Deck 13: Expertise and Creativity

Question 1

Pragmatic reasoning schemata are

A)general knowledge structures that evaluate practical situations.
B)specific knowledge structures that evaluate practical situations.
C)general knowledge structures that contain sequences of events.
D)specific knowledge structures that contain sequences of events.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Seeking permission and fulfilling an obligation are examples of

A)using abstract conditional rules in reasoning.
B)using specific, concrete situations in reasoning.
C)using pragmatic reasoning schema.
D)using the image theory of decision making.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Gardner (1983) argued that exceptional performance results from a close match between the individual's intelligence profile and the demands of the particular task. Which approach to the study of expertise does this reflect?

A)the information processing approach
C)the ecological approach
B)the abilities approach
D)the associationist approach

Answer 3

B

Question 4

A comparison of how people wrote computer programs suggested that planning is most likely to be used by a person with

A)no knowledge of the specific task.
B)partial knowledge of the task.
C)a detailed knowledge of the correct solution.
D)All three should show equivalent amounts of planning.

Question 5

Robert Sternberg (1998) has argued that abilities reflect developing expertise. The important implication of this is that

A)the development of expertise should be correlated with chronological age.
B)abilities, like expertise, can be taught.
C)the development of expertise should be correlated with mental age.
D)mental age in a particular domain is best estimated by experts in that domain.

Question 6

According to Ericsson and Charness, the two dominant approaches to the study of expertise are

A)the information processing approach and the associationist approach.
B)the knowledge approach and the operational approach.
C)the genetic approach and the environmental approach.
D)the information processing approach and the ability approach.

Question 7

The findings of Wason and Johnson-Laird suggest that people usually

A)correctly test abstract logical statements by searching for confirming evidence.
B)correctly test abstract logical statements by searching for disconfirming evidence.
C)incorrectly test abstract logical statements by searching for confirming evidence.
D)incorrectly test abstract logical statements by searching for disconfirming evidence.

Question 8

If told that there is a number on one side of a card and a letter on the other side, which of the cards (X, Y, 4, 5) must you turn over to evaluate the rule 'If there is X on one side of the card, then there is a 4 on the other side'?

A)X and Y
C)X and 5
B)X and 4
D)X only

Question 9

The findings from Silver's (1981) study of the categorization of math problems in seventh graders indicates

A)good math problem solvers categorized the problems on the basis of content.
B)good math problem solvers categorized the problems on the basis of structure.
C)good math problem solvers categorized the problems on the basis of familiarity.
D)None of these

Question 10

The two forms of reasoning in Sloman's dual process theory of reasoning are

A)associative reasoning and probabilistic reasoning.
B)associative reasoning and rule-based reasoning.
C)analogical reasoning and inductive reasoning.
D)analogical reasoning and categorical reasoning.

Question 11

In Gick's general model of solving problems, activation of a schema next allows the problem solver to

A)construct a representation.
C)use a general strategy.
B)search for a solution.
D)implement a solution.

Question 12

Which statement should be the easiest to evaluate if we use pragmatic reasoning schema?

A)If a bird builds its nest on the ground, then it has a red wing.
B)If there is an A on one side, then there is a 2 on the other side.
C)If an employee is injured, then the company must pay compensation.
D)If we go to Birmingham, then we could go by train.

Question 13

Which statement best describes how problem-solving ability influences how seventh-grade students classify algebra word problems?

A)Good problem solvers use mathematical structure and poor problem solvers use story context.
B)Good problem solvers use story context and poor problem solvers use mathematical structure.
C)Both groups use mathematical structure.
D)Both groups use story context.

Question 14

Griggs and Cox's memory retrieval explanation of conditional reasoning was supported by their finding that American subjects performed better on a concrete task if it required

A)evaluating a postal rule.
B)evaluating a drinking-age rule.
C)Both evaluating a postal and a drinking-age rule
D)Neither evaluating a postal nor a drinking-age rule

Question 15

Our ability to reason and solve problems is influenced by all except

A)the familiarity of the material.
C)expertise.
B)how abstract the material is.
D)the capacity of LTM.

Question 16

Which of the following was a factor in people's ability to solve the four-card selection problem?

A)the abstract nature of the problem
C)availability heuristic
B)memory capacity
D)means-end analysis

Question 17

When novice physics students were asked to sort problems into categories based on common solutions they formed categories based on

A)inclined planes and springs.
B)inclined planes and the conservation-of-energy law.
C)springs and Newton's second law.
D)conservation-of-energy law and Newton's second law.

Question 18

Which of the following is not a major stage in Gick's model of problem solving?

A)construct a representation
C)retrieve information from STM
B)search for a solution
D)implement a solution

Question 19

Which of the following is used in a rule-based system of reasoning?

A)symbol manipulation
C)similarity
B)intuition
D)associations

Question 20

Sternberg (1998) lists several characteristics of expertise. Which is not one of those listed?

A)a strong need for recognition
B)large, rich schemas with a great amount of declarative knowledge about the domain
C)spending a greater portion of their time determining how to represent problems before searching for a solution
D)having schemas that contain procedural knowledge about strategies for solving the problem

Question 21

The most successful condition for stimulating the invention of creative products occurred when the instructions specified

A)a particular category.
B)a set of parts.
C)Both a particular category and a set of parts
D)Neither a particular category nor a set of parts

Question 22

Novices are more likely to use ___ while experts are more likely to use ___.

