Deck 9: Social Reaction and Critical Models of Crime

Question 1

This type of conflict theory argues that a multitude of groups must compete on a relatively fair playing field.

A)idealistic
B)pluralistic
C)communistic
D)border culture conflict

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT likely to lead to an offender experiencing the self-fulfilling prophecy?

A)increasing the frequency of their illegal activity
B)increasing the seriousness of their illegal activity
C)confirming their status as criminals or delinquents
D)trying to become an upstanding citizen

Answer 2

D

Question 3

______ was NOT among the policies that became popular during the 1960s and early 1970s.

A)dramatization
B)decriminalization
C)deinstitutionalization
D)diversion

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The dramatization of evil typically occurs when ______ are arrested and charged with their first offense.

A)young adults
B)youth
C)adults
D)elderly

Question 5

______ proposed that even the crimes committed by the upper-class are caused by capitalism.

A)Bonger
B)Marx
C)Quinney
D)Walton

Question 6

______ said that a person's sense of self is constantly constructed and reconstructed through the various social interactions a person has on a daily basis.

A)Marx
B)Sellin
C)Cooley
D)Mead

Question 7

______ believed that law is used as a mechanism by which the middle- or upper-class maintains their dominance over the lower-class.

A)Marx
B)Sellin
C)Tannenbaum
D)Mead

Question 8

In ______, offending is often more violent and far more frequent.

A)primary deviance
B)secondary deviance
C)tertiary deviance
D)principle deviance

Question 9

Which of the following does NOT describe primary deviance?

A)infrequent
B)nonviolent
C)violent
D)just happened to be caught by police

Question 10

During the ______ and ______, social reaction/labeling theories, as well as the various critical/conflict theories, became popular.

A)1950s; early 1960s
B)1980s; early 1970
C)1960s; early 1970s
D)1940s; early 1950s

Question 11

______ theory was based on seminal work by George Mead and Charles Cooley.

A)Labeling
B)Control
C)Social disorganization
D)Marxist

Question 12

Quinney claimed that the elite commit crimes in order to do all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A)keep the lower classes down
B)protect their property
C)protect their wealth
D)show off to their peers

Question 13

The ______ make up the lower-class in society.

A)bourgeoisie
B)neo-Marxists
C)proletariat
D)homeless

Question 14

______ theories focus on the fact that people from lower classes are arrested and charged with crimes at a disproportionate rate.

A)Control
B)Labeling
C)Marxist
D)Conflict

Question 15

______ was a prominent neo-Marxist theorist in the U.S.

A)Taylor
B)Quinney
C)Walton
D)Young

Question 16

Who coined the term dramatization of evil?

A)Marx
B)Sellin
C)Tannenbaum
D)Mead

Question 17

______ theory is primarily concerned with how an individual's personal identity is highly influenced by the way society or authority tends to categorize them as offenders.

A)Labeling
B)Control
C)Social disorganization
D)Feminist

Question 18

Labeling theory is also referred to as ______.

A)categorization theory
B)social reaction theory
C)critical theory
D)conflict theory

Question 19

______ theories of crime focus on the fact that people from the lower classes are arrested and charged with crimes at a disproportionate rate.

A)Labeling
B)Control
C)Social disorganization
D)Marxist

Question 20

According to Marxist theory, law is used as a tool to protect the economic interests and holdings of the ______.

A)bourgeoisie
B)criminals
C)proletariat
D)neo-Marxist

Question 21

Labeling theory assumes all societies are in a process of constant change.

Question 22

______ refers to reducing the criminality of certain illegal activities.

A)Dramatization
B)Decriminalization
C)Deinstitutionalization
D)Diversion

Question 23

______ claims that recidivism can be reduced by limiting stigmatization by authorities and society.

A)Labeling
B)Control
C)Social disorganization
D)Marxist

Question 24

______ theories of crime assume that all societies are in a process of constant change and that this dynamic process creates conflicts among various societal groups.

A)Labeling
B)Conflict
C)Social disorganization
D)Marxist

Question 25

Ted Kaczynski was known as the ______.

A)Zodiac Killer
B)Human Dracula
C)Unabomber
D)Casanova Killer

Question 26

______ applied Marxist and conflict perspectives, as well as numerous other types of models, to study the state of cultural diversity in industrial societies.

