Deck 12: Nutrients Involved in Bone Health

Question 1

Cheryl is a 40-year-old inactive female. Which of the following BEST describes the state of her bones?

A)Bone growth is occurring and the thickness of her bones is increasing.
B)Bone modeling is the primary process occurring and her bones are being shaped.
C)Bone resorption is occurring more rapidly than bone formation and her bone density is decreasing.
D)Bone resorption and bone formation are occurring at the same rate and her bone density is being maintained.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

In which of the following individuals would the bioavailability of calcium be the greatest?

A)a women who is seven months pregnant
B)an eight-month-old infant
C)a 15-year-old girl
D)a 67-year-old man

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Oxalic acid can inhibit the absorption of:

A)vitamin E.
B)thiamine.
C)calcium.
D)protein.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A T-score between -1 and 1 on a DEXA signifies:

A)lower than normal bone density.
B)osteoporosis.
C)normal bone density.
D)growing bone.

Question 5

Which of the following hormones are released when blood calcium levels fall?

A)parathyroid hormone
B)hydroxyapatite
C)calcitonin
D)thyroxin

Question 6

Which of the following is true concerning calcium?

A)Calcium's alkalinity assists in regulating acid-base balance.
B)Ninety-nine percent of calcium is found in the blood and soft tissue.
C)When blood calcium rises, osteoclasts will liberate calcium from the skeleton.
D)Calcium is a minor mineral.

Question 7

Beverly is a 75-year-old female who has had two bone fractures in the past 9 months due to falls. Which of the following tests would the doctor order to get an accurate assessment of her bone health?

A)quantitative ultrasound technique
B)dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
C)hydrostatic weighing
D)computed axial tomography

Question 8

Calcium is primarily absorbed from which area of the intestinal tract?

A)mouth
B)stomach
C)duodenum
D)ileum

Question 9

Which organic protein is responsible for the bone matrix that hydroxyapatite binds to?

A)titin
B)collagen
C)hemoglobin
D)trabecular bone

Question 10

Mineral makes up approximately what percentage of bone?

A)25%
B)35%
C)50%
D)65%

Question 11

When does bone growth and modeling start?

A)during fetal development
B)at birth
C)during infancy
D)during childhood

Question 12

This hormone is secreted by the thyroid gland when blood levels of calcium rise.

A)calcitonin
B)thyroxin
C)parathyroid hormone
D)pre-vitamin D

Question 13

Margaret's doctor is concerned about her bone mineral density. The doctor orders a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry test. The results of the test indicate that Margaret's T-score is -3.5. How would you classify Margaret based on this test?

A)She has a healthy bone density.
B)She has a high bone density.
C)She has a low bone density and is at risk for fractures.
D)She has osteoporosis.

Question 14

________ refers to the two-step process in which bone tissue is recycled.

A)Bone growth
B)Bone modeling
C)Bone remodeling
D)Bone regeneration

Question 15

Eighty percent of bone is made up of:

A)spongy bone.
B)collagen fibres.
C)cortical bone.
D)trabecular bone.

Question 16

Peak bone mass is typically achieved by what age?

A)2 years
B)puberty
C)21 years
D)30 years

Question 17

The compact bone that makes up the outer surface of bone is called:

A)cortical.
B)spongy.
C)collagen.
D)trabecular.

Question 18

The minerals that form bone are collectively called:

A)collagens.
B)hydroxyapatite crystals.
C)trabeculars.
D)cortical bones.

Question 19

In addition to proper growth and development, bone remodeling is critical in maintaining:

A)blood glucose levels.
B)blood calcium levels.
C)blood coagulation.
D)blood iron levels.

Question 20

Bone cells that are responsible for resorption of bone tissue are called:

A)osteoclasts.
B)corticals.
C)osteoblasts.
D)trabeculars.

Question 21

Vitamin K's primary role in the body is:

A)muscle contraction.
B)enzyme action.
C)nerve transmission.
D)blood clotting.

Question 22

Formed in our bones, hydroxyapatite crystals are mineral complexes comprised of calcium and:

A)sodium.
B)chloride.
C)phosphorus.
D)vitamin K.

Question 23

A vitamin D deficiency in adults may lead to:

A)hypocalcemia.
B)rickets.
C)osteomalacia.
D)calcium deposits.

