Deck 12: Emotional Development, Temperament, and Attachment

Question 1

According to research findings, which of the following has been proposed as the major contributor to quality of attachment?

A)style of maternal caregiving
B)infant temperament
C)parental satisfaction with the maternal role
D)quality of the child's early feeding experiences

Answer 1

style of maternal caregiving

Question 2

Andrea loves her infant son and she constantly tries new ways to interact with him.She always seems to be rubbing him, bouncing him, or tickling him, and when he becomes irritable or fussy, she tries even harder to get him to interact with her.Based on this information, what form of attachment might you expect Andrea's son to develop?

A)resistant
B)avoidant
C)disoriented
D)secure

Answer 2

avoidant

Question 3

What form of attachment are infants most likely to form when they have experienced abuse from their primary caregiver?

A)resistant
B)avoidant
C)disorganized/disoriented
D)inhibited/disinhibited

Answer 3

disorganized/disoriented

Question 4

Kaoru is taking her 1-year-old son, Oscar, to visit an infant-toddler program in which she is hoping to enrol him.Oscar eagerly explores the waiting room until Kaoru leaves to fill out the registration forms.Oscar becomes somewhat upset, and when the other parents try to calm him down, their attempts are unsuccessful.When Kaoru returns Oscar stops protesting and then offers a toy to one of the other parents.Based on this information, how would you characterize Oscar's attachment?

A)as uninhibited
B)as resistant
C)as secure
D)as avoidant

Question 5

According to Schmidt and colleagues, hypersensitivity of which brain region is associated with shyness and anxiety?

A)the amygdala
B)the brainstem
C)the left frontal lobe
D)the left temporal lobe

Question 6

During her pregnancy Melinda spent much time day-dreaming about her new baby.She always envisioned a happy smiling infant and the joy that she would have feeding and dressing and playing with her child.Unfortunately, Melinda's infant expressed a very difficult temperament after birth, and Melinda now finds herself disappointed.She finds her infant's behaviours aversive and reacts harshly to what she perceives are unreasonable demands.How would you characterize Melinda's reaction to her child?

A)She lacks emotional regulation.
B)She lacks competent emotional intelligence.
C)She and her infant lack goodness-of-fit.
D)She and her infant lack fulfillment of emotional expectancies.

Question 7

Which of the following best characterizes the parental style associated with a secure attachment relationship?

A)unresponsive and impatient
B)warm and responsive
C)warm, yet unpredictable
D)inconsistent

Question 8

Research findings have supported the notion that an infant's behaviour impacts the development of the parent-child attachment relationship.What is the consensus regarding the outcome when an infant is highly irritable or unresponsive?

A)Most parents never develop a satisfying relationship with these infants.
B)The development of satisfying relationships is more difficult, but not impossible.
C)Because most infants are perceived as lovable and responsive by their biological parents, they will be little impact on attachment.
D)As long as strong bonding occurred in the first few hours following birth, the relationship is not disrupted.

Question 9

According to working-models theory, infants who construct positive models of themselves and their caregivers should form which type of attachment?

A)resistant
B)uninhibited
C)secure
D)avoidant

Question 10

Madeline is an active infant who seems to be constantly moving.Madeline is also high strung, and she protests loudly every time her parents try to change her usual routine.How would Thomas and Chess categorize Madeline's temperament?

A)slow to warm up
B)difficult
C)easy
D)disengaged

Question 11

Which of the following best characterizes the parental style associated with an avoidant attachment relationship?

A)unresponsive and impatient
B)warm and responsive
C)warm and extremely permissive
D)inconsistent

Question 12

Of the following, which group of emotions is the earliest to appear?

A)embarrassment, shame, guilt, and pride
B)anger, surprise, fear, and sadness
C)interest, distress, disgust, and contentment
D)anger, contentment, guilt, and fear

Question 13

Parents who are either self-centred and rigid or overzealous and providing too much stimulation tend to have infants with which type of attachment?

