of each of a list of words (e.g., p _ _ _ u d _ _ e). Some of the words correspond to Phase I words; others do not. Which pair below correctly identifies the variables of interest in this study

A)Phase I or II-independent variable; whether Phase II words had appeared in Phase I - dependent variable
B)Phase I or II-independent variable; word completion accuracy-dependent variable
C)whether Phase II words had appeared in Phase I-independent variable; Phase I or II-dependent variable
D)whether Phase II words had appeared in Phase I-independent variable; word completion accuracy-dependent variable.

Question 23

Information may last for _______ seconds in sensory memory; the capacity of sensory memory is _______.

A)a few; small
B)a few; large
C)about 30; small
D)about 30; large

Question 24

Based on research described in your text (Bargh et al., 1996), which of the following statements is true of priming effects

A)Priming effects are very small, and have few effects on behavior.
B)Priming effects are significant, but have few effects on behavior.
C)Priming effects are significant and influence behavior.
D)Priming effects are significant, but they only influence behavior when one is aware of them.

Question 25

In an implicit memory experiment, participants are first briefly exposed to unusual, lengthy words in Phase I; later in the week, in Phase II, participants return for a word completion task, in which they attempt to fill in the missing letters of each of a list of words (e.g., p _ _ _ u d _ _ e). Some of the words correspond to Phase I words; others do not. The Phase I word is termed a _______; Phase II words that also appeared in Phase I should be completed ________ accurately than those that did not.

A)prime; less
B)prime; more
C)probe; less
D)probe; more

Question 26

The study of sensory memory is associated with:

A)Elizabeth Loftus
B)George Miller
C)George Sperling
D)Herbert Simon

Question 27

Which of the following are types of implicit memory

A)Classical conditioning and Priming
B)Iconic and Echoic
C)Semantic and Episodic
D)Procedural and Semantic

Question 28

Memories of which we're not consciously aware are called ________ memories.

A)internal
B)subliminal
C)subconscious
D)implicit

Question 29

Which of the following memory measures is correctly described

A)recall -- involves retrieving material from memory after it has been learned
B)recognition -- entails determining whether material has learned before
C)relearning -- involves studying material again after it has been learned already but then forgotten
D)Each of these is correctly described.

Question 30

Which of the following is true about recognition memory

A)Involves retrieving material from memory after it has been learned
B)Entails determining whether material has learned before
C)Involves studying material again after it has been learned already but then forgotten
D)Involves knowledge of how to do things

Question 31

Which of the following are types of explicit memory

A)Classical conditioning and Priming
B)Iconic and Echoic
C)Semantic and Episodic
D)Procedural and Priming

Question 32

Which of the following is true about recall memory

A)Involves retrieving material from memory after it has been learned
B)Entails determining whether material has learned before
C)Involves studying material again after it has been learned already but then forgotten
D)Involves knowledge of how to do things

Question 33

With respect to the memory measures described in your text, which of the following statements is true

A)Relearning tests can go beyond "correct" versus "incorrect"
B)Recognition tests can go beyond "correct" versus "incorrect"
C)Recall tests can go beyond "correct" versus "incorrect"
D)All of the above are true

Question 34

"I know it! It's um . . . um . . . ," begins a trivia game contestant excitedly. The contestant is engaged in a test of her ________ memory.

A)external
B)explicit
C)extrinsic
D)internal

Question 35

In a memory experiment, Dr. Aziz gives one group of participants a recognition test of a list of words they had seen earlier; another group is asked to recall the words. What might you predict regarding the relative performance of the two groups on the memory test

A)The two groups should perform equivalently.
B)The recall group should outperform the recognition group.
C)The recall group should outperform the recognition group, as long as the test is given shortly after participants first see the words.
D)The recognition group should outperform the recall group.
E)No consistent prediction can be made without a consideration of many other variables.

