Deck 4: Community Corrections Probation and Intermediate Sanctions

Question 1

From the 1940s through the 1960s, leaders of probation and other correctional branches throughout the United States embraced a medical model, focusing primarily on the treatment of the offender.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

When both the requirements of supervision and the surveillance of offenders increase, more violations are detected
and more probationers face revocation of probation.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Today in the United States, nongovernment agencies can also be used to administer community corrections programs.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Compared to other Western democracies, the United States makes little use of fines as the sole punishment for crimes more serious than motor vehicle violations.

Question 5

A drug court is an example of a specialized court.

Question 6

__________, a Boston boot-maker, was the first recorded probation officer in the United States, dating back to 1841.

A) Elam Lynds
B) Jeremy Bentham
C) John Augustus
D) John Howard

Question 7

According to recent criminological studies, prison has been quite successful at changing people for the better.

Question 8

Under home confinement, offenders can carry out their sentence of incarceration only in their homes; no variations
are possible.

Question 9

Probation is for nonserious crimes.

Question 10

There are currently three different types of electronic monitoring devices that are used throughout the United States: active, passive, and reactive.

Question 11

Intermediate sanctions are used for offenders coming out of prison.

Question 12

The law enforcement role of probation emphasizes surveillance of the offender and close controls on behavior.

Question 13

The goal of __________ is to minimize the probability that an offender will commit a new offense, especially by applying tight controls over the probationer's activities and maintaining careful surveillance.

A) risk management
B) treatment management
C) split sentencing
D) community justice

Question 14

The nation's first full-time probation officer and creator of the actual term probation was Alexander Maconochie.

Question 15

One common problem with intermediate sanctions programs is that many in the field believe these programs lead to increasing the number of offenders who are unnecessarily controlled by the government.

Question 16

The new correctional professional is less accountable for decision making.

Question 17

Under the continuum of sanctions, offenders are moved based on their degree of response to correctional programs.

Question 18

It costs U.S. taxpayers almost twice as much to have a person placed on probation than to incarcerate them in a prison or jail cell.

Question 19

The nation's first probation agencies were units of the judicial branches of city and county governments and were primarily found in the southern United States.

Question 20

When looking at the use of intermediate sanctions, the only factor considered is the crime the offender committed.

Question 21

Between 1200 and 1827, English common law used the benefit of clergy to discriminate __________.

A) against the upper social classes
B) against minorities
C) in favor of monks, nuns, and priests
D) in favor of the upper social classes

Question 22

According to your authors, the two most common types of intermediate sanctions used to lessen prison overcrowding in the United States are __________ and boot camps.

A) intensive supervised probation
B) home confinement
C) shock incarceration
D) community service

Question 23

Government seizure of property and other assets derived from or used in criminal activity is called __________.

A) day fine
B) forfeiture
C) assessed valuation
D) recidivism

Question 24

Which of the following was NOT an innovation initially developed by John Augustus?

A) parole
B) probation
C) supervision conditions
D) presentence investigation

Question 25

Probation granted under conditions of strict reporting to a probation officer with a limited caseload is known as ___________________.

A) PSI
B) ISP
C) SIP
D) IPS

Question 26

All of the following are ways in which those convicted in the United States are currently placed on probation, EXCEPT _______.

A) direct probation sentence
B) suspended probation sentence
C) intermediate sentence
D) split sentence

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT one of the criticisms of shock incarceration?

A) Offenders are not incarcerated long enough to be shocked.
B) Offenders who are incarcerated lose their jobs.
C) Offenders acquire the label of convict.
D) Offenders are exposed to the brutalizing experiences of the institution.

Question 28

Intermediate sanctions fit the concept of __________, which is a range of punishments that vary in intrusiveness and control.

A) widening the net
B) pretrial diversion
C) primary sanctions
D) continuum of sanctions

Question 29

Judicial reprieve in the United States was .

A) used only for juvenile offenders
B) used only for female offenders with small children
C) never enacted and used
D) declared unconstitutional in 1916

Question 30

Intermediate sanctions have two general goals, first, to provide more effective alternatives to probation and, second, to serve as a_______.

A) tougher way of handling offenders
B) deterrent for future criminal behavior
C) way to eliminate biases in the system
D) less costly alternative to prison

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major problems your authors cite regarding intermediate sanctions?

A) net destroying
B) selecting offenders
C) selecting agencies
D) net widening

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT one of the probation-based enforcement centers?

A) probation centers
B) fine centers
C) restitution centers
D) day reporting centers

Question 33

More than two-thirds of people under correctional authority are __________.

A) sentenced to home confinement
B) in prison
C) under community supervision
D) actually innocent

Question 34

Probationers in the United States are more likely to be __________ than are offenders confined to jail or prison.

A) white and female
B) black and male
C) white and male
D) Latino and male

Question 35

According to the text, boot camps are designed for what type of offender?

A) young
B) violent
C) career criminals
D) female

Question 36

In the past, probation was mainly used for __________ offenders.

A) violent
B) drug
C) first-time
D) sex

Question 37

According to your authors, proponents of boot camps argue that young offenders get involved in crime because they lack _________________.

A) education
B) job skills
C) good parents
D) self-respect

Question 38

The medical model of probation was popular in which of the following time periods?

A) the 1920s through 1930s
B) the 1980s through 1990s
C) the 1940s through 1960s
D) the 1970s through 1980s

Question 39

It is estimated that one out of every four probationers in the United States today has committed a __________ crime resulting in his or her current probation.

A) drug
B) violent
C) misdemeanor
D) hate

Question 40

If an offender falls behind on paying compensation for financial, physical, or emotional loss, they may be sent to a ______.