A)resistant
B)avoidant
C)secure
D)disorganized/disoriented

Question 14

Which of the following is a primary emotion that develops gradually during the first postnatal year?

A)anger
B)embarrassment
C)disgust
D)pride

Question 15

Isla is 14 years old, and she tells you that she thinks that most people are not dependable and are insensitive, but that most people like her when they first meet her.If you interpret Isla's comments using working-models theory, what would be her primary type of infant attachment?

A)avoidant
B)resistant
C)disoriented
D)secure

Question 16

Based on recent research, which of the following describes the ability of 7- to 10-month-old infants to discriminate and interpret emotions?

A)They are just beginning to discriminate emotions in others.
B)They are clearly able to discriminate various emotions, but not yet able to interpret the emotions of others.
C)They are clearly able to discriminate various emotions, to interpret the emotions of others, and show social referencing.
D)They are not yet able to discriminate various emotions, to interpret the emotions of others, or to engage in social referencing.

Question 17

Developing an insecure attachment during infancy is associated with which of the following long-term outcomes?

A)lack of autonomy and greater dependence on adults during the preschool years
B)poor adjustment and psychosocial problems in adolescence
C)decreased peer popularity in adolescence
D)social and emotional withdrawal, and lower levels of curiosity during the preschool years

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the strength of the heritability coefficient for most temperamental attributes?

A)It is weak.
B)It is modest.
C)It is strong.
D)It is nonexistent.

Question 19

Felix is 12 months old, and in the strange-situation test he displays little distress when his mother leaves and ignores her when she returns.According to Ainsworth, which type of attachment relationship is Felix exhibiting?

A)resistant
B)secure
C)avoidant
D)disorganized/disoriented

Question 20

What does learning theory suggest that the development of attachment depends on?

A)oral activities such as sucking and eating
B)the mother becoming a conditioned stimulus for positive outcomes
C)maturity of object permanence concept
D)preprogrammed responses that serve to initiate or maintain contact

Question 21

Based on multiple research studies, Kagan concluded that differences in infant temperament are crucial to the quality of attachment style.Has follow-up research supported his conclusion?

A)No, maternal behaviour is a better predictor of quality of attachment than infant temperament.
B)Yes, few children who are temperamentally at risk developed secure attachments.
C)No, temperament has been found to have little impact on the process of developing an attachment.
D)Yes, infant temperament is a better predictor of attachment quality than maternal behaviour.

Question 22

According to working-models theory, what model do infants who form avoidant primary attachments construct?

A)negative models of themselves and their caregivers
B)a negative model of themselves, coupled with a positive model of others
C)positive models of themselves and their caregivers
D)a positive model of themselves, coupled with a negative model of others

Question 23

Which of the following is the least common form of attachment in North American infants?

A)habituated/dishabituated
B)resistant
C)avoidant
D)disorganized/disoriented

Question 24

When does a child begin to display complex emotions?

A)at 4 weeks of age
B)during the first year of life
C)during the second year of life
D)during the third year of life

Question 25

At what stage of cognitive development do children first begin to understand that a person can experience two or more emotions at the same time?

A)early preoperational
B)late preoperational
C)formal operational
D)concrete operational

Question 26

What characterizes the behaviour of preschool children who formed insecure attachments during infancy?

A)They are socially and emotionally withdrawn.
B)They are highly sociable.
C)They are highly curious and show an eagerness to learn.
D)They show a high level of autonomy and self-directedness.

Question 27

According to ethological theory, what produces attachment-related fears?

A)lack of responsiveness from the infant's caregiver
B)the infant's general apprehension regarding unfamiliar or potentially threatening contexts
C)lack of consistency from the infant's caregiver
D)the infant's inability to understand the absence of his or her caregiver

Question 28

According to the textbook, when does the full range of emotions emerge?

A)at birth
B)during the first postnatal year
C)during the first and second postnatal years
D)during the third postnatal year

Question 29

Five-month-old Trevor and 12-month-old Sondra are left in the care of a babysitter for an evening.According to the research on separation anxiety, how is each child likely to behave?

