Deck 18: The Sociology Of The Body: Health,illness,and Sexuality

Question 1

When people have diseases such as cancer,they receive comfort and compassion.People with diseases such as HIV/AIDS are stigmatized because:

A) HIV/AIDS is a more depressing condition
B) HIV/AIDS is more fatal than cancer
C) HIV/AIDS is curable, but cancer is not
D) cancer results in fewer visible signs that the patient is sick in comparison with HIV/AIDS
E) there is a sense that the individual might be partially responsible for his or her condition

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Phenomena that used to be natural processes are increasingly socially controlled.Sociologists refer to this transformation as:

A) the socialization of nature
B) social technologies
C) the naturalization of society
D) role theory
E) control theory

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Sociology of the body refers to:

A) how different parts of society work together like a living, breathing organism
B) how and why bodies are affected by our social experiences
C) how and why social life is disconnected from what goes on in the body
D) the physiology of the body
E) how biological influences outweigh cultural influences when it comes to some areas of study, including the body

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Eating disorders such as anorexia are diseases of:

A) scarcity
B) the affluent
C) the poor
D) the developing world
E) the past

Question 5

According to symbolic interactionists,chronically ill people _______________,building or reconstructing their personal narratives to incorporate their illness as part of their lives.

A) adopt the sick role
B) do illness work
C) do biographical work
D) perform health maintenance
E) adopt the stigma role

Question 6

The topic of eating disorders offers a good opportunity to apply the sociological imagination because:

A) it is purely a personal trouble
B) it is purely a public issue
C) it is a case in which what appears to be a personal trouble is part of a larger, public issue
D) it is a product of people's imaginations
E) eating disorders have nothing to do with the sociological imagination

Question 7

The most likely to have an eating disorder is a(n):

A) college man majoring in art history
B) self-confident woman in her third year of medical school
C) elderly female high school principal
D) middle-aged diabetic who is told by a doctor that she needs to lose weight to improve her health
E) teenage girl who feels inadequate

Question 8

The field that studies the increasing separation of the body from "nature" is known as:

A) psychology
B) social technologies
C) physiology
D) anatomy
E) sociology of the body

Question 9

Of the following,an example of the socialization of nature is:

A) epidemiology
B) momophobia
C) learning how to garden
D) the medicalization of pregnancy and childbirth
E) domesticating animals

Question 10

According to Eliot freidson's modification of Talcott Parsons' "sick role," someone with a terminal illness is categorized as:

A) unconditionally legitimate
B) conditional
C) illegitimate
D) conditionally legitimate
E) unconditionally illegitimate

Question 11

An example of the illegitimate sick role is:

A) irritable bowel syndrome
B) acne
C) common cold
D) cancer
E) AIDS/HIV

Question 12

The rise of eating disorders in non-Western societies coincides with the globalization of:

A) technology
B) food production
C) Western medicine
D) the fashion industry
E) health care

Question 13

Like all roles,the sick role requires the person to accept the role and for others to acknowledge it.Among the following,the most likely granted the sick role is:

A) a cancer patient who teaches elementary school
B) an African American with AIDS
C) a homeless alcoholic man
D) a person who suffers from chronic fatigue
E) an overweight man who is diagnosed with adult onset diabetes

Question 14

An example of an obesogenic environment is:

A) a school that has milk and fruit snacks in its vending machines
B) a restaurant that offers a portion size of meat that is around 4 to 5 ounces
C) a deli that offers a side of fruits or vegetables as an alternative to potato chips
D) a fast-food restaurant that prices fresh produce like it does french fries
E) the Big Mac that tends to be less expensive than healthy salads

Question 15

The amount by which the average fashion model today is thinner than the average American woman is:

A) 51%
B) 42%
C) 75%
D) 10%
E) 23%

Question 16

Anorexia and other eating disorders have their origins in the:

A) increasing scarcity of food
B) larger body type of the modern human
C) religious practices of certain orders of nuns
D) changing body image of women in modern societies
E) declining power of men in modern societies

