Question 1

Which of the following best summarizes the research findings regarding the stability of behavioural inhibition?

Accepted Answer

A) Only the most highly inhibited and the most highly uninhibited children showed long-term stability. 
B) Most children showed considerable fluctuation in their levels of behavioural inhibition over time. 
C) Highly inhibited children tended to become less inhibited over time. 
D) Early measures of behavioural inhibition are highly stable regardless of whether children are rated as high or low on this attribute. 
A) Only the most highly inhibited and the most highly uninhibited children showed long-term stability. 
B) Most children showed considerable fluctuation in their levels of behavioural inhibition over time. 
C) Highly inhibited children tended to become less inhibited over time. 
D) Early measures of behavioural inhibition are highly stable regardless of whether children are rated as high or low on this attribute. A

Question 2

Daphne is 11 months old and her brother Nillson is 2 years old.On a recent visit their aunt brought her new puppy with her, and watched both children's reactions when she first set the puppy on the floor.Given your knowledge of social referencing, how did Daphne and Nillson respond?

Accepted Answer

A) Nillson looked at their aunt before approaching the puppy, whereas Daphne looked at her after approaching the puppy. 
B) Both children looked at their aunt before approaching the puppy. 
C) Both children approached the puppy before looking at their aunt. 
D) Daphne looked at their aunt before approaching the puppy, whereas Nillson looked at their aunt after approaching the puppy. 
A) Nillson looked at their aunt before approaching the puppy, whereas Daphne looked at her after approaching the puppy. 
B) Both children looked at their aunt before approaching the puppy. 
C) Both children approached the puppy before looking at their aunt. 
D) Daphne looked at their aunt before approaching the puppy, whereas Nillson looked at their aunt after approaching the puppy. D

Question 3

According to research findings, which of the following has been proposed as the major contributor to quality of attachment?

Accepted Answer

A) style of maternal caregiving 
B) infant temperament 
C) parental satisfaction with the maternal role 
D) quality of the child's early feeding experiences 
A) style of maternal caregiving 
B) infant temperament 
C) parental satisfaction with the maternal role 
D) quality of the child's early feeding experiences A

Question 4

According to cognitive-developmental theory, what milestone must be achieved before an infant can form an attachment to his or her primary caregiver?

Accepted Answer

A) He or she can repeat actions that bring pleasure. 
B) He or she acquires object permanence. 
C) He or she demonstrates a capacity for symbolic reasoning. 
D) He or she acquires the language skills to express his or her needs. 
A) He or she can repeat actions that bring pleasure. 
B) He or she acquires object permanence. 
C) He or she demonstrates a capacity for symbolic reasoning. 
D) He or she acquires the language skills to express his or her needs.

Question 5

According to working-models theory, what model do infants who form avoidant primary attachments construct?

Accepted Answer

A) negative models of themselves and their caregivers 
B) a negative model of themselves, coupled with a positive model of others 
C) positive models of themselves and their caregivers 
D) a positive model of themselves, coupled with a negative model of others 
A) negative models of themselves and their caregivers 
B) a negative model of themselves, coupled with a positive model of others 
C) positive models of themselves and their caregivers 
D) a positive model of themselves, coupled with a negative model of others

Question 6

According to the ethological viewpoint, why do stranger anxiety and separation anxiety become less intense during the second year?

Accepted Answer

A) Children increase their use of the attachment figure as a secure base to explore novel things and people. 
B) Children have had many opportunities by then to adapt to being separated. 
C) Children have gained the cognitive maturity by then to recognize that the parent will return. 
D) Children have developed more stable schemes for the faces of strangers and familiar companions. 
A) Children increase their use of the attachment figure as a secure base to explore novel things and people. 
B) Children have had many opportunities by then to adapt to being separated. 
C) Children have gained the cognitive maturity by then to recognize that the parent will return. 
D) Children have developed more stable schemes for the faces of strangers and familiar companions.

Question 7

Which of the following statements regarding cross-cultural influences on temperament is most accurate?

Accepted Answer

A) Boys show higher levels of effortful control. 
B) The Inventory of Children's Individual Differences was developed as a reliable cross-cultural child temperament inventory. 
C) Girls show higher levels of surgency. 
D) Variation between temperament cross-culturally is low for both boys and girls. 
A) Boys show higher levels of effortful control. 
B) The Inventory of Children's Individual Differences was developed as a reliable cross-cultural child temperament inventory. 
C) Girls show higher levels of surgency. 
D) Variation between temperament cross-culturally is low for both boys and girls.

Question 8

Describe the three temperamental profiles identified by Thomas and Chess, and indicate the proportion of children who fit each of these profiles.

Accepted Answer

Thomas and Chess identified three temper

Question 9

A mother claims that her 8-month-old daughter sometimes hangs her head in shame and seems embarrassed when disciplined.According to recent research findings, is the mother's claim valid?

