Deck 20: Speciation and Macroevolution

Question 1

The prevention of genetic exchange between two species because they reproduce at different times of the day or year is called:

A) hybrid sterility.
B) genetic isolation.
C) sexual isolation.
D) mechanical isolation.
E) temporal isolation.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

If two species have incompatible mating structures, then __________ will prevent them from mating.

A) temporal isolation
B) mechanical isolation
C) gametic isolation
D) sexual isolation
E) postzygotic barriers

Answer 2

B

Question 3

A porpoise and a dolphin, both mammals, mate and produce an embryo, but the embryo fails to complete development.This event describes:

A) gestational abortion.
B) hybrid inviability.
C) hybrid breakdown.
D) temporal isolation.
E) hybrid sterility.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Taxonomists tend to use the __________ to characterize species for classification.

A) morphological species concept
B) biological species concept
C) evolutionary species concept
D) ecological species principle
E) genetic species principle

Question 5

The __________ species concept defines a species as a population whose members do not interbreed in nature.

A) genetic
B) ecological
C) morphological
D) biological
E) evolutionary

Question 6

One group of fruit flies reproduces in August and one group reproduces in September.Which of the following mechanisms is preventing them from cross breeding?

A) hybrid sterility
B) genetic isolation
C) sexual isolation
D) mechanical isolation
E) temporal isolation

Question 7

Species whose ranges overlap, but do not interbreed because they are found in different environments or areas within the range, are said to exhibit:

A) environmental isolation.
B) biological isolation.
C) evolutionary isolation.
D) habitat isolation.
E) temporal isolation.

Question 8

Reproductive isolation mechanisms that prevent fertilization are termed:

A) energetic barriers.
B) biological barriers.
C) postzygotic barriers.
D) ecological barriers.
E) prezygotic barriers.

Question 9

__________ would prevent interbreeding between two species of fish living in the same habitat.

A) Sympatric isolating mechanisms
B) Equilibrium isolating mechanisms
C) Reproductive isolating mechanisms
D) Allopatric isolating mechanisms
E) Preadaptive isolating mechanisms

Question 10

As a result of __________, large dogs such as Great Danes do not normally mate with small dogs such as Poodles.

A) temporal isolation
B) mechanical isolation
C) gametic isolation
D) sexual isolation
E) postzygotic barriers

Question 11

Matings between two species that produce embryos that fail to develop are evidence of:

A) hybrid sterility
B) hybrid breakdown.
C) hybrid inviability.
D) ecological barriers
E) prezygotic isolation.

Question 12

The distinctive mating signals that have evolved as part of an animal's courtship illustrate what type of reproductive isolating mechanism?

A) behavioral isolation
B) mechanical isolation
C) gametic isolation
D) temporal isolation
E) hybrid breakdown

Question 13

Mechanisms that prevent interbreeding between two different species whose ranges overlap are referred to as:

A) sympatric isolating mechanisms.
B) equilibrium isolating mechanisms.
C) reproductive isolating mechanisms.
D) allopatric isolating mechanisms.
E) preadaptive isolating mechanisms.

Question 14

Humans are an example of __________ species.

A) a genetic
B) an ecological
C) a morphological
D) a biological
E) an evolutionary

Question 15

Which of the following is not a problem in applying the biological definition of species?

A) asexually reproductive organism
B) greenhouse hybrids
C) reproductive isolation from other species
D) self-fertilization
E) extinct organisms

Question 16

The ranges of black bears and brown bears overlap.However, black bears spend most of their time in the woods and brown bears spend most of their time along the river.Which of the following best describes why black and brown bears do not interbreed?

A) environmental isolation
B) biological isolation
C) evolutionary isolation
D) habitat isolation
E) temporal isolation

Question 17

When the reproductive cells of different species are incompatible and cannot accomplish fertilization, it is referred to as:

A) behavioral isolation.
B) gametic isolation.
C) hybrid breakdown.
D) temporal isolation.
E) hybrid sterility.

Question 18

Speciation:

A) maintains an intermediate phenotype in a stable environment.
B) is the formation of a new species from an ancestral population.
C) only occurs when a population is geographically isolated.
D) is a change in allele frequencies in a population.
E) is the end result of macroevolution but not microevolution.

Question 19

The evolutionary species concept states that for a population to be declared a separate species:

A) it must have diverged significantly from other populations.
B) it must be morphologically different from any other population.
C) it must not interbreed with any other population.
D) it must occupy a different niche than any other population.
E) it must have undergone natural selection sometime in its history.