Question 24

Which organ is responsible for converting calcidiol to calcitriol?

A)parathyroid
B)liver
C)kidneys
D)gallbladder

Question 25

Individuals who have diseases that result in the malabsorption of ________ are at risk for a vitamin D deficiency.

A)carbohydrate
B)fat
C)minerals
D)protein

Question 26

Vitamin D toxicity is associated with:

A)sunburns.
B)suntan lotions.
C)seafood.
D)supplements.

Question 27

At the drug store, a customer asks you to help them figure out which vitamin D supplement they need. Their doctor has told them to buy a supplement providing 1 000 International Units of vitamin D but all of the supplement bottles have the amounts listed in micrograms. How many micrograms does the customer need to equal 1 000 International Units?

A)10
B)25
C)40
D)100

Question 28

Vitamin K is absorbed from the intestines and is transported by the ________ along with triglycerides.

A)hepatic portal system
B)chylomicrons
C)bile
D)cholesterol

Question 29

You are reviewing a diet analysis report for a 45-year-old male with magnesium intakes of 250 mg/d. Which of the following foods would you recommend he consume more of?

A)green leafy vegetables
B)citrus fruits
C)French fries and onion rings
D)soft drinks and fruit juices

Question 30

Most of the body's phosphorus is stored in:

A)the liver.
B)the adipose tissue.
C)the bones.
D)the kidneys.

Question 31

Which is our primary dietary source of vitamin D?

A)seafood
B)chicken
C)green leafy vegetables
D)milk

Question 32

Emma is a four-year-old girl whose mother is very concerned about the risk of skin cancer. She always ensures that Emma is well protected from the sun when she takes her outside. Protecting the skin from ultra violet rays is important; however, what disease is Emma at an increased risk for if her skin is never exposed to sunlight?

A)rickets
B)osteocalcemia
C)osteoporosis
D)hypocalcemia

Question 33

Which of the following plant sources of calcium has the lowest bioavailability?

A)kale
B)spinach
C)broccoli
D)Brussels sprouts

Question 34

Which of the following is MOST likely to occur if you were to consume too much calcium via the diet?

A)You would experience hypercalcemia.
B)You would begin to produce kidney stones.
C)Your gastrointestinal tract would limit the absorption of other minerals.
D)Calcium deposits would accumulate in the soft tissues of the body.

Question 35

Vitamin K serves as a(n)________ to various enzymes involved in the coagulation of blood.

A)inhibitor
B)coenzyme
C)antagonist
D)carrier

Question 36

Newborn infants receive a single injection of vitamin K at birth due to the fact that:

A)newborns do not have enough bacteria in their small intestine to make vitamin K.
B)breast milk is a poor source of vitamin K.
C)the trauma of labor and delivery depletes the newborn's vitamin K stores.
D)newborns cannot absorb any of the vitamin K from breast milk or formula.

Question 37

The kidneys are important for regulating the body's phosphorous levels. Individuals with kidney disease can end up with high phosphate levels in the blood. In this case, the doctor may recommend a low phosphorous diet. Which of the following would an individual trying to consume a diet low in phosphorus avoid?

A)regular cola
B)apples
C)white rice
D)strawberry jam

Question 38

Which of the following nutrients increases the absorption rate of calcium?

A)iron
B)vitamin D
C)zinc
D)phosphorus

Question 39

Who is at most risk for vitamin D deficiency?

A)a young man living near the equator
B)a middle-aged woman living in Alaska
C)a child living in southern California.
D)a middle-aged woman living in Florida

Question 40

Assuming equal serving sizes, which of the following foods would be the poorest source of calcium?

A)skim milk
B)whole milk
C)cheddar cheese
D)cottage cheese

Question 41

Colby is a four-year-old boy who loves to brush his teeth because of the bubble gum flavoured, fluoride-containing toothpaste his mom buys. He often tries to eat large amounts of the toothpaste before bed. Should his mother discourage this habit? Why or why not?

Question 42

Dowager's hump is one characteristic of:

A)fluorosis.
B)osteoporosis.
C)rickets.
D)the female athlete triad.

Question 43

You have recently been to a natural science museum and observed several skeletons. Explain how your bones would differ from the skeletons. Why are those differences important? Consider the functions of bone in your response.