A)Trevor will show more distress than Sondra when he realizes that his mother has left.
B)Sondra will show more distress than Trevor when she realizes that her mother has left.
C)All other things being equal, both Trevor and Sondra will show about the same degree of distress after their mother leaves.
D)If the babysitter is warm and responsive, neither child is likely to show significant distress when his or her mother leaves.

Question 30

According to Kagan, an infant identified with a difficult temperament is most likely to form which type of attachment?

A)resistant
B)avoidant
C)secure
D)disorganized/disoriented

Question 31

When do self-evaluative emotions begin to be displayed in the absence of an external observer?

A)between the ages of 2 1/2 months and 7 months
B)at about 1 year of age
C)at middle childhood
D)at adolescence

Question 32

Which of the following statements regarding cross-cultural influences on temperament is most accurate?

A)Boys show higher levels of effortful control.
B)The Inventory of Children's Individual Differences was developed as a reliable cross-cultural child temperament inventory.
C)Girls show higher levels of surgency.
D)Variation between temperament cross-culturally is low for both boys and girls.

Question 33

Which of the following best characterizes children with easy temperaments?

A)They are typically in a positive mood and are open to new experiences.
B)They often react vigorously to changes in their routines.
C)They are quite inactive, yet are open to new experiences.
D)They show high levels of behavioural inhibition.

Question 34

Which of the following is the correct developmental sequence for the phases of primary attachments, from earliest to latest?

A)multiple attachments/asocial/specific attachments
B)asocial/multiple attachments/specific attachments
C)multiple attachments/specific attachments/asocial
D)asocial/specific attachments/multiple attachments

Question 35

Which form of attachment characterizes most North American infants?

A)secure
B)resistant
C)avoidant
D)disorganized/disoriented

Question 36

Under which of the following circumstances are infants and toddlers most likely to protest when separated from their primary caregiver?

A)The child cannot account for the caregiver's whereabouts.
B)The separation is expected by the child.
C)The separation occurs in the home environment.
D)The caregiver has been an overly intrusive companion for the infant.

Question 37

Which of the following attributes are important components of temperament?

A)activity level, fearfulness, and sociability
B)activity level, conscientiousness, and irritability
C)fearfulness, openness, and conscientiousness
D)sociability, irritability, and empathy

Question 38

What did Katz and colleagues call an organized set of feelings and thoughts that parents have about their own emotions and those of their children?

A)maternal characterization of temperament (MCT)
B)parental promotion of complex emotional understanding (PPCEU)
C)parental emotional display rules (PEDR)
D)parental meta-emotion philosophy (PMEP)

Question 39

How do newborn infants under the age of 6 weeks typically respond to social stimuli?

A)They smile more at people they know than at strangers.
B)They protest loudly when strangers approach.
C)They smile more at puppets than at other lifelike stimuli.
D)They show favourable reactions to many kinds of social and nonsocial stimuli.

Question 40

Dalisy started elementary school last year.She never seemed to want to play any of the new games that her classmates invented at recess, and now her classmates don't include her when they plan games or activities.Based on the research by Thomas and Chess, what type of temperament is Dalisy most likely to have?

A)difficult
B)easy
C)disengaged
D)slow to warm up

Question 41

According to current research findings, how does the context of the situation influence the expression of stranger anxiety?

A)It is intensified if a stranger first approaches the caregiver rather than the child.
B)It is reduced if a stranger first approaches the child and uses child-directed speech to engage his or her attention.
C)It is reduced if a stranger interacts with the caregiver and then allows the child to participate in the interaction.
D)It is intensified when caregivers greet the stranger in a friendly way.

Question 42

According to Kochanska's integrative theory of attachment, what is/are the most important contributor(s) to attachment?

A)the parents' quality of caregiving
B)the infant's own temperament
C)the personalities of others in the home
D)the parents' caregiving and the infant's temperament

Question 43

According to cognitive-developmental theory, what milestone must be achieved before an infant can form an attachment to his or her primary caregiver?