Question 20

__________ prevent fish sperm from fertilizing frog eggs.

A) Energetic barriers
B) Biological barriers
C) Postzygotic barriers
D) Ecological barriers
E) Prezygotic barriers

Question 21

Based on the data in the figure, a likely reason for speciation between these two sympatric species of frogs is:

A) allopolyploidy.
B) mechanical isolation.
C) habitat isolation.
D) temporal isolation.
E) hybrid inviability.

Question 22

The two major forces contributing to allopatric speciation are:

A) mutation and natural selection.
B) natural selection and migration.
C) nonrandom mating and migration.
D) natural selection and genetic drift.
E) genetic drift and mutation.

Question 23

Which of the following represents a prezygotic barrier to reproduction?

A) hybrid sterility
B) hybrid breakdown
C) behavioral isolation
D) hybrid inviability
E) hybrid weakness

Question 24

Two mammals, a sheep and a goat, produce offspring.Only the F₁ and F₂ generations produce fertile offspring.This is occurs as result of:

A) hybrid breakdown.
B) hybrid inviability.
C) hybrid sterility.
D) macroevolution.
E) microevolution.

Question 25

Excellent examples of allopatric speciation can be seen:

A) on islands.
B) in large lakes.
C) on the prairie.
D) in the ocean.
E) in the trees.

Question 26

Hybrid breakdown is characterized by:

A) sterility of the progeny of hybrid individuals.
B) sterility of hybrid adults.
C) death during pregnancy of hybrid females.
D) death during early life of hybrid embryos.
E) early death of hybrid embryos.

Question 27

Hybrid sterility is NOT common when:

A) the gametes of an interspecific hybrid are abnormal.
B) the two parental species have different chromosome numbers.
C) chromosomal synapsis during meiosis cannot occur properly.
D) chromosomal segregation during meiosis cannot occur properly.
E) there are prezygotic barriers.

Question 28

The continued geographic isolation of Kaibab squirrels from Abert squirrels will lead to:

A) sympatric speciation.
B) hybridization.
C) allopolyploidy.
D) allopatric speciation.
E) adaptive radiation.

Question 29

The evidence supporting Porto Santo rabbits as a new and recent species does not include:

A) a different coat color pattern from mainland European rabbits.
B) the ability to produce fertile offspring with mainland rabbits under experimental conditions.
C) a more nocturnal lifestyle.
D) being only about half the size of the mainland rabbits.
E) the inability to produce fertile offspring with mainland rabbits under natural conditions.

Question 30

Which of the following statements about allopolyploidy is false?

A) It can result in a new, reproductively isolated species in just one generation.
B) Many flowering plant species are allopolyploids.
C) It accounts for a large portion of the remarkable species diversity observed on Earth today.
D) The hybrid may have a combination of traits conferring greater fitness than the parent species.
E) The hybrid may assume a new role in the environment and so coexist with the parent species.

Question 31

In __________ speciation, a population forms a new species within the same geographical region as the original species.

A) allopatric
B) sympatric
C) heterogeneous
D) autologous
E) parapatric

Question 32

Approximately what fraction of flowering plants is polyploid?

A) 1%
B) 10%
C) 25%
D) 50%
E) 80%

Question 33

Hybrid inviability and hybrid sterility are reproductive isolating mechanisms that are termed:

A) homozygotic barriers.
B) prezygotic barriers.
C) heterozygotic barriers.
D) postzygotic barriers.
E) homozygotic barriers.

Question 34

Temporal isolation and mechanical isolation are reproductive isolating mechanisms that are classified as:

A) homozygotic barriers.
B) prezygotic barriers.
C) heterozygotic barriers.
D) postzygotic barriers.
E) homozygotic barriers.

Question 35

Allopolyploidy is a significant factor in the evolution of:

A) bacteria.
B) animals.
C) protozoa.
D) fungi.
E) flowering plants.

Question 36

Mules are an example of:

A) hybrid breakdown.
B) hybrid inviability.
C) hybrid sterility.
D) macroevolution.
E) microevolution.

Question 37

Which of the following groups of organisms demonstrated a sudden appearance in the fossil record and continues to exhibit remarkable diversity today?

