Exam 9: Social Reaction and Critical Models of Crime

______ theory was based on seminal work by George Mead and Charles Cooley.

______ refers to reducing the criminality of certain illegal activities.

Primary deviance is usually nonviolent and infrequent.

Which of the following is NOT likely to lead to an offender experiencing the self-fulfilling prophecy?

The bulk of policies that have been derived from ______ have emphasized attempting to make laws, enforcement, and processing through the justice system more equitable in terms of social class.

______ said that a person's sense of self is constantly constructed and reconstructed through the various social interactions a person has on a daily basis.

The ______ make up the lower-class in society.

Sellin believed that minority groups that break off from the mainstream will establish their own norms.

______ said that a person's sense of self is constantly constructed and reconstructed through the various social interactions a person has on a daily basis.

In ______, offending is often more violent and far more frequent.

Marx claimed that law is used to prevent the lower classes from gaining access to financial resources.

This type of conflict theory argues that a multitude of groups must compete on a relatively fair playing field.

______ applied Marxist and conflict perspectives, as well as numerous other types of models, to study the state of cultural diversity in industrial societies.

Labeling theory assumes all societies are in a process of constant change.

______ theories focus on the fact that people from lower classes are arrested and charged with crimes at a disproportionate rate.

______ involves trying to get cases out of the formal justice system as soon as possible.

Explain Marxist theories of crime.

Conflict theory assumes that there is a tendency to put negative labels on lower-class individuals or minorities as offenders significantly more often that on middle- or upper-class white people.

Studies have shown more support for the influence of formal labeling on individuals' behavior.

The bourgeoisie are the ruling class in a country without a ruling aristocracy.