A)He or she can repeat actions that bring pleasure.
B)He or she acquires object permanence.
C)He or she demonstrates a capacity for symbolic reasoning.
D)He or she acquires the language skills to express his or her needs.

Question 44

Sadiq is an inactive infant who often appears to be somewhat moody.Sometimes, he will look away from his parents if they try to cuddle him.Generally, he protests to changes in his routine, but he does participate in new situations if he can engage with others on his own time.Based on this description, how would you categorize Sadiq's temperament?

A)as slow to warm up
B)as difficult
C)as easy
D)as disengaged

Question 45

Can adults accurately interpret emotions displayed by infants?

A)No, for all emotions.
B)Yes, for all emotions.
C)Yes, if they are judging negative emotions.
D)Yes, if they are judging positive emotions.

Question 46

When Isaac was assessed for socioemotional development, he showed little distress when his mother left him alone in a room and he tended to ignore her when she returned.Based on Kagan's research, how would Isaac's temperament be categorized?

A)as difficult
B)as easy
C)as slow to warm up
D)as indiscriminate

Question 47

Developing a secure attachment during infancy is associated with which of the following long-term outcomes?

A)better problem-solving skills and popularity with peers
B)lack of autonomy and greater dependence on adults
C)difficulties with identity formation
D)poor peer sociability but high levels of academic success

Question 48

Based on current research evidence, which of the following best describes the contribution of shared and nonshared environmental influences on temperament?

A)Shared environmental influences are the strongest environmental contributors to an individual's temperament.
B)Nonshared environmental influences and shared environmental influences contribute equally to an individual's temperament.
C)Shared environmental influences have little, if any, impact on an individual's temperament.
D)Nonshared environmental influences are the strongest environmental contributors to an individual's temperament.

Question 49

Some days Rosella thoroughly enjoys spending time with her 6-month-old daughter and gives her undivided attention.On other days Rosella is so stressed and harried that all she wants is some time to herself, and she is then indifferent to the needs of her daughter.Based on this information, what form of attachment might you expect Rosella's daughter to develop?

A)resistant
B)avoidant
C)uninhibited
D)secure

Question 50

Suppose that a 5-month-old child turns away and starts crying when a stranger approaches his mother and him in a playground.How would this reaction be regarded by modern developmentalists?

A)as very unusual for a child this young
B)as evidence of a strong, secure attachment
C)as a typical but not universal response for a child of this age
D)as evidence of an insecure attachment bond

Question 51

If the behaviour of a child's primary attachment figure changes substantially, how will this affect the child's attachment relationship with the caregiver?

A)Once a secure or insecure attachment is formed, it does not change.
B)Only secure attachments will change.
C)Only insecure attachments will change.
D)Both secure and insecure attachments can change.

Question 52

According to the ethological viewpoint, why do stranger anxiety and separation anxiety become less intense during the second year?

A)Children increase their use of the attachment figure as a secure base to explore novel things and people.
B)Children have had many opportunities by then to adapt to being separated.
C)Children have gained the cognitive maturity by then to recognize that the parent will return.
D)Children have developed more stable schemes for the faces of strangers and familiar companions.

Question 53

Which of the following descriptions best characterizes the role of synchronous exchanges in the development of attachment?

A)They promote reciprocal attachment only if the infant has an easy temperament.
B)They promote the formation of an infant's attachment to the caregiver, but have little impact on the caregiver's attachment to the infant.
C)They promote reciprocal attachment between caregivers and infants.
D)They promote the formation of a caregiver's attachment to the infant, but have little impact on the infant's attachment to the caregiver.

Question 54

Suppose an infant encounters a friendly person who is a stranger to him or her.Which of the following persons would be most likely to evoke a fear reaction in a 6- to 12-month-old infant?