Question 17

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that the percentage of adults in the United States who are now overweight or obese is:

A) 87%
B) 36%
C) 75%
D) 60%
E) 16%

Question 18

There is a social-class gradient in obesity in our society because:

A) high-fat food and supersized meals are cheaper and more accessible than more nutritious foods
B) upper-class individuals are more likely to smoke, and smoking suppresses the appetite
C) excessive frustration with social problems leads people to eat more
D) people in lower socioeconomic strata are less concerned with body image
E) low-income individuals tend to be less likely to take on physically demanding jobs than high-income individuals

Question 19

Patterns of behavior that a sick person adopts to minimize the disruptive effect of illness are called:

A) anorexia
B) sick roles
C) regimes of health
D) health roles
E) stigmas

Question 20

To maintain their regimes of health,chronically ill people engage in:

A) illness work
B) market work
C) white-collar work
D) blue-collar work
E) avoidance work

Question 21

The major feature of the development of modern health-care systems is:

A) centering the treatment of serious illnesses in the home and family
B) applying science to medical diagnosis and cure
C) focusing on the balance of psychological and physical aspects of the person by using herbal remedies for imbalances
D) having an exclusive focus on preventative care
E) using spiritual healing in connection with pharmaceuticals

Question 22

Women have _______________ on average; they also report _______________ more often.

A) longer lives; poor health
B) shorter lives; poor health
C) longer lives; better mental health
D) shorter lives; more chronic conditions
E) longer lives; fewer chronic conditions

Question 23

A characteristic of health in medieval times was that:

A) major illnesses were unknown because poor medical records were kept
B) the highest rates of death were among the elderly
C) epidemics such as the plague were localized and had a minor effect on the population of Europe
D) the major illness was heart disease from poor eating habits
E) the major illnesses such as tuberculosis and cholera were caused by infections

Question 24

Hundreds of years ago,the highest death rates were among children.By the beginning of the twentieth century,the highest death rates were among the elderly because:

A) child labor laws restricted children's entry into the workplace where many deaths occur
B) children were eating healthier diets and there was more emphasis on cleanliness and were therefore less likely to die young
C) AIDS was most fatal for young children, but today it is more fatal for elderly people
D) the key difference was the introduction of antibiotics that caused a reduction in the child mortality rate
E) infanticide dropped dramatically

Question 25

Of the following,those who had the higher mortality rate due to murder in 2005 were:

A) elderly white women
B) elderly white men
C) young black men
D) young white men
E) young Asian women

Question 26

The main institution dealing with sickness in premodern societies was the:

A) hospital
B) doctor
C) family
D) government
E) health maintenance organization

Question 27

Epidemiology is the science that studies:

A) the distribution of disease within the organs of the body
B) the diseases of the skin
C) why certain groups are able to play the sick role
D) why certain groups are classified as unconditionally sick
E) the distribution and incidence of disease and illness within a population

Question 28

Today a person with an illness can seek assistance from both a medical doctor and a homeopath.This is why some sociologists call unorthodox techniques:

A) alternative medicine
B) complementary medicine
C) illness work
D) the conditional sick role
E) the illegitimate role

Question 29

Richard Wilkinson's findings argue that the healthiest societies are NOT the richest ones but those in which income is:

A) distributed most evenly and levels of social integration are highest
B) low but open access to health care is accessible
C) high but levels of social integration are low
D) low and levels of social integration are low
E) high and there is open access to health care

Question 30

Education is correlated with inequalities in health and illness because:

A) poor children are more likely to be exposed to asbestos in schools
B) people with higher levels of education are more likely to have friends who are doctors
C) people with higher levels of education are more likely to exercise and less likely to smoke
D) people with higher levels of education like the taste of healthy food whereas people with less education do not
E) people with higher levels of education practice alternative medicine, which is associated with longer life spans

Question 31

The most effective policy to counter the effect of poverty on health would be:

A) health education
B) HIV prevention
C) increasing access to health care
D) reducing or eliminating poverty
E) focusing health care on prevention

Question 32

Reporting poor health might be associated with longer life expectancies because:

A) longer life and aging bring more health problems
B) older people are less likely to seek medical care
C) healthy behaviors are not correlated with life expectancy
D) people who report poorer health are typically exaggerating for attention
E) people with bad health often do not go to the doctor and are therefore not included in medical statistics concerning life span

Question 33

The gender gap in life expectancy between men and women increased during the twentieth century because:

A) women are more likely to have health insurance than men
B) women have lower rates of illness from chronic conditions such as arthritis and osteoporosis
C) infectious diseases, the leading cause of death, are more likely to strike men than women
D) the major causes of death changed to those influenced by behavior, and women tend to engage in fewer life-shortening behaviors less than men
E) men are more likely to be victims of homicide

Question 34

According to Richard Wilkinson,the healthiest societies in the world are those with the most:

A) wealth
B) income
C) egalitarian distribution of income
D) unequal distribution of income
E) unequal distribution of wealth

Question 35

Epidemiologists attempt to explain the link between health and variables such as:

A) social class
B) genetics
C) skin cancer
D) science
E) hormones

Question 36

The notion that the power of modern medicine will continue to result in improvements in public health indefinitely is unsatisfactory to sociologists because:

A) it is not based in fact
B) the achievements have more to do with luck than science
C) it ignores social and environmental factors in patterns of health and illness
D) there is more evidence that alternative medicine is the wave of the future
E) modern medicine has caused more public health problems than it has treated

Question 37

The group that has the highest life expectancy at birth is composed of:

A) Hispanic males
B) black males
C) black females
D) white and Hispanic males
E) white and Hispanic females

Question 38

Differences in occupational status lead to inequalities in health and illness because:

A) those who work in offices are at less risk of exposure to hazardous materials than those who work outdoors
B) white-collar workers have more stressful jobs than do blue-collar workers
C) in all societies, white-collar workers have better access to health care than do blue-collar workers
D) blue-collar workers have higher rates of absenteeism and thus are less likely to become ill
E) white-collar workers work longer hours, which results in poor health outcomes because they have little time to seek medical care

Question 39

Conditions for which most people seek alternative medical treatment are often the result of:

A) modern life
B) stigmas
C) malpractice
D) the sick role
E) bulimia

Question 40

Norma was recently diagnosed with skin cancer.She has been seeing her doctor at regularly scheduled visits but is still in a great deal of pain.At a friend's suggestion,she visited an acupuncturist who specializes in pain management.By using Western medicines as well as unorthodox medical practices,Norma is practicing:

A) illness as a lived experience
B) modern medicine
C) social technology
D) the socialization of nature
E) complementary medicine

Question 41

The number of sexual identities that Judith Lorber identified is:

A) 1: all humans have essentially the same sexual identity
B) 2: straight male and straight female
C) 3: straight male, straight female, and gay
D) 4: straight male, straight female, lesbian, and gay
E) 10: straight male and female, lesbian, gay, bisexual male and female, transvestite male and female, transsexual male and female

Question 42

According to the National Health and Social Life Survey (NHSLS):

A) 45% of American men reported that they had an orgasm during their last sexual encounter
B) 45% of American women reported that they had an orgasm during their last sexual encounter
C) 83% of Americans had one or no sexual partners in the preceding year
D) 25% of Americans reported that they were gay, lesbian, or bisexual
E) 50% of married couples had infrequent or no sex

Question 43

A consequence of the AIDS epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa is that:

A) governments have had to divert resources to the health care of their poorest citizens
B) the level of social unrest has increased
C) parents are losing their children to the disease, creating an imbalance in the age demographics-that is, there are more adults than children
D) children orphaned by AIDS have left their communities to spend an increased amount of time in school
E) gang violence has decreased because gang members have some of the highest rates of AIDS