A) restitution center
B) day reporting center
C) boot camp
D) bank

Question 41

Because intermediate sanctions rely on discretion there is more of an opportunity for __________.

A) use of force
B) bias
C) forgiveness
D) clemency

Question 42

The idea that different forms of intermediate sanctions can be calibrated to make them equivalent as punishments despite their differences in approach is known as the principle of __________.

A) incarceration
B) initiation
C) interchangeability
D) integration

Question 43

What type of agencies contract with probation and parole agencies to provide services to clients in the community?

A) nonprofit
B) hospitals
C) banks
D) television

Question 44

Which U.S. state passed the nation's first Comprehensive Community Corrections Act in 1973?

A) New York
B) Pennsylvania
C) Minnesota
D) Massachusetts

Question 45

When savings from community corrections are used to help build up the crime prevention programs in communities that have the most people under community supervision, this process is referred to as "justice _____________."

A) distribution
B) allocation
C) sharing
D) reinvestment

Question 46

What type of probation supervision is Katie going to be on?

A) intensive supervision program (ISP)
B) Ricky probation
C) unsupervised probation
D) standard probation

Question 47

The boot camp is an example of a(n) _______.

A) intermediate sanction
B) community sanction
C) community service
D) rehabilitation service

Question 48

A condition of home confinement is commonly known as __________.

A) electronic monitoring
B) ETG monitoring
C) limited monitoring
D) TAD monitoring

Question 49

The main goal of community corrections is to __________.

A) reduce the costs to taxpayers
B) improve reintegration of offenders into society
C) improve rehabilitation efforts for offenders
D) reduce reliance on prisons

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major shifts in the working environment of the new correctional professional?

A) The relationship between the professional and the client has become more similar to a doctor-patient relationship.
B) Nongovernment organizations have emerged to administer community corrections programs.
C) An increased emphasis on accountability has reduced individual discretion.
D) The relationship between the professional and the client has become less important than the principles of criminal justice that underlie that relationship.

Question 51

When prison alternatives are correctly applied to nonprison cases, they cannot __________.

A) reduce crime
B) save money
C) deter crime
D) lower recidivism rates

Question 52

The money Katie is ordered to pay is known as a ________.

A) restitution
B) debt
C) fine
D) fee

Question 53

What model was used when imposing Nate's sentence?

A) community corrections
B) crime control
C) medical model
D) treatment model

Question 54

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major arguments offered to support the community corrections movement in the United States?

A) reduce the number and rate of people sentenced to intermediate sanctions
B) reduce tax revenues spent on corrections by transferring both the costs and the funding to less-expensive local correctional facilities
C) reduce prison populations in general
D) reduce the number and rate of people sentenced to state prisons

Question 55

Those that support intermediate sanctions and community corrections must address three problems in order for the programs to be successful. Which of the following is NOT one of those problems?

A) Community support for intermediate sanctions must increase.
B) The government must respond to the need for better alternatives.
C) The resistance to placing offenders in less restrictive options must be overcome.
D) The purpose of intermediate sanctions must be clarified.

Question 56

According to your text, one of the most popular objective risk assessment systems is the _________.

A) LSI-R
B) polygraph
C) STS
D) EHM

Question 57

The $500.00 Ryan is ordered to pay is an example of what type of punishment?

A) fine
B) incarceration
C) monitoring
D) reporting center

Question 58

One way corrections predicts the risk of future criminal behavior is by using .

A) objective risk assessment instruments
B) gut feelings
C) the offender's past success on supervision only
D) polygraph tests

Question 59

Nate was placed on what type of supervision?

A) probation
B) parole
C) unsupervised
D) not ordered to any form of supervision

Question 60

What type of sentence was imposed for Nate?

A) split sentence
B) prison sentence
C) two-phase sentencing
D) parole sentence

Question 61

In the United States, _______ is the most commonly imposed sanction.

Question 62

__________ occurs when the government seizes property derived from or used in criminal activity and can take both civil and criminal forms.

Question 63

Intermediate sanctions tailored to meet the __________'s circumstances may provide the greatest justice for many.

Question 64

A continuum of sanctions is a range of correctional management strategies based on the degree of ___________
and control over the offender.

Question 65

__________ is a sum of money that the offender must pay either to the victim or to a public fund for crime victims.

Question 66

The principle of __________ is the idea that different forms or intermediate sanctions can be calibrated to make them equivalent as punishments despite their differences in approach.

Question 67

Pretrial diversion typically targets petty __________ offenders.

Question 68

The work Ryan was ordered to perform is also known as ________.

A) community service
B) public service
C) community labor
D) public labor

Question 69

A(n) __________ is a monetary criminal sanction based on the amount of income an offender earns in a day's
work.

Question 70

__________ are a variety of punishments that are more restrictive than probation but less severe and costly than incarceration.

Question 71

Probation is an alternative to __________.

Question 72

A(n) __________ sentence is when the court imposes a period of incarceration to be served prior to probation.

Question 73

Under civil law, property used in criminal activity can be seized without a finding of __________.

Question 74

A satellite tracking system is an example of a(n) electronic monitoring system.

Question 75

__________ was a practice under English common law whereby a judge could suspend the imposition or execution of a sentence on a condition of good behavior on the part of the offender.

Question 76

__________ is based on the goal of finding the least-restrictive alternative - punishing the offender as severely as needed to protect the community and to satisfy the public.

Question 77

___________________ is the term used to define the primary punishment alternative to incarceration employed
in contemporary society.

Question 78

Probation granted with conditions of strict reporting to a probation officer with a limited caseload is called___________.

Question 79

Ryan's car was taken due to the commission of this offense. This is an example of _______.

A) forfeiture
B) stealing
C) robbery
D) restitution

Question 80

is compensation for an injury to society, such as cleaning streets.