A)an adult who offers a toy
B)a preschool child who offers a toy
C)an adult who picks up the infant to play or talk
D)another infant who is crying

Question 55

Which of the following best characterizes children with difficult temperaments?

A)They are inactive, yet are open to new experiences.
B)They often react vigorously to changes in their routines.
C)They are quite inactive and somewhat moody.
D)They show high levels of behavioural inhibition.

Question 56

Which of the following best describes the characteristics of a "stranger encounter" that an infant is least likely to fear?

A)The stranger approaches the infant boldly and confidently.
B)The infant is seated away from the mother when the stranger approaches.
C)The stranger appears in a setting that is unfamiliar to the infant.
D)The infant controls the pace of his or her interaction with the stranger.

Question 57

According to Mary Ainsworth, how will a securely attached child behave in the strange-situation test?

A)He or she will continue to show signs of distress when the mother returns after a brief absence.
B)He or she will play and explore new settings when the parent is present.
C)He or she will not interact with the stranger.
D)He or she will tend to be clingy and whiny when the mother returns after a brief absence.

Question 58

Which attributes of temperament are most strongly affected by shared environmental influences?

A)neutral
B)positive
C)internal
D)negative

Question 59

Suppose that you observe that an infant is fussing when separated from the mother because he or she did not see her leave the room.Which explanation for separation anxiety would your observation support?

A)conditioned anxiety
B)ethological
C)cognitive-developmental
D)psychoanalytic

Question 60

Moss's research on attachment-based intervention training programs with at risk mothers has yielded which of the following results?

A)no change in attachment but a reduction in maltreatment
B)reduction in resistant behaviour
C)increased parental sensitivity compared to the control group
D)a rejection of Bowlby's ideas

Question 61

According to Kagan, an infant who forms a secure attachment is most likely to have which type of temperament?

A)difficult
B)easy
C)slow to warm up
D)uninhibited

Question 62

According to working-models theory, infants who construct negative models of themselves and their caregivers should form which type of attachment?

A)disorganized/disoriented
B)resistant
C)inhibited
D)avoidant

Question 63

Is shyness a social disadvantage for children?

A)It depends-outcomes vary with personality types.
B)It depends-outcomes vary across cultures.
C)It depends-shyness is a social disadvantage only for children in Asian cultures.
D)It depends-shyness is a social disadvantage only for children with difficult temperaments.

Question 64

Bowlby and Lorenz both claimed that infants are born with physical characteristics and reflexive behaviours that elicit positive, affectionate responses from adults.Have their claims been supported by modern research?

A)Yes, for physical characteristics, but no, for reflexive behaviours.
B)No, for physical characteristics, but yes, for reflexive behaviours.
C)Yes, for both physical characteristics and reflexive behaviours.
D)No, for both physical characteristics and reflexive behaviours.

Question 65

What did the data Koschanska reported suggest?

A)Only quality of caregiving predicted whether infants established secure or insecure relationships with their mothers.
B)Fearful, insecurely attached infants were prone to avoidant attachments.
C)Fearless, insecurely attached infants were prone to resistant attachments.
D)Only infant temperament determined whether infants established secure or insecure relationships with their mothers.

Question 66

Which of the following best describes the use of social referencing by a young child?

A)The child shows an understanding that emotional expression is not condoned by adults in most situations.
B)The child uses the emotional reactions of others as a source of information to guide his or her reactions.
C)The child uses the parent or other caretaker as an attachment object.
D)The child shows a growing ability to communicate using emotional expression.

Question 67

How has the debate regarding whether attachment is categorical or continuous been resolved?

A)It has not yet been resolved, but categories have been adopted in the meantime.
B)It has not yet been resolved, but a continuous perspective has been adopted in the meantime.
C)It has been resolved as categorial.
D)It has been resolved as continuous.

Question 68

A mother claims that her 8-month-old daughter sometimes hangs her head in shame and seems embarrassed when disciplined.According to recent research findings, is the mother's claim valid?