A) ferns and mosses
B) fungi
C) algae
D) flowering plants
E) pines

Question 38

Polyploidy is much more common in:

A) animals than in plants.
B) plants than in animals.
C) primates than in humans.
D) humans than in plants.
E) prokaryotes than in eukaryotes.

Question 39

If a small population of mice colonizes a new area away from the range of the original species, the colony that is geographically isolated may eventually evolve into a new species.These events can be used to describe:

A) allopatric speciation.
B) hybridization.
C) allopolyploidy.
D) adaptive radiation.
E) sympatric speciation.

Question 40

An organism with multiple sets of chromosomes from different species is called:

A) a gametopolyploid.
B) a heteropolypoloid.
C) a hybrid polyploid.
D) an autopolyploid.
E) an allopolyploid.

Question 41

The two most important factors that appear to have been involved in past mass extinctions are:

A) fire and climatic factors.
B) disease and parasites.
C) glaciers and earthquakes.
D) environmental and biological factors.
E) plate tectonics and climatic factors.

Question 42

Many new species of desert lizards have arisen from a nonnative population which was introduced into the American southwest.This example best describes:

A) the effects of climatic change.
B) sympatric speciation.
C) adaptive radiation.
D) microevolution.
E) allopatric speciation.

Question 43

The mechanism of sympatric speciation has been verified in hemp nettles by:

A) creating unique hybrids under laboratory conditions.
B) producing hybrids that were 98% fertile under laboratory conditions.
C) producing experimental hybrids that formed fertile offspring with the naturally occurring hybrid.
D) producing experimental hybrids that could reproduce successfully with both parent species.
E) creating hybrids that reproduced through the F₄ generation before dying from hybrid inviability.

Question 44

The continuous, low-level extinction rate of species is referred to as:

A) minimal extinction.
B) mass extinction.
C) background extinction.
D) temporal extinction.
E) selective extinction.

Question 45

Figure 20-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Variations in rates of growth for different parts of the body are referred to as:

A) allometric growth patterns.
B) adaptive growth patterns.
C) allopatric growth patterns.
D) allopolyploidy.
E) preadaptations.

Question 46

Which model would predict that populations diverge from one another through the slow accumulation of adaptive changes within each population?

A) punctuated equilibrium
B) paedomorphosis
C) hybridization
D) gradualism
E) allopolyploidy

Question 47

New ecological roles that were not previously exploited by an ancestral organism are referred to as:

A) paedomorphosis.
B) adaptive zones.
C) punctuated equilibrium.
D) adaptive radiation.
E) sympatric speciation.

Question 48

Selection of mates based on appearance or some other characteristic is termed:

A) zygotic choice.
B) sexual selection.
C) postzygotic selection.
D) gametic preference.
E) sexual orientation.

Question 49

The sympatric speciation of Hawthorn and apple maggot flies:

A) has occurred in part because the adult flies emerge at different times of the season.
B) has been linked to allopolyploidy.
C) has occurred as a result of mutation and speciation within the host species.
D) has resulted in subtle but distinctive changes in the physical appearance of the two flies.
E) has occurred because of a geographic barrier

Question 50

Figure 20-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
In Figure 20-2, the variation observed in these closely related birds is an example of:

A) adaptive radiation.
B) allometric radiation.
C) macroevolution.
D) hybrid inviability.
E) hybridization.

Question 51

Adaptive radiation is NOT accompanied by:

A) migration to an island.
B) a mass extinction.
C) a devastating event, such as a volcanic eruption.
D) climatic change.
E) sympatric speciation

Question 52

Figure 20-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
The most common outcome of the process in Figure 20-1 is no viable gametes.This happens because of:

A) a low rate of fertilization.
B) defective meiosis.
C) gametic isolation.
D) species incompatibility.
E) hybrid inviability.

Question 53

Which model would predict the abrupt appearance of a new species in the fossil record, with little or no evidence of intermediate forms?

A) anagenesis
B) gradualism
C) microevolution
D) paedomorphosis
E) punctuated equilibrium

Question 54

The Hawthorne and apple maggot flies appear to have become reproductively isolated from each other largely because:

A) they occur on different sides of the Mississippi River.
B) they have different mating behaviors.
C) they occupy different parts of the habitat.
D) they have adapted to two different hosts.
E) they mate at different times of the day.

Question 55

What process refers to dramatic phenotypic changes that sometimes occur in evolution, such as the appearance of feathered wings during the evolution of birds?