Accepted Answer

A) Yes, because these emotional displays are evident within the first year. 
B) Yes, because by that age children have acquired for self-evaluation. 
C) No, because distinct emotions do not emerge until the first year. 
D) No, because infants that age do not have the cognitive maturity and self-recognition that lie behind those emotions. 
A) Yes, because these emotional displays are evident within the first year. 
B) Yes, because by that age children have acquired for self-evaluation. 
C) No, because distinct emotions do not emerge until the first year. 
D) No, because infants that age do not have the cognitive maturity and self-recognition that lie behind those emotions.

Question 10

Compare and contrast the parental-leave policy in Canada with that of other countries.How does parental leave impact the parent-child relationship?

Accepted Answer

Parental leave policies vary greatly fro

Question 11

Describe some of the characteristics that are seen in later childhood when a child has formed a secure attachment with his or her caregivers during infancy.

Accepted Answer

Children who have formed a secure attach

Question 12

Which of the following descriptions from recent research best characterizes the role of interactional synchronous exchanges?

Accepted Answer

A) Mother-child interactional synchrony is more evident in nonaggressive dyads. 
B) Father-child interactional synchrony is more evident than mother-child interactional synchrony. 
C) Interactional synchrony is not particularly important for the formation of emotional attachment. 
D) Interactional synchrony is a desirable state but occurs infrequently, perhaps only once or twice a week. 
A) Mother-child interactional synchrony is more evident in nonaggressive dyads. 
B) Father-child interactional synchrony is more evident than mother-child interactional synchrony. 
C) Interactional synchrony is not particularly important for the formation of emotional attachment. 
D) Interactional synchrony is a desirable state but occurs infrequently, perhaps only once or twice a week.

Question 13

How do newborn infants under the age of 6 weeks typically respond to social stimuli?

Accepted Answer

A) They smile more at people they know than at strangers. 
B) They protest loudly when strangers approach. 
C) They smile more at puppets than at other lifelike stimuli. 
D) They show favourable reactions to many kinds of social and nonsocial stimuli. 
A) They smile more at people they know than at strangers. 
B) They protest loudly when strangers approach. 
C) They smile more at puppets than at other lifelike stimuli. 
D) They show favourable reactions to many kinds of social and nonsocial stimuli.

Question 14

According to the ethological perspective, what is the basis for the development of attachment?

Accepted Answer

A) pleasure derived from oral activities such as sucking and feeding 
B) the mother acting as a conditioned stimulus for positive outcomes 
C) the maturation of the infant's concept of object permanence 
D) preprogrammed responses that help to initiate or maintain contact between infant and mother 
A) pleasure derived from oral activities such as sucking and feeding 
B) the mother acting as a conditioned stimulus for positive outcomes 
C) the maturation of the infant's concept of object permanence 
D) preprogrammed responses that help to initiate or maintain contact between infant and mother

Question 15

Wanda has begun to crawl after her mother, wherever her mother goes.She has also started to cry when her mother puts her to bed at night and leaves the room, although she doesn't cry when her father or a babysitter puts her to bed.Based on this information, how would you categorize Wanda's phase of attachment formation?

Accepted Answer

A) specific 
B) asocial 
C) indiscriminate 
D) multiple 
A) specific 
B) asocial 
C) indiscriminate 
D) multiple

Question 16

Felix is 12 months old, and in the strange-situation test he displays little distress when his mother leaves and ignores her when she returns.According to Ainsworth, which type of attachment relationship is Felix exhibiting?

Accepted Answer

A) resistant 
B) secure 
C) avoidant 
D) disorganized/disoriented 
A) resistant 
B) secure 
C) avoidant 
D) disorganized/disoriented

Question 17

Developing a secure attachment during infancy is associated with which of the following long-term outcomes?

Accepted Answer

A) better problem-solving skills and popularity with peers 
B) lack of autonomy and greater dependence on adults 
C) difficulties with identity formation 
D) poor peer sociability but high levels of academic success 
A) better problem-solving skills and popularity with peers 
B) lack of autonomy and greater dependence on adults 
C) difficulties with identity formation 
D) poor peer sociability but high levels of academic success

Question 18

Describe some of the characteristics that are seen in later childhood when a child has formed a resistant, avoidant, or disorganized/disoriented attachment with his or her caregivers during infancy.

Accepted Answer

Children who have formed a resistant att

Question 19

Identify and describe six characteristics parents should consider in evaluating the overall quality of a daycare facility for their children.

Accepted Answer

1. Safety and security measures: Parents

Question 20

Briefly outline the psychoanalytic theory of attachment formation.

Accepted Answer

Psychoanalytic theory of attachment form

Which of the following best summarizes the research findings regarding the stability of behavioural inhibition?

Daphne is 11 months old and her brother Nillson is 2 years old.On a recent visit their aunt brought her new puppy with her, and watched both children's reactions when she first set the puppy on the floor.Given your knowledge of social referencing, how did Daphne and Nillson respond?

According to research findings, which of the following has been proposed as the major contributor to quality of attachment?

According to cognitive-developmental theory, what milestone must be achieved before an infant can form an attachment to his or her primary caregiver?

According to working-models theory, what model do infants who form avoidant primary attachments construct?

According to the ethological viewpoint, why do stranger anxiety and separation anxiety become less intense during the second year?