A)work forward; work backward
C)availability heuristic; satisficing search
B)work backward; means-end analysis
D)means-end analysis; work forward

Question 23

According to Weisberg's 'myth of genius' view, creative discoveries depend on

A)a sudden leap of insight.
C)building on past work.
B)unconscious illumination.
D)All of these

Question 24

In Anderson's ACT theory, procedural knowledge consists of a set of production rules. These generally take which of the following forms?

A)Test-Operate-Test-Exit
B)Produce output, Assess impact, Revise plan, Produce new output
C)If a condition is met, then perform the action.
D)If an action occurs, then associate it with the stimulus that produced it.

Question 25

Preinventive forms are products that

A)are discarded as unpromising.
B)do not result in creative inventions.
C)are generated before their use is determined.
D)were previously invented by someone else.

Question 26

A disadvantage in showing people examples before asking them to generate unusual products is that people

A)ignore the examples.
B)spend too much time studying the examples.
C)produce products that are too similar to the examples.
D)produce products that are too different from the examples.

Question 27

The name, Geneplore model, is based on the important role that _____ play(s) in the initial stages of invention.

A)genes
C)genius
B)generation
D)genesis

Question 28

Which kind of knowledge emphasizes the 'how to' knowledge that focuses on the correct sequence of actions?

A)declarative
C)demonstrative
B)procedural
D)representative

Question 29

Solving for a variety of unknowns, rather than a single unknown, encourages use of a _____ strategy.

A)subgoal
C)working forward
B)means/end
D)balance

Question 30

The Geneplore model might be criticized for ignoring

A)the generation of preinventive structures.
B)the exploration of preinventive structures.
C)product constraints.
D)the effect of goals on guiding the initial generations.

Question 31

When subjects were given a verbal description to design new creatures (Smith, Ward and Schumacher, 1993), they performed most creatively when

A)they were also given several visual examples to begin with.
B)they were not given any visual examples.
C)they were allowed to talk through the process.
D)they were first given preinventive forms.

Question 32

Declarative knowledge is to _____ as procedural knowledge is to _____.

A)facts; relating acts to goals
C)categories; concepts
B)ideas; relationships
D)work backwards; work forwards

Question 33

Which is not one of the theoretical assumptions underlying the construction of the LISP tutor?

A)Skills can be decomposed into a set of production rules.
B)Production rules are organized by a hierarchical goal structure.
C)Knowledge begins as procedural knowledge.
D)Solving problems requires more than being told about how to solve problems.

Question 34

In his study of how students solve motion problems, Sweller found that fewer steps were taken by

A)students in the goal group, who used a working forward strategy.
B)students in the goal group, who used a means-end strategy.
C)students in the nongoal group, who used a working forward strategy.
D)students in the nongoal group, who used a means-end strategy.

Question 35

Creativity implies that solutions are

A)correct and complete.
C)expert and intuitively obvious.
B)thorough and elegant.
D)novel and useful.

Question 36

A production rule specifies a

A)prerequisite action for satisfying a specific condition.
B)prerequisite condition for carrying out an action.
C)prerequisite knowledge state for reasoning about a conditional rule.
D)prerequisite knowledge state for producing a conditional rule.

Question 37

The close similarity between a previous example and a solution should be emphasized in

A)routine problem solving.
C)Both a and b
B)producing a creative product.
D)Neither a nor b

Question 38

A difference in strategy between novice physics students and experts is that experts

A)create subgoals.
C)use a working-forward strategy.
B)use means/end analysis.
D)use a balance strategy.

Question 39

One major difference between the study of expertise and the study of creativity is that

A)there is no sound method for measuring creativity.
B)creative solutions must be novel, as well as useful.
C)examples facilitate creative solutions more than the development of expertise.
D)All of these

Question 40

A difference in biographical and laboratory studies of creativity is that laboratory studies de-emphasize the importance of

A)expertise.
C)novel solutions.
B)IQ.
D)useful solutions.

Question 41

Anderson has extended his ACT model to specify the construction of a computer tutor. What are the assumptions underlying the tutor?

Question 42

How are highly creative people's thought processes different from those of less-creative people? Which thought processes apply to you? Give a specific example.

Question 43

Preinventive forms that were not categorized prior to subjects using them yielded the least creative responses.

Question 44

Novices tend to use content to categorize problems while experts tend to use structure.

Question 45

Memory-retrieval explanation of the four-card selection problem suggests that people solve reasoning problems about familiar situations by retrieving specific examples from memory.

Question 46

Inadvertent plagiarism is intentionally copying someone else's ideas.

Question 47

Describe and discuss the major distinctions between novices and experts.

Question 48

Discuss the Geneplore model of creativity.

Question 49

What are the factors limiting creativity? How can you overcome them?

Question 50

Discuss Sternberg's characteristics of expertise. Which of these do you use most often and find most helpful?

Question 51

Compare and contrast logical and analogical reasoning.

Question 52

An example of domain-specific knowledge would be found in the missionaries and cannibals problem.

Question 53

What steps can you take to make yourself a more expert student of cognition?

Question 54

ACT contains assumptions about both declarative and procedural knowledge.

Question 55

Working forward is a strategy used by experts in solving problems.

Question 56

Two examples of pragmatic reasoning schemata are permission schemata and request schema.

Question 57

The Geneplore model is a generation-exploration model.

Question 58

Discuss the following statement: Creativity can be thought of as a case of problem solving.

Question 59

Draw and explain Gick's (1986) schematic diagram of the problem solving process.

Question 60

People tend to test abstract logical statements by seeking confirmatory evidence.