A) paedomorphosis
B) gradualism
C) macroevolution
D) allopolyploidy
E) microevolution

Question 56

Figure 20-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
The end result of the process in Figure 20-1 is:

A) sympatric speciation.
B) allopolyploidy.
C) hybridization.
D) rapid speciation.
E) All responses apply.

Question 57

Which of the following is most likely to occur if a parasite accidentally introduced into the Great Lakes kills 95% of all living organisms living in the lakes?

A) hybridization
B) mass extinction of the surviving organisms
C) allopatric speciation in the surviving organisms
D) adaptive radiation of the surviving populations
E) evolution of surviving organism

Question 58

The evolution of many closely related species from one or a few ancestral species in a relatively short period of time is referred to as:

A) allometric growth.
B) preadaptations.
C) adaptive radiation.
D) microevolution.
E) allopatric speciation.

Question 59

Having legs longer than your arms is an example of:

A) an allometric growth pattern.
B) an adaptive growth pattern.
C) an allopatric growth pattern.
D) paedomorphosis.
E) a preadaptation.

Question 60

Examples of "new" features, which include wings on insects, flowers on plants, and feathers on birds, are referred to as:

A) preadaptations.
B) allometric growth.
C) allopolyploidy.
D) paedomorphosis.
E) punctuated equilibrium.

Question 61

An individual adaptive zone can be occupied by how many different species?

A) one
B) two
C) hundreds
D) thousands
E) an infinite number

Question 62

The biological species concept declares an organism to be a separate species if it has undergone evolution long enough for the emergence of statistically unique traits.
_____________

Question 63

Define paedomorphosis and allometric growth, and briefly explain how each contributes to the process of macroevolution.

Question 64

When larval or juvenile characteristics are retained in the adult stage, it is known as:

A) paedomorphosis.
B) allometry.
C) adaptive radiation.
D) stasis.
E) preadaptation.

Question 65

Identify three reproductive isolating mechanisms and briefly outline how each may contribute to the formation of new species.

Question 66

A newly evolved species may take over an ecological role or ecological niche that is already occupied if the new species has:

A) the ability to alter or change the environmental parameters.
B) features that make it competitively superior to the original occupant of that niche.
C) the ability to evolve through natural selection, whereas the original occupant cannot continue to evolve.
D) the ability to grow to a larger size, thus providing it with a selective advantage.
E) fitness that is almost as high as the fitness of the original species.

Question 67

Habitat changes for cichlids living in Lake Victoria are causing a change in:

A) mate choice.
B) species diversity.
C) coloration of male cichlids.
D) frequency of hybrids.
E) All of these.

Question 68

Figure 20-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Refer to Figure 20-2.The type of speciation mechanism that occurred between the Poo-uli and the Apapane is most likely:

A) allopatric speciation.
B) allopolyploidy.
C) sympatric speciation.
D) punctuated equilibrium.
E) macroevolution.

Question 69

Speciation is more likely to occur if the isolated population is large.
_______

Question 70

Differentiate between macroevolution, microevolution, and speciation.

Question 71

What type of speciation is most common in animals?

A) hybridization
B) allopatric
C) allopolyploidy
D) sympatric
E) paedomorphosis

Question 72

The area where two populations overlap and breeding occurs, even if biologists consider the populations to be different species, is known as:

A) a homozygous zone.
B) a hybrid zone.
C) an autologous zone.
D) an adaptive zone.
E) a primary zone.

Question 73

It is hypothesized that the high diversity of rock-dwelling species within the cichlids is due to:

A) allopolyploidy.
B) poor water quality.
C) polyploidy coloration.
D) disruptive sexual selection.
E) macroevolution.

Question 74

An alloploid contains multiple sets of chromosomes from a single species.
______

Question 75

Compare and contrast allopatric and sympatric speciation.

Question 76

Alloploidy provides a mechanism for slow speciation.
________

Question 77

Hybrid inviabiliy can increase over generations.
____________

Question 78

Reinforcement is an evolutionary process that occurs in a hybrid zone in which parental species adapt to two different communities, and the hybrids thrive in an area of transition between the parental communities.
_______

Question 79

Figure 20-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
If two populations diverge geographically and/or genetically from each other, and the process continues long enough, they may become two different:

A) species.
B) hybrids.
C) polyploids.
D) allopolyploids.
E) euploids.

Question 80

Sexual isolation occurs when the egg proteins bind only complementary molecules on species specific sperm.
____________