Deck 18: Nutrition Through the Life Cycle: the Later Years

Question 1

The number of Aboriginal seniors in Canada is expected to ________ by 2016.

A)be cut in half
B)double
C)triple
D)quadruple

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Biologic age includes factors such as:

A)gender.
B)genetics.
C)smoking habits.
D)country of origin.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Vitamin B₁₂ requires ________ for optimal absorption.

A)iron
B)calcium
C)intrinsic factor
D)folate cofactor

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Aging is often associated with dysphagia, which is a:

A)slowing of the gastrointestinal tract.
B)difficulty swallowing foods.
C)decline in taste perception.
D)decrease in muscle strength.

Question 5

The fastest-growing Canadian population subgroup is:

A)adolescents.
B)young adults.
C)55- to 65-year-olds.
D)those 85 and older.

Question 6

Aging may be linked to a progressive accumulation of free radicals. This theory is categorized as:

A)an error theory of aging.
B)a programmed theory of aging.
C)a senescence theory of aging.
D)a lifespan theory of aging.

Question 7

In 2001, approximately ________ Canadians were 65 years of age or older.

A)two million
B)four million
C)six million
D)eight million

Question 8

Achlorhydria may lead to which of the following?

A)limited absorption of calcium
B)increased absorption of iron
C)increased absorption of zinc
D)limited digestion of carbohydrates

Question 9

It is estimated that by the year 2041, approximately ________ of Canadians will be over the age of 65 years.

A)10%
B)15%
C)25%
D)35%

Question 10

Rose is 85 years old and has lately been complaining that her food tastes abnormal. She notes that this has been the case since her doctor started her on a new medication. Rose likely has:

A)dysgeusia.
B)anorexia.
C)achlorhydria.
D)dysphagia.

Question 11

Which of the following individuals would have the longest life expectancy, assuming they are presently the same age?

A)a Caucasian female
B)a Caucasian male
C)an Aboriginal male
D)an Aboriginal female

Question 12

________ is used to describe the age-related processes that increase risk of disability, disease, and death.

A)Senescence
B)Pre-programmed aging
C)Theories of aging
D)Lifespan

Question 13

Life expectancy refers to:

A)the age to which the longest-living member of the species has lived.
B)the age to which every member of the species will live.
C)the expected number of years remaining in one's life.
D)the expected number of years one will live free of disability and disease.

Question 14

Excessive sunlight exposure increases one's ________ age.

A)chronologic
B)biologic
C)estimated
D)maturation

Question 15

Which of the following groups is at the LOWEST risk for lactose intolerance?

A)Caucasian
B)African American
C)Hispanic
D)Asian

Question 16

Which of the following statements is characteristic of body fat changes associated with aging?

A)Men gain more fat than women.
B)Percent body fat increases dramatically after the age of 70.
C)Body fat stores shift from subcutaneous stores to visceral sites.
D)Lean body mass increases after the age of 65 years.

Question 17

In 2010, the average life expectancy in Canada reached ________ years.

A)78.5
B)79.2
C)80.7
D)82.3

Question 18

According to research, a possible average human life span beyond ________ years is unlikely.

A)100-105
B)105-110
C)115-120
D)125-130

Question 19

Burt has recently been diagnosed with xerostomia. Which of the following foods would be most appropriate to serve at breakfast?

A)toast with peanut butter
B)granola cereal with milk
C)boiled eggs
D)applesauce

Question 20

Which type of exercise is the least beneficial in preventing bone mass loss?

A)walking
B)running
C)swimming
D)resistance training

Question 21

Inadequate intakes of vitamin B₁₂, vitamin B₆, and folate have been linked to an increased risk of which of the following diseases in some observational studies?

A)night blindness
B)depression
C)osteoporosis
D)liver failure

Question 22

________, also called the "dwindles," characterizes the complexity of age-related weight loss.

A)Senescence
B)The nine "Ds"
C)Geriatric failure-to-thrive
D)Osteoporosis

Question 23

A deficiency of folate and vitamin B₁₂ can result in increased serum homocysteine, thereby increasing the risk of:

A)osteoarthritis.
B)dementia.
C)age-related macular degeneration.
D)gum disease.

Question 24

The recommendation for fibre intake for older adults is less because:

A)they have diverticular disease.
B)their digestive tracts would be overwhelmed with high fibre.
C)they cannot swallow effectively.
D)they consume less energy.

Question 25

Providing ice chips to alleviate a dry mouth of a terminally ill patient is an example of ________ medical care.

A)holistic
B)palliative
C)general
D)fixed

Question 26

Ibuprofen and acetaminophen should not be taken along with ________ due to increased risk for liver damage.

A)coumadin
B)alcohol
C)soda
D)caffeine

Question 27

Mrs. White is a 70-year-old female. When looking at her diet analysis, you notice that her fat intake is 28% of her total energy intake. Based on this you conclude that:

A)Mrs. White needs to decrease her fat intake to 10%-15% of her total energy intake.
B)Mrs. White needs to decrease her fat intake to less than 20% of her total energy intake.
C)Mrs. White is in the recommended range of 20% to 35% of her total energy intake from fat.
D)Mrs. White needs to increase her fat intake to 35%-40% of her total energy intake.

Question 28

Which of the following micronutrients is a high priority for older adults?

A)vitamin A
B)vitamin E
C)calcium
D)sodium

Question 29

For which of the following nutrients does absorption increase with age?

A)iron
B)calcium
C)vitamin B₁₂
D)vitamin A

Question 30

The DRI for protein for the elderly is:

A)0)8 g/kg body weight per day.
B)1)0 g/kg body weight per day.
C)1)1 g/kg body weight per day.
D)1)2 g/kg body weight per day.

Question 31

A disease of the joints called ________ typically initiates in younger adults.

A)osteoporosis
B)osteoarthritis
C)rheumatoid arthritis
D)methotrexate

Question 32

The most common cause of food insecurity and hunger among older adults is:

A)availability of food.
B)ability to cook.
C)lack of income.
D)lack of interest.

Question 33

Which of the following would be the MOST appropriate high-protein food for an older adult suffering from gum disease?

A)BBQ steak
B)stewed chicken
C)almonds
D)applesauce

Question 34

Approximately 20-40% of adults aged 85 years and older have a slow, progressive form of dementia called:

A)Alzheimer's disease.
B)multiple sclerosis.
C)dysphasia.
D)senescence.

Question 35

The MOST common cause of blindness in the elderly in Canada is:

A)cataracts.
B)type 2 diabetes.
C)age-related macular degeneration.
D)Alzheimer's disease.

Question 36

Onset of osteoporosis in men is usually later in life compared to women because:

A)men typically have a higher peak bone density.
B)older men have very high vitamin D intakes.
C)men are more physically active than women.
D)men's biologic age increases less rapidly.

Question 37

Several research studies have investigated the relationship between a decreased energy intake and lifespan. This type of diet is referred to as:

A)the Atkins diet.
B)the Zone diet.
C)the low-carbohydrate diet.
D)caloric restriction.

Question 38

One of the most serious risks associated with osteoporosis is:

A)rapid weight loss.
B)increased hip fractures.
C)increased chronic pain.
D)decreased muscular strength.

Question 39

Which of the following factors increases the need for supplemental vitamin D?

A)sunscreen use
B)excessive sun exposure
C)drinking milk
D)calcium supplements

Question 40

Being slightly overweight is associated with a reduced risk of:

A)osteoporosis.
B)osteoarthritis.
C)cardiovascular disease.
D)type 2 diabetes.

Question 41

What would you say to someone from another country if they asked you about the change in quality of life of older Canadians ?

Question 42

A proponent of the Hayflick theory of aging would recommend which of the following diets to delay the effects of aging?

A)a diet high in antioxidant vitamins E and C to fight free-radicals
B)a diet adequate in protein, zinc, and iron to support the immune system
C)a diet high in vitamin C, selenium, and copper to reduce protein cross-linkages
D)no special dietary requirements; nutrition will not affect a cells reproductive lifespan

Question 43

The concurrent use of five or more medications is termed:

A)polypharmacy.
B)polymedicate.
C)multi-prescription.
D)multi-drug.

Question 44

An elderly patient comes to you with their caregiver and appears to be anxious and depressed. You note that they are also underweight and have not washed in quite a while. What would you expect is happening? Justify your response. What course of action could you take?

Question 45

A 72-year-old patient has been prescribed anticoagulant drugs. They are also taking a multivitamin/multimineral supplement designed for adults 19-50 years. What is a potential concern with this course of action?

A)Anticoagulant drugs increase an individual's vitamin E recommendation.
B)Anticoagulant drugs inhibit iron absorption; thereby, increasing iron recommendations.
C)Anticoagulant drugs can negatively interact with vitamin K.
D)No concerns; an adult multivitamin/multimineral supplement is appropriate.

Question 46

John's estimated energy expenditure at 25 years of age was 2 900 kilocalories per day. John is now 68 years old. Approximately what would be his estimated total daily energy expenditure assuming he follow the expected pattern?

A)2 420 kilocalories/day
B)2 470 kilocalories/day
C)2 564 kilocalories/day
D)2 599 kilocalories/day

Question 47

Iron needs in older females:

A)decrease to 8 mg/d because of the cessation of menstruation.
B)remain at 18 mg/d because the effects of cessation of menstruation are off-set by decreased absorption.
C)increase to 20 mg/d because of limited bioavailability.
D)increase to 27 mg/d because older females are not able to digest red meat.