Which of the following statements regarding cross-cultural influences on temperament is most accurate?

Describe the three temperamental profiles identified by Thomas and Chess, and indicate the proportion of children who fit each of these profiles.

A mother claims that her 8-month-old daughter sometimes hangs her head in shame and seems embarrassed when disciplined.According to recent research findings, is the mother's claim valid?

Compare and contrast the parental-leave policy in Canada with that of other countries.How does parental leave impact the parent-child relationship?

Describe some of the characteristics that are seen in later childhood when a child has formed a secure attachment with his or her caregivers during infancy.

Which of the following descriptions from recent research best characterizes the role of interactional synchronous exchanges?

How do newborn infants under the age of 6 weeks typically respond to social stimuli?

According to the ethological perspective, what is the basis for the development of attachment?

Felix is 12 months old, and in the strange-situation test he displays little distress when his mother leaves and ignores her when she returns.According to Ainsworth, which type of attachment relationship is Felix exhibiting?

Developing a secure attachment during infancy is associated with which of the following long-term outcomes?

Describe some of the characteristics that are seen in later childhood when a child has formed a resistant, avoidant, or disorganized/disoriented attachment with his or her caregivers during infancy.

Identify and describe six characteristics parents should consider in evaluating the overall quality of a daycare facility for their children.

Briefly outline the psychoanalytic theory of attachment formation.

Introduction to Developmental Psychology and Its Research Strategies

Theories of Human Development

Hereditary Influences on Development

Prenatal Development

Birth and the Newborns Readiness for Life

Physical Development: the Brain, Body, Motor Skills, and the Beginnings of Sexual Development

Early Cognitive Foundations: Sensation, Perception, and Learning

Cognitive Development: Piagets Theory, Cases Neo-Piagetian Theory, and Vygotskys Sociocultural Viewpoint

Cognitive Development: Information-Processing Perspectives and Connectionism

Intelligence: Measuring Mental Performance

Development of Language and Communication Skills

Development of the Self and Social Cognition

Sex Differences and Similarities, and Gender-Role Development

Moral Development and Aggression

The Family

Beyond the Family Context: Peers, Schools, and Media Technologies

Filters

Exam 12: Emotional Development, Temperament, and Attachment

Which of the following best summarizes the research findings regarding the stability of behavioural inhibition?

Daphne is 11 months old and her brother Nillson is 2 years old.On a recent visit their aunt brought her new puppy with her, and watched both children's reactions when she first set the puppy on the floor.Given your knowledge of social referencing, how did Daphne and Nillson respond?

According to research findings, which of the following has been proposed as the major contributor to quality of attachment?

According to cognitive-developmental theory, what milestone must be achieved before an infant can form an attachment to his or her primary caregiver?

According to working-models theory, what model do infants who form avoidant primary attachments construct?

According to the ethological viewpoint, why do stranger anxiety and separation anxiety become less intense during the second year?

Which of the following statements regarding cross-cultural influences on temperament is most accurate?

Describe the three temperamental profiles identified by Thomas and Chess, and indicate the proportion of children who fit each of these profiles.

A mother claims that her 8-month-old daughter sometimes hangs her head in shame and seems embarrassed when disciplined.According to recent research findings, is the mother's claim valid?

Compare and contrast the parental-leave policy in Canada with that of other countries.How does parental leave impact the parent-child relationship?

Describe some of the characteristics that are seen in later childhood when a child has formed a secure attachment with his or her caregivers during infancy.

Which of the following descriptions from recent research best characterizes the role of interactional synchronous exchanges?

How do newborn infants under the age of 6 weeks typically respond to social stimuli?

According to the ethological perspective, what is the basis for the development of attachment?

Felix is 12 months old, and in the strange-situation test he displays little distress when his mother leaves and ignores her when she returns.According to Ainsworth, which type of attachment relationship is Felix exhibiting?

Developing a secure attachment during infancy is associated with which of the following long-term outcomes?

Describe some of the characteristics that are seen in later childhood when a child has formed a resistant, avoidant, or disorganized/disoriented attachment with his or her caregivers during infancy.

Identify and describe six characteristics parents should consider in evaluating the overall quality of a daycare facility for their children.

Briefly outline the psychoanalytic theory of attachment formation.

Introduction to Developmental Psychology and Its Research Strategies

Theories of Human Development

Hereditary Influences on Development

Prenatal Development

Birth and the Newborns Readiness for Life

Physical Development: the Brain, Body, Motor Skills, and the Beginnings of Sexual Development

Early Cognitive Foundations: Sensation, Perception, and Learning

Cognitive Development: Piagets Theory, Cases Neo-Piagetian Theory, and Vygotskys Sociocultural Viewpoint

Cognitive Development: Information-Processing Perspectives and Connectionism

Intelligence: Measuring Mental Performance

Development of Language and Communication Skills

Development of the Self and Social Cognition

Sex Differences and Similarities, and Gender-Role Development

Moral Development and Aggression

The Family

Beyond the Family Context: Peers, Schools, and Media Technologies

Filters