Question 36

Which of the following sequences best reflects the order of stages in the three-stage model of memory

A)sensory memory $\rightarrow$ short-term memory $\rightarrow$ long-term memory
B)short-term memory $\rightarrow$ sensory memory $\rightarrow$ long-term memory
C)short-term memory $\rightarrow$ working memory $\rightarrow$ long-term memory
D)working memory $\rightarrow$ short-term memory $\rightarrow$ long-term memory

Question 37

Which of the following is true about relearning

A)Involves retrieving material from memory after it has been learned
B)Entails determining whether material has learned before
C)Involves studying material again after it has been learned already but then forgotten
D)Involves knowledge of how to do things

Question 38

Which of the following statements is true about iconic and echoic memory

A)Iconic and echoic memory are types of sensory memory.
B)Iconic and echoic memory are types of explicit memory.
C)Iconic and echoic memory are types of implicit memory.
D)Iconic and echoic memory are types of classical conditioning

Question 39

Janna is puzzling over a fill-in-the-blank question on a sociology test. Answering the question correctly requires Janna to use ________ memory.

A)explicit
B)implicit
C)recognition
D)episodic

Question 40

Relearning measures allow the assessment of:

A)procedural memory, such as that involved in playing a video game
B)semantic memory, such as that involved in knowing the state capitals
C)semantic memory, such as that involved in crocheting a sweater
D)both procedural memory, such as that involved in playing a video game, and semantic memory, such as that involved in knowing the state capitals

Question 41

To which of the following is working memory most similar

A)a legal pad on which you jot temporary notes
B)a calendar item reminding you of a future obligation
C)a file on a computer hard drive
D)a portrait hanging in a museum

Question 42

"She did WHAT" your roommate exclaims as you relate a story about a mutual friend. Your roommate is processing your story in _________ memory.

A)working
B)sensory
C)episodic
D)implicit

Question 43

When we look up a number in the phone book, close the book, and then begin to dial the number, we are relying on

A)short term memory
B)iconic memory
C)working memory
D)long-term memory

Question 44

George Sperling conducted a study in which he varied the interval between the presentation of a letter matrix and an auditory recall cue. Sperling measured the proportion of letters participants could recall from the matrix. Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding this study

A)A graph of the results of this study would show the accuracy of recall on the y-axis.
B)The interval between the matrix and the cue is a dependent variable.
C)All the letters in the matrix are stored in memory.
D)Sperling's study provided knowledge regarding sensory memory.

Question 45

The central executive is:

A)an aspect of sensory memory
B)a component of working memory
C)a type of implicit memory
D)a form of explicit memory

Question 46

"What's your social" the associate asks over the phone. "One, six, four . . ." you begin. After a brief pause, you continue, "seventy-two . . . sixteen thirty-eight." To ease the burden on the associate's short-term memory, you are giving the number in ______ rather than as individual digits.

A)nodes
B)clumps
C)clusters
D)chunks

Question 47

Tommy is repeating a series of digits in the order in which he heard an experimenter read them. The experimenter is testing the capacity of Tommy's _______ memory. Tommy should be able to repeat about _________ digits correctly.

A)short-term; 4
B)short-term; 7
C)short-term; 9
D)sensory; 4

Question 48

Psychologists use the term ______ memory to refer to "photographic" memory.

A)pictographic
B)engrammatic
C)iconic
D)eidetic

Question 49

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, psychologist George Sperling conducted key studies of ______ memory.

A)sensory
B)short-term
C)semantic
D)episodic

Question 50

Process is to structure as __________ memory is to _________ memory.

A)explicit; implicit
B)sensory; working
C)long-term; working
D)working; short-term

Question 51

Which of the following describes sensory memory

A)The brief storage of visual or auditory information
B)Memory where small amounts of information can be kept for several seconds
C)Processes that we use to interpret and store information
D)Memory storage that can last for years

Question 52

In the words of George Miller, the capacity of short-term memory is the "magical number _________."

A)nine, plus or minus two
B)six, plus or minus one
C)five, plus or minus two
D)seven, plus or minus two

Question 53

On your computer desktop, you can see all sorts of different files, each immediately accessible. Because you are actively working on them, and because you can open them whenever you want, these files are analogous to the information held in:

A)semantic memory
B)working memory
C)sensory memory
D)procedural memory

Question 54

The conscious repetition of information to ensure its survival in short-term memory is termed ________ rehearsal.

A)primary
B)mnemonic
C)rote
D)maintenance

Question 55

__________ examined how long information can last in sensory memory. __________ investigated the duration of short-term memory.

A)Peterson and Peterson; Sperling
B)Peterson and Peterson; Peterson and Peterson also
C)Sperling; Peterson and Peterson
D)Sperling; Sperling also

Question 56

Grouping pieces of information together to expand the effective capacity of short-term memory is termed _________.