A)Sellin
B)Vold
C)Cooley
D)Quinney

Question 27

______ assumed that the competition for power among various groups in society is the primary cause of crime.

A)Vold
B)Selling
C)Turk
D)Marx

Question 28

Selling stated that ______ is the result of laws being enacted that represent the interests of only the dominant group.

A)pluralistic culture conflict
B)elite culture conflict
C)communistic culture conflict
D)border culture conflict

Question 29

Which of these policies is NOT evolved from social reaction and labeling theory?

A)diversion
B)decriminalization
C)dilution
D)deinstitutionalization

Question 30

______ presented a theoretical model that claims that delinquency and crime are the result of problematic parenting.

A)Colvin and Pauly
B)Walton and Young
C)Ellis and Walsh
D)Akers and Sellers

Question 31

Some critics of Vold's research claimed that he put too little emphasis on the ______ and too much on the ______.

A)creation of laws; enforcement of laws
B)enforcement of laws; creation of laws
C)creation of laws; processing of laws
D)enforcement of laws; processing of laws

Question 32

More modern frameworks (concerning Marxist theories) place more emphasis on factors that stem from ______.

A)socialism
B)capitalism
C)fascism
D)democracy

Question 33

The bulk of policies that have been derived from ______ have emphasized attempting to make laws, enforcement, and processing through the justice system more equitable in terms of social class.

A)conflict theories
B)control theories
C)Marxist theories
D)labeling theories

Question 34

______ involves trying to get cases out of the formal justice system as soon as possible.

A)Dramatization
B)Decriminalization
C)Deinstitutionalization
D)Diversion

Question 35

During the 1950s, society was looking for theories that placed the blame of criminal offending on government authorities, either the police or societal institutions like the economic structure or class structure.

Question 36

Recently, ______ policies have been less attractive to authorities and politicians who want to be seen as hard on criminal offenders so they will be elected or retained in office.

A)hands-on
B)hands-off
C)head-on
D)head-first

Question 37

______ said that a person's sense of self is constantly constructed and reconstructed through the various social interactions a person has on a daily basis.

A)Marx
B)Bonger
C)Sellin
D)Mead

Question 38

Willem Bonger thought crime resulted because capitalism caused a difference in the way individuals felt about society and their place in it.

Question 39

Conflict theory assumes that there is a tendency to put negative labels on lower-class individuals or minorities as offenders significantly more often that on middle- or upper-class white people.

Question 40

The bourgeoisie are the ruling class in a country without a ruling aristocracy.

Question 41

Labeling theory is also referred to as social reaction theory.

Question 42

If a label or stigma is not placed on a young or first-time offender, then the more serious and frequent offending of secondary deviance will not take place.

Question 43

Studies have shown more support for the influence of formal labeling on individuals' behavior.

Question 44

According to Marx, the more unequal the balance of power, the worse the conflict tends to be.

Question 45

Karl Marx believed that a certain level of conflict among groups can be very beneficial because it reminds citizens to consider whether the status quo or conventional standards can be improved.

Question 46

Labeling theory perspective assumes that people who are labeled offenders have virtually no choice but to conform to the role they have been assigned by society.

Question 47

What is the difference between primary and secondary deviance?

Question 48

Primary deviance is usually nonviolent and infrequent.

Question 49

Sellin believed that minority groups that break off from the mainstream will establish their own norms.

Question 50

Labeling theory was based on seminal work by Cooley and Marx.

Question 51

Self-fulfilling prophecy results for individuals confirming their status as criminals or delinquents by increasing the frequency or seriousness of their illegal activity.

Question 52

Vold claimed that people are naturally social and form groups out of shared needs, values and interests.

Question 53

An individual must be caught and labeled before primary deviance occurs.

Question 54

Marx claimed that law is used to prevent the lower classes from gaining access to financial resources.

Question 55

Explain Marxist theories of crime.

Question 56

What is the difference between decriminalization and diversion?

Question 57

There were 232 items on Ted Kaczynski's manifesto.

Question 58

How does the label "delinquent" influence future criminal behavior.

Question 59

Describe the influence that Marx had on conflict theories of crime.

Question 60

Critics of labeling theory claim that it promotes lenient and ineffective sentencing.