Question 44

The most significant finding of Lillian Rubin's study of sexuality among Americans in the late 1980s was that:

A) men reported difficulty finding available female sexual partners, leading to widespread male sexual frustration
B) women were even less interested in their own sexual satisfaction than they were in Kinsey's 1940 study
C) women expect to receive as well as provide sexual satisfaction, leading many men to feel "inadequate"
D) attitudes toward sexuality had hardly changed since the time of Kinsey's 1940 study
E) women report much higher levels of sexual satisfaction than men

Question 45

Of the following,the one that best exemplifies the "double standard" of sexual behavior is that:

A) premarital sexual behavior is tolerated more in urban areas than in rural ones
B) most people are more tolerant of male than female promiscuity
C) there is one standard of sexual behavior for heterosexuals and another one for gays and lesbians
D) most people are more tolerant of sex outside of marriage for divorced people than for never-married people
E) Americans have different standards of sexual activity according to a person's social class

Question 46

Ancient Greeks considered the highest form of sexual love to be:

A) the love of a man for his wife
B) the love of a man for his mistress
C) the love of men for boys
D) the love of women for boys
E) the love of young girls for young boys

Question 47

AIDS orphans in sub-Saharan Africa have become targets for:

A) Western pharmaceutical companies seeking volunteers for experimental drugs to treat AIDS
B) militias
C) missionaries seeking to save the orphans' souls before they die of AIDS
D) sterilization to make sure they do not spread AIDS to the next generation
E) deportation because government officials seek to lower the official AIDS rates in sub-Saharan Africa

Question 48

Studies by Alfred Kinsey (1948,1953)and Edward Laumann (1994)are influential works in understanding sexuality; they also demonstrate that the research process:

A) can be very sensitive and that people often lie when it comes to their sexual habits
B) is very convoluted and can easily negate any research findings
C) can be as important as the actual research findings
D) is direct and concrete with specific steps that should not be altered
E) does not need to be considered when examining the findings

Question 49

Of the following institutions,the one that has traditionally shaped people's attitudes about sexual behavior in Western culture is:

A) the medical community, which tells us about birth control options
B) the school, which is where we are first taught sex education
C) the government, which tells us that sexual abstinence is believed to be best
D) the economic institutions, which limit people's access to alternative lifestyles
E) the religious institutions, which teach that sex should be part of reproduction only

Question 50

Studying the sexual behavior of white Americans in the 1940s and 1950s,Alfred Kinsey found that:

A) most men and women were virgins prior to marriage
B) attitudes toward male and female sexuality were similar
C) few men and women had engaged in masturbation and oral sex
D) significant differences between public standards and private practices existed
E) few differences between public standards and private practices existed

Question 51

The effect of colonialism on people's nutritional health was that:

A) the nutrition of the colonized people improved, but the nutrition of the colonizers deteriorated
B) the nutrition of the colonized people suffered, but the nutrition of the colonizers improved
C) the nutrition of both the colonized people and the colonizers improved
D) the nutrition of both the colonized people and the colonizers suffered
E) colonialism had little effect on nutrition specifically

Question 52

The World Health Organization reports that in 2008,about _______________% of the world's population lacked access to adequate sanitation.

A) 10
B) 25
C) 37
D) 59
E) 75

Question 53

We know that sexual responses are learned rather than inborn because:

A) all humans practice essentially the same sexual behaviors
B) there is tremendous variation in what different cultures consider "natural" sexual behavior
C) all cultures practice extended foreplay, which is learned behavior
D) all cultures value similar traits for sexual attractiveness, which are taught to them at young ages
E) men in most cultures are drawn to women with ambition and economic independence, which is a consequence of the spread of Western thought

Question 54

for most of the past 2,000 years in the West:

A) Islam shaped attitudes toward sexuality
B) most early writings by doctors ran counter to religious teachings about sexuality, leaving people confused about their sexuality
C) sexual fulfillment was the primary goal of marriage
D) attitudes toward sexuality were shaped by Christianity
E) masturbation was encouraged as an alternative to sexual intercourse

Question 55

In Victorian times and in some ways even today,men who visited prostitutes or kept mistresses were accepted in polite society,but women who engaged in similar behavior were shunned.This is known as:.