A)chunking
B)clumping
C)consolidating
D)compacting

Question 57

Which of the following expressions best reflects the capacity of short-term memory

A)one or two items
B)unlimited
C)about seven, plus or minus two items
D)about a dozen items

Question 58

Which of the following describes short-term memory

A)The brief storage of visual or auditory information
B)Memory where small amounts of information can be kept for several seconds
C)Processes that we use to interpret and store information
D)Memory storage that can last for years

Question 59

As you work on a complex multiplication problem in your head, the numbers you are manipulating are in your __________ memory, and the multiplication tables you are drawing on are in _________ memory.

A)working; long-term
B)working; sensory
C)long-term; working
D)sensory; working

Question 60

Which of the following describes working memory

A)The brief storage of visual or auditory information
B)Memory where small amounts of information can be kept for several seconds
C)Processes that we use to interpret and store information
D)Memory storage that can last for years

Question 61

Which of the following is NOT one of the three memory processes identified in your text

A)encoding
B)priming
C)storage
D)retrieval

Question 62

Clarice presses a key on her computer to save a document she has been editing. A file is then created on her computer's hard drive. The computer's action is most similar to the memory activity of _________. The computer's hard drive is similar to _________ memory in the three-stage memory model.

A)retrieval; long-term
B)priming; short-term
C)encoding; long-term
D)encoding; short-term

Question 63

When we use the term "remembering" in day-to-day life, we are making reference to the memory process of:

A)rehearsal
B)retrieval
C)encoding
D)storage

Question 64

Which of the following sequences best reflects the order in which memory processes occur, from first to last

A)encoding $\rightarrow$ storage $\rightarrow$ retrieval
B)storage $\rightarrow$ retrieval $\rightarrow$ encoding
C)encoding $\rightarrow$ retrieval $\rightarrow$ storage
D)storage $\rightarrow$ encoding $\rightarrow$ retrieval

Question 65

Chunking serves to increase the capacity of sensory memory.

Question 66

A ________ is a meaningful group of stimuli that can be stored as a unit in short- term memory.

Question 67

Relearning measures allow the assessment of both implicit and explicit memory.

Question 68

Sensory memory can hold only a small amount of information.

Question 69

An investigator asks some participants to count the number of letters in each of the names on a long list of Russian rivers. She asks other participants to pronounce each river's name and asks, for instance, "Does it rhyme with Vienna" (for Lenna). She asks a third group of participants to place the river on a map and to observe into which larger body of water it flows. Which approach memory concept is this investigator most likely interested in

A)context-dependent memory
B)schemas
C)state-dependent memory
D)elaborative encoding

Question 70

You have just listened to your current favorite song on your iPod. You can still hear traces of the final chorus, even though the song has just ended. For a few seconds, the song will be represented in auditory sensory memory, or ________ memory.

Question 71

Scores on a recall test of memory are likely to be ___________ than those on a recognition test of memory.

Question 72

Semantic and episodic memory are subdivisions of __________ memory.

Question 73

Primes have little real effect on behavior.

Question 74

"It's like riding a bike; once you know how, you don't forget." This adage suggests that procedural memories do not require conscious attempts at recall; that is, procedural memories are often ________.

Question 75

The capacity of short-term memory is about 7 items.

Question 76

Explicit memory underlies the ability to swing a golf club.

Question 77

Amelia remarks that she needs to learn her text's section on the structures of the brain for an upcoming test. Brian responds that he couldn't remember the function of the hippocampus on a test the preceding day. With respect to the three memory processes described in your text, Amelia is making reference to _________. Brian is referring to ______.

A)encoding; storage
B)retrieval; encoding
C)retrieval; storage
D)encoding; retrieval

Question 78

Implicit memory is often studied through experiments that use ________.

Question 79

When you tell an acquaintance your telephone number, you do not recite the digits one by one at a constant rate, as in "3, 3, 7, 2, 3, 4, 8, 3, 9, 2." Rather, you might say, "3, 3, 7 . . . 2, 3, 4 . . . 83, 92." This exemplifies ________, a strategy to enhance ______ memory.

A)consolidation; sensory
B)consolidation; short-term
C)chunking; sensory
D)chunking; short-term

Question 80

When answering such questions as "Who was your date to the Junior Prom" or "Which costume did you wear last Halloween" you are relying most explicitly on the memory process of:

A)encoding
B)rehearsal
C)priming
D)retrieval