A)Yes, because these emotional displays are evident within the first year.
B)Yes, because by that age children have acquired for self-evaluation.
C)No, because distinct emotions do not emerge until the first year.
D)No, because infants that age do not have the cognitive maturity and self-recognition that lie behind those emotions.

Question 69

Which of the following forms of attachment is associated with mothers who can be affectionate but respond to their infants only when it suits them?

A)resistant
B)avoidant
C)inhibited
D)secure

Question 70

Based upon Ainsworth's original research, which of the following is the correct ranking of attachment styles from most common to least common?

A)avoidant/secure/resistant
B)secure/avoidant/resistant
C)resistant/avoidant/secure
D)secure/resistant/avoidant

Question 71

Which of the following is associated with research examining the DRD4 receptor gene in children?

A)Parental effects on the child's temperament/personality are striking in the early years but have no discernable impact by middle childhood.
B)Maternal levels of positive emotionality predicted shyness in children.
C)Young children demonstrated lower effortful control in the context of negative parenting behaviours.
D)Parental factors had little effect on their children's emotions at any age.

Question 72

Which of the following best characterizes children with slow-to-warm-up temperaments?

A)They have a positive mood and are enthusiastic about new experiences.
B)They often react vigorously to changes in their routines.
C)They are quite inactive and somewhat moody.
D)They show low levels of behavioural inhibition.

Question 73

Laren is 16 years old, and he tells you that he thinks that most people are dependable and caring, but that he doesn't feel worthy of the good things that happen to him.If you interpret Laren's comments using working-models theory, what would be his primary type of infant attachment?

A)avoidant
B)disorganized
C)resistant
D)secure

Question 74

Of the following, which set of emotions is most closely tied to a child's understanding of socially acceptable behaviour?

A)interest, distress, disgust, and contentment
B)anger, surprise, fear, and sadness
C)embarrassment, shame, guilt, and pride
D)joy, happiness, frustration, and boredom

Question 75

Li Mei is 8 months old.She turns away and starts crying when a stranger approaches her mother and her at the grocery store.How would this reaction be regarded by modern developmentalists?

A)as unusual in a child of that age
B)as evidence that Li Mei is insecurely attached
C)as a typical response to a stranger for a child that age
D)as an indication that Li Mei is tired or hungry

Question 76

At what age does social referencing first become evident?

A)2-5 months
B)7-10 months
C)15-18 months
D)24-27 months

Question 77

According to cognitive-developmental theory, what best accounts for the development of attachment-related fears?

A)inconsistent caregiving by the infant's primary caregiver
B)an infant's general apprehension about things that are unfamiliar
C)lack of responsiveness by the infant's primary caregiver
D)an infant's inability to explain what has happened to a familiar companion

Question 78

What is the correct developmental sequence for emotional understanding, from earliest to latest?

A)empathetic responding/social referencing/discriminate facial expressions
B)empathetic responding/discriminate facial expressions/social referencing
C)discriminate facial expressions/social referencing/empathetic responding
D)social referencing/empathic responding/discriminate facial expressions

Question 79

According to cognitive-developmental theorists, why do infants between 7 and 9 months of age begin to show evidence of attachment to a primary caregiver?

A)They have learned to associate the caregiver with nourishment.
B)The caregiver is meeting the infants' need for the pleasure associated with oral activities.
C)They have imprinted on the caregiver.
D)Their scheme for object permanence has developed.

Question 80

Alejandro was expecting his grandmother to give him a toy that he had been asking for.He was disappointed when he opened his grandmother's present and found she had given him socks and underwear instead.Based on the research into the acquisition of emotional display rules, what emotions might you expect Alejandro to exhibit?

A)If Alejandro is at least 4 years old, he should be able to appear truly delighted by his grandmother's gift.
B)If Alejandro is over the age of 6, he should be able to appear truly delighted by his grandmother's gift.
C)Even if Alejandro is 8 years old, he may not be able to successfully mask his disappointment.
D)Alejandro will openly express resentment when he sees the gift, regardless of his age.