A) a single standard
B) a double standard
C) a universal stigma
D) a double stigma
E) polymorphous perversity

Question 56

Higher rates of sexual activity among teens are associated with those who have:

A) higher socioeconomic status
B) higher school performance
C) higher measures of intelligence
D) higher levels of "body pride"
E) higher levels of religiosity

Question 57

One probable reason for the differences between the findings on sexual behavior in the United States of Alfred Kinsey and Edward Laumann is that:

A) Americans have become much more sexually conservative since the 1940s
B) Kinsey's team lied about its findings
C) Laumann's team lied about its findings
D) Laumann's study focused less on sexual activity than Kinsey's study did
E) their methods-specifically their samples-were quite different

Question 58

Of the following,the people who are experiencing the most devastating outbreak of AIDS are:

A) gay men
B) heterosexual men
C) lesbians
D) heterosexual women
E) transsexuals

Question 59

An effect of colonialism on health was that:

A) entire native populations in the Americas were wiped out because of exposure to diseases such as smallpox to which they had no resistance
B) the plague, or Black Death, was introduced to Europe from Africa
C) nutrition for colonized peoples improved, which had a positive effect on their health
D) imports from colonies helped to improve Western diets
E) Europeans brought healthy behaviors to the colonies that they taught to natives

Question 60

The conclusion that can be drawn from the recent research on sexuality in the United States of both Lillian Rubin (1990)and Edward Laumann et al.(1994)was that:

A) sexual behavior is generally more liberal than most people would have thought
B) very little has really changed since Kinsey's research in the 1940s and 1950s
C) young people are more sexually active before marriage than was true in the past
D) masturbation is more common among women than men
E) sexual infidelity is common among both men and women

Question 61

People who experience sexual or romantic attraction for persons of either sex are referred to as:

A) heterosexuals
B) homosexuals
C) transsexuals
D) transvestites
E) bisexuals

Question 62

The one of the following that best describes the medical community's beliefs about gay,lesbian,or bisexual behavior is that:

A) no scientific research has ever been found to prove that homosexuals as a group are psychologically less healthy than heterosexuals
B) according to recent editions of the DSM, the primary reference for psychiatrists, homosexuality is a personality disorder
C) in spite of the extensive lobbying by gay, lesbian, and bisexual interest groups, the American Medical Association continues to claim nonheterosexual relationships to be abnormal
D) although the medical profession has reluctantly acknowledged that lesbians do not necessarily have a psychological disorder, some physicians have not been willing to acknowledge the same tolerance for gay men
E) although the medical profession has reluctantly acknowledged that gay men do not necessarily have a psychological disorder, some physicians have not been willing to acknowledge the same tolerance for lesbians.

Question 63

The most comprehensive way to explain that if one identical twin is gay or lesbian,there is a 50% probability that the other twin is also gay or lesbian is that:

A) homosexuality is genetically established in the hypothalamus within the brain
B) there is an extrasensory perception between twins, and therefore they always share the same sexual preference
C) there are some biological factors along with social ones that contribute to sexual preference that could affect a twin's sexuality
D) identical twins copy the behavior of each other, and if one is gay or lesbian, the other wants to be just like him or her
E) identical twins often wish to distinguish themselves, which means that sometimes a twin will "follow" the other twin who comes out as gay or lesbian, but the other twin also could repress homosexual desires to be different from the openly homosexual twin

Question 64

Anorexia was first identified as a disorder in the United States in 1992.

