Deck 19: Urbanization, population, and The Environment

Question 1

By the year 2030,the worldwide population in towns and cities of the developing world will account for a little:

A) more than 80%
B) less than 60%
C) more than 40%
D) more than 20%
E) less than 20%

Answer 1

A

Question 2

According to the text,minorities move to the suburbs for the same reasons that other people do,such as to have better schools and less crime.According to the chairman of the Chicago Housing Authority,urbanization:

A) is not about race but about social class
B) is about race because minorities are not welcomed
C) has been only for the upper-middle classes
D) really does not exist anymore
E) none of the above

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Suburbanization in the United States was possible because of the:

A) emphasis on a pastoral lifestyle found in the countryside
B) availability of federal Housing Assistance (fHA) loans
C) development of factories at the turn of the twentieth century
D) massive outflow of racial minorities leaving cities for better jobs
E) the movement to create a better rail system

Answer 3

B

Question 4

According research by John Logan and Harvey Molotch (1987),the key factors structuring modern city neighborhoods are:

A) tensions and conflicts between different groups around the use of property
B) ecological processes
C) urban ways of life
D) acts of collective consumption
E) acts of collective conscience

Question 5

The northeast corridor of the United States,an area covering some 450 miles from north of Boston to south of Washington,D.C.,has 44 million people.This area is referred to as a:

A) mega city
B) conurbation
C) megalopolis
D) global city
E) walled city

Question 6

The first society to undergo industrialization was in:

A) Great Britain
B) the United States
C) Egypt
D) Indochina
E) Russia

Question 7

Louis Wirth saw that an approach explaining how the cultural life of cities comes to dominate areas outside cities as well is:

A) urban ecology
B) urbanism as a way of life
C) the created-environment approach to urban analysis
D) collective consumption
E) the collective conscience

Question 8

In modern societies,most of the population lives:

A) on small, isolated farms
B) in the countryside
C) in villages
D) in small towns
E) in cities

Question 9

Most cities of the ancient world shared:

A) an outer wall that offered both military defense and separation from the countryside
B) a central area that was primarily a business district, much like cities today
C) an area on the perimeter or even outside the walls where the elite lived
D) religious temples that were usually in the countryside beyond the walls
E) an absence of ceremonial or political main buildings

Question 10

Industrialization generated the movement of population from the countryside into towns and cities,which is known as:

A) conurbation
B) metropolization
C) megalomania
D) urbanization
E) gentrification

Question 11

Cities,like plant and animal populations,grow following principles of adaptation and equilibrium so that neighborhoods were settled in a process of competition,invasion,and succession.This is the idea behind:

A) urban ecology or the ecological approach to urban analysis
B) urbanism as a way of life
C) the created-environment approach to urban analysis
D) collective consumption
E) the collective conscience

Question 12

A cluster of cities and towns forming a continuous network is called:

A) a conurbation
B) a metropolis
C) a megalopolis
D) urbanization
E) gentrification

Question 13

A term originally referring to an ancient Greek utopian planned city-state but now applied to a "city of cities" is:

A) suburbanization
B) metropolis
C) megalopolis
D) urbanization
E) gentrification

Question 14

Most contemporary theory and research in urban sociology focuses on cities as:

A) natural formations
B) places of conflict
C) created environments or social constructions
D) danger zones of incivility
E) places of social equity

Question 15

Pedro lives in a small neighborhood in the heart of a large city.Lately,burglaries and assaults have occurred near his block.Pedro and his neighbors believe that they have not seen any crime on their block because they know each other,notice when strangers or strange cars are in the neighborhood,and have a mix of older retired couples and young families who use the neighborhood at different times of the day.Jane Jacobs would see this as an example of:

A) gentrification
B) nosy neighbors
C) inner-city life
D) created community
E) eyes and ears on the street

Question 16

The type of process that urbanization in the twenty-first century is known as is:

A) first world
B) second world
C) third world
D) global
E) localized

Question 17

Louis Wirth identified the "urban interaction problem" as the necessity for city dwellers to respect social boundaries when many people are in close proximity all the time.An example of this is:

A) joining a conversation on a city stoop
B) asking for survey participants on the sidewalk
C) talking on cell phones and using an iPod
D) making eye contact with the street vendors
E) taking photographs of people on the street

Question 18

The first cities emerged about 3500 B.C.E.in the:

A) Nile River valley
B) central valley of Mexico
C) Chinese mainland
D) Andes mountains of Bolivia
E) Great Zimbabwe settlement

Question 19

In regard to cities,both David Harvey and Manuel Castells stressed:

A) natural growth
B) ecological processes
C) political, economic, and social construction
D) size
E) social justice

Question 20

Of the following trends,the one that is a latent consequence of the decline in the manufacturing economy in the United States is:

A) the low unemployment in cities that relied on industry for their economy
B) a decrease in the feminization of poverty
C) a large number of men considered desirable for marriage
D) an increase in female-headed, single-parent households
E) the growing number of racial minorities moving to suburban neighborhoods

Question 21

According to respected sociologist William Julius Wilson,a potentially negative consequence of the civil rights movement is that:

A) qualified whites have lost jobs to less qualified people of color
B) black middle-class families have deserted the central cities
C) African American women are replicating the ideal white family of the 1950s.
D) desegregation of schools has diluted the influence of minority group members
E) None of the above

Question 22

far from disappearing or becoming irrelevant,the hubs of the global economy are large :

A) factories
B) universities
C) cooperatives
D) farms
E) cities

Question 23

Cities such as New York and Tokyo where the coordination of global business activity takes place are:

A) conurbations
B) global cities
C) megalomania
D) urban ghettos
E) suburban zones

Question 24

The massive development and inhabitation of towns surrounding cities is a process known as:

A) suburbanization
B) metropolization
C) megalomania
D) urbanization
E) gentrification

Question 25

The way in which globalization has affected the migration patterns of Americans is that:

A) global technology has facilitated the movement of capital to places where costs of business are lower and the potential for profits is higher
B) global technology has made it possible for people to migrate to areas of dense population without the concern of the urban interaction problem
C) urbanization has become less of an issue thanks to the availability of a wide variety of products from around the world virtually anywhere.
D) as global warming continues to erode the ozone layer, Americans are moving to the north for cooler weather
E) All of the above.

Question 26

As an important factor in urban development,Manuel Castells emphasized the struggles of underprivileged groups participating in the process of:

A) urban ecology
B) urbanism as a way of life
C) the created-environment approach to urban analysis
D) collective consumption
E) the collective conscience

Question 27

According to David Harvey,industrial capitalism continually restructures space in its pursuit of profits.This theoretical approach is known as:

A) urban ecology or the ecological approach to urban analysis
B) urbanism as a way of life
C) the created-environment approach to urban analysis
D) collective consumption
E) the collective conscience

Question 28

The rapid increase in suburbanization in the United States occurred in the:

A) 1920s
B) 1930s and 1940s
C) 1950s and 1960s
D) 1980s
E) 1990s

Question 29

The process of more affluent groups moving back into cities and renovating dilapidated buildings and neighborhoods is called:

A) conurbation
B) metropolization
C) megalomania
D) urbanization
E) gentrification

Question 30

Although today sociologists tend to use the terms interchangeably,ghettos are areas where particular people are forced to live whereas slums are:

A) worse than ghettos
B) another term for revitalized areas
C) areas populated by poor people
D) ethnically exclusive areas
E) dirty parts of a large city

Question 31

According to sociologists,the New Orleans victims of Hurricane Katrina were disproportionately affected by the disaster because:

A) some people refused to leave their homes
B) the city waited too long to warn of the danger
C) the disaster response plan was more than a decade old
D) the city had extreme ghettoized poverty
E) there was a lack of awareness of the disaster response plan

Question 32

The following that best describes the migration of people within the United States during the past 10 years is:

A) the Northeast and Midwest continue to see out migration
B) migration to the South and West has slowed, and there has been a decrease in the population
C) only the Midwest actually gained residents
D) the population of the Northeast declined by more than 300,000
E) people are leaving florida, Texas, and California for Midwest and Northeast

Question 33

According to Manuel Castells's concept of collective consumption,the physical shape of cities is determined by:

A) their proximity to natural resources
B) the number of young people in them
C) market forces and the power of government
D) their racial and ethnic diversity
E) a vibrant art and entertainment scene

Question 34

Cities can be seen as a series of concentric circles with the inner ring designated as the inner city and the outer rings as:

A) smaller neighborhoods
B) business districts
C) suburbs
D) conurbations
E) rural areas

Question 35

Of the following,the one that has NOT contributed to the decay of inner cities in the United States during the past 50 years is:

A) the movement of businesses, jobs, and middle-class residents to the suburbs.
B) the disappearance of manufacturing industries, thus eliminating many blue-collar jobs for which lower-class residents were qualified
C) the low cost of transportation options for inner-city inhabitants
D) the lack of public transportation to businesses and jobs in the suburbs
E) the contribution of segregation to the social isolation of the "ghetto poor," causing an increase in social problems

Question 36

Of the following attributes,the one NOT currently associated with rural America is a:

A) decline in farming and other rural industries
B) scarcity of economic activities
C) lack of lifestyle amenities aimed particularly to young people
D) disproportionate number of older people
E) plentiful number of good-paying, skilled jobs

Question 37

At the beginning of the twentieth century,fewer than one in seven people lived in cities.In 2008,the number of people living in cities _______________ the number of people living in rural areas.

A) is irrelevant compared with
B) has surpassed
C) is equal to
D) was less than
E) none of the above

Question 38

White families who moved into gentrified communities usually professed liberal attitudes toward people of color.Therefore,gentrification failed to increase the dialogue between the new white residents and the former black residents because:

A) the white families were actually racist land speculators
B) the black families fled to the suburbs when the whites moved into their neighborhoods
C) a social class barrier divided the two groups
D) white families' rental of most of the homes to transients who did not live in the community long enough to establish relationships
E) both groups spent most of their time at work and had little time available for socializing

Question 39

According to David Harvey,the created environment of cities means that space is continually restricted.He argues this is mainly a result of all of the following EXCEPT the:

A) buying and selling of houses
B) place where firms decide to locate their factories
C) controls that government place on development
D) activities of private investors
E) organization of the local community in support of equitable housing opportunities for poor people

Question 40

The phenomenon that explains why rural places have a disproportionately higher number of older adults is called:

A) the graying of rural America
B) gentrification
C) aging in place
D) elder population growth
E) the aging of rural America

Question 41

The following region that has the lowest population growth is:

A) Africa
B) Asia
C) Europe
D) North America
E) South America

Question 42

The number of babies per thousand of population who die in any year before reaching one year of age is called:

A) the crude birth rate
B) fertility
C) fecundity
D) the crude death rate
E) the infant mortality rate

Question 43

Reducing population growth might happen as a result of a second demographic transition because:

A) many people still see a large family as desirable
B) some religions still forbid the use of contraception
C) contraception is still not widely available around the world
D) some religions still advocate large families
E) large families will become an economic cost, not an economic benefit

Question 44

The number of deaths per thousand of population per year is known as:

A) the rate of population decline
B) the death rate
C) fecundity
D) the crude death rate
E) the infant mortality rate

Question 45

The number of live births per year per thousand of the population is the:

A) crude birth rate
B) fertility rate
C) fecundity rate
D) crude death rate
E) rate of population growth or decline

Question 46

The potential number of children women are biologically able to bear is known as:

A) the crude birth rate
B) fertility
C) fecundity
D) the crude fertility rate
E) the rate of population growth

Question 47

Demography is:

A) the study of natural features of the planet
B) the study of population
C) the study of representative government
D) rule by the people
E) the study of liberals

Question 48

Population controls in China have:

A) worked because the government provides disincentives for families with more than one child
B) worked because parents who murder their children are not prosecuted, especially if the murdered children are girls
C) not worked because most Chinese are religious, and their beliefs do not allow the use of contraceptives
D) not worked because most children in China are born outside of marriage, and the government cannot control this trend
E) not worked because the decentralized structure of the Chinese government impedes any social change

Question 49

With global hunger and undernourishment already affecting _______________ people today,the problem is likely