Question 48

Yoshi is a 72-year-old man who has chronic mouth pain due to poorly fitted dentures. His primary care physician has referred Yoshi to you to guide him in healthy eating habits. What nutrition advice would you give to Yoshi?

Question 49

Mr Parker is a 68-year-old retired construction worker who has been smoking since he was twelve years of age and drinks an average of three beers per night. Mr Richards is a 68-year-old retired doctor who exercises daily and maintains a healthy body weight. Based on the information provided, who would have the greater biologic age? Justify your response.

Question 50

Researchers have identified a genetic mutation that prolongs the lifespan of certain laboratory animals called the ________ gene.

A)"Longevity"
B)"Lifespan Extending"
C)"I'm Not Dead Yet"
D)"I'll Live Longest"

Question 51

Mr. Liu is a 87-year-old male living in a home for the aged. You have been asked by his nurse to provide a recommendation for his vitamin D intake. How would you advise the nurse?

A)I would recommend he consume 15 ug/day.
B)I would recommend he consume 20 ug/day.
C)I would recommend he consume 40 ug/day.
D)I would recommend he consume 10 ug/d and be exposed to sunlight for 15 minutes per day.

Question 52

A friend asks you what nutrients an older adult is likely to be deficient in. Consider the typical nutrient intakes for older Canadians. How would you respond?

Question 53

Tai Chi and yoga:

A)should be restricted to individuals under the age of 65 years.
B)can help seniors improve their balance and reduce the risk of falls.
C)can help seniors improve their cardiovascular fitness.
D)should be limited to seniors with a high level of physical fitness to minimize the risk of injury.

Question 54

Anne is a 79-year-old female. Which of the following activities would be MOST effective to reduce sarcopenia?

A)walking
B)stretching
C)lifting light weights
D)swimming

Question 55

Your grandma has asked you to perform a nutritional analysis of her carbohydrate intakes. You note that she consumes 150 grams of carbohydrate per day, 30% of her total energy intake comes from sugars, and she consumes 18 grams of fibre. How would you advise your grandma regarding her carbohydrate intakes?

A)I would advise her to increase her total carbohydrate intakes to 160 grams per day and maintain her current fibre intake of 18 grams.
B)I would advise her to decrease her sugar intake to no more than 25% of total energy and increase her fibre intake to 21 grams.
C)I would advise her to decrease her sugar intake to less than 10% of total energy and maintain her current fibre intake of 18 grams.
D)I would advise her to maintain her sugar intake of 25% of total energy and increase her fibre intake to 30 grams per day.

Question 56

How would you advise an elderly female who is limiting her fluid intakes to 1.5 L per day because of her urinary incontinence?

Question 57

While performing a physical examination of an elderly female patient, a doctor measures her height and weight. According to the doctor's examination her BMI is 24 kg/m². The doctor, however, decides to measure her waist circumference and finds that it is 90 cm. Why would the doctor recommend weight loss in this case? Explain how a BMI and waist circumference measurement might lead to differing conclusions regarding health in the elderly.

Question 58

Imagine you have been asked to lobby for a community organization interested in starting a community-based food program for older adults. What are some possible arguments you could use in support of the program?

Question 59

An individual has recently been diagnosed with achlorhydria. Why would their doctor recommend a vitamin B₁₂ supplement?

Question 60

You have been asked to evaluate the protein intake for a 74-year-old male who currently weighs 67 kg. His diet analysis reveals he is consuming 48 grams of protein per day. What dietary changes would you recommend, if any?

Question 61

Edward is a 73-year-old male who has come to you for some nutritional advice. He has recently downloaded an application on his phone where he can track his diet and get a report. He would like to know what he should be consuming on a daily basis with respect to macronutrient and micronutrient intakes. He would also like to take a multivitamin/multimineral supplement and wants to know if this is advisable. If yes, he would like to know what he should be looking for in a supplement. He is also wondering if he should be taking any individual nutrient or non-traditional supplements. How would you advise him?

Question 62

Discuss the importance of body weight in the health of older adults. What barriers to a healthy body weight are common in older adults? What interventions are appropriate to help older adults achieve and maintain a healthy body weight?

Question 63

The manager of a seniors' residence has asked you to give a talk to her staff to provide information on the physiological changes that occur with aging and how these changes could impact the nutrient intakes of their patients. The seniors' residence is set up so the individuals can choose to eat prepared meals or prepare small meals in their suite. The manager also asks for some suggestions to improve nutrient intakes in the elderly. How would you respond?