Question 65

Genetic engineering is perhaps the ultimate expression of:

A) human inhumanity
B) the socialization of nature
C) the naturalization of society
D) sexual disorientation
E) racism

Question 66

Because it implies that such attractions are entirely a matter of personal choice,a misleading term is:

A) sexual orientation
B) sexual preference
C) sexism
D) romanticism
E) sex role

Question 67

The following that is an example of procreative technology is:

A) epidemiology
B) homeopathy
C) acupuncture
D) genetic engineering
E) CAM

Question 68

The current global wave of gay and lesbian civil rights movements initially grew out of:

A) movements to legalize marijuana in Amsterdam
B) the 1960s social movements in the United States
C) the prolife movement
D) the Islamic revolution in Iran
E) liberation theology

Question 69

The proportion of Americans who report that they consider homosexuality to be an acceptable lifestyle is:

A) 6%
B) 4%
C) 57%
D) 75%
E) nine-tenths

Question 70

The most serious ethical consequence of the technological changes in childbirth is that:

A) women must decide whether they want to deliver their babies at home or in the hospital
B) pregnant women need to spend hours reading about the various technologies to determine whether they want to use them
C) sonograms and amniocentesis are procedures that can be performed only by a physician or highly trained medical professional
D) the parents can learn of any abnormalities in their child before birth and then could decide on their options
E) physicians and obstetric nurses decide the relevance of amniocentesis, so the mother will not have any options.

Question 71

According to Ronald Dworkin,the belief that both sides of the abortion debate have in common,which is the source of a potential constructive dialogue,is:

A) in the sanctity of human life (the child's on one side, the mother's on the other)
B) in the rights of the unborn
C) in the rights of women
D) that men should be able to say what happens to the fetus
E) that human life begins at the moment of conception

Question 72

Ritualized male-male sexual encounters were found to have been the norm in:

A) nearly every Western culture
B) Saudi Arabia
C) several parts of Nigeria as recently as the 1990s
D) ancient Greece among highly educated men and boys
E) Native American cultures prior to colonization

Question 73

Sociologists are concerned that unequal access to genetic engineering because of its cost could lead to:

A) a biological underclass
B) an eradication of obesity
C) a genetic dilution of existing pure races
D) a genetic mishaps that science is not aware of yet
E) weakened immune systems

Question 74

The most commonly found sexual orientation in all cultures is:

A) homosexuality
B) lesbianism
C) heterosexuality
D) bisexuality
E) asexuality

Question 75

The direction of one's sexual or romantic attraction is known as:

A) sexual orientation
B) sexual preference
C) sexism
D) romanticism
E) sex role

Question 76

Reproductive technologies could affect family structure because:

A) most women seeking fertility treatment are single and want to have children but to avoid marriage
B) they have made it much easier to have children and thus few people are childless in Western societies
C) they currently allow parents to select the sex of their babies
D) the number of twins and triplets or more has increased exponentially
E) unnatural reproductive technologies have increased the number of babies born with debilitating diseases

Question 77

Twin studies by Bailey and Pillard (1991)suggest that homosexuality is a result of:

A) personal choice
B) biological factors
C) social learning
D) a complex interplay between biology and social factors
E) genetics

Question 78

Biological explanations for homosexuality have focused on:

A) why gays and lesbians seem to have more psychological problems than heterosexuals
B) the size of genitals
C) race, because more white men tend to be gay than those of any other race
D) the absence of a mother or father in the child's life
E) brain characteristics

Question 79

Aversion to or hatred of homosexuals and their lifestyles and behavior based on such feelings is termed:

A) sexism
B) homophobia
C) heterophobia
D) biphobia
E) DSM

Question 80

Anthropologist Gil Herdt (1981,1984,1986)found that more than 20 tribes in Melanesia and New Guinea participated in ritually prescribed same-sex encounters.His research indicated that the males involved in this type of sexual behavior considered it necessary for:

A) men because they have limited access to women during hunts
B) boys in order for them to "learn" how to participate in homosexuality
C) women to prevent overpopulation in the tribes
D) boys to enter manhood and obtain their masculine virility
E) girls in order for them to learn how to be sexual without damaging their "purity" through heterosexual intercourse