Question 44

Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor that increases one's chances of developing osteoporosis?

A)Caucasian heritage
B)female gender
C)smoking
D)increased age

Question 45

Would you recommend someone take vitamin K supplements to reduce their risk of osteoporosis.? Why or why not?

Question 46

Your grandma has just returned from the clinic with the results of her dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)scan. Her T-score was -2.4. She is confused as she does not know what the T-score is and what the number means. How would you explain her results to her?

Question 47

The RDA for vitamin D is set based on the assumption that the individual does not get enough sun. Do you agree or disagree with this decision? Justify your response including information regarding vitamin D production by the body.

Question 48

Approximately one in three Canadian women will develop osteoporosis as compared to one in five men. Provide some possible explanations as to why there is a gender difference in osteoporosis rates?

Question 49

Mary is 60 years old and at risk for osteoporosis. Which of the following dietary supplements would be the MOST helpful to minimize bone loss?

A)magnesium and fluoride
B)vitamin K and fluoride
C)calcium and phosphorus
D)calcium and vitamin D

Question 50

Shawn is a 32-year-old male who is consuming 450 mg of magnesium every day from a diet high in whole grains, seeds, nuts, and legumes. Are changes to his magnesium intake necessary? Why or why not?

Question 51

How can we increase our absorption of dietary magnesium?

A)eat a high-fiber diet
B)eat a high-carbohydrate diet
C)eat a high-protein diet
D)eat a high-fat diet

Question 52

In which phase of the life cycle is bone loss the greatest?

A)puberty
B)pregnancy
C)lactation
D)menopause

Question 53

Individuals who undergo a form of weight-loss surgery called a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass have a reduction in calcium absorption and an increase in markers of bone resorption. What effect would this have on their bone density? Consider the role of calcium in the body in your response.

Question 54

What is the primary reason osteoporosis incidence in the Canada is expected to increase?

A)inadequate treatment options
B)increased diagnostic tools
C)increased longevity of the population
D)decline in milk consumption

Question 55

Compare and contrast cortical bone and trabecular bone.

Question 56

Fluorosis is associated with:

A)insufficient intake of calcium.
B)consuming too much fluoride.
C)Alzheimer's disease.
D)osteoporosis.

Question 57

One source of magnesium toxicity is:

A)antacids.
B)processed foods.
C)red meat.
D)soft drinks.

Question 58

The majority of our body's fluoride is stored in the:

A)liver.
B)adipose tissue.
C)skeleton.
D)interstitial fluid.

Question 59

Which of the following individuals is at the lowest risk for osteoporosis?

A)a thin, elderly male
B)an overweight female in her 20s
C)a petite Asian female in her 50s
D)a thin Caucasian female in her 40s

Question 60

Your mother is concerned about her bone mineral density and is considering using hormone replacement therapy. Outline the risks and benefits of hormone replacement therapy to help her make an informed decision.

Question 61

Janice is a 50-year-old female living in Winnipeg, Manitoba. She has just been to visit her elderly mother who is in assisted living. Her mother has had to move there from her apartment because of a hip fracture that occurred when she fell down last summer. The doctor has explained to Janice that her mother has osteoporosis. Currently Janice smokes and is physically inactive. When questioned about her diet she explains that she relies on take-out and processed foods because she lives on her own. Janice consumes six cups of coffee a day, two diet colas, and no dairy products. She does not drink alcohol on a regular basis, however, will have the occasional glass of wine. Evaluate Janice's risk for osteoporosis including both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Suggest some changes that would help Janice decrease her risk for osteoporosis.

Question 62

Aisha is a 21 year-old, long-distance runner. She is underweight and has stopped menstruating. Her total energy intake is 500 kilocalories below her recommended intake. Her average calcium intake is 800 mg/day and her average vitamin D intake is 5 ug/day. Aisha also has lactose intolerance. Provide a likely explanation for why Aisha is no longer menstruating. Explain how this can impact her long-term bone health. Provide Aisha with some dietary suggestions to improve her nutrient intakes. Include a discussion on the bioavailability of nutrients in your dietary recommendations. If Aisha were to consider supplements, which would be the best choice?

Question 63

Compare and contrast the different stages of bone growth in a five-year-old child, a 20-year-old, and a 45-year-old. Include an explanation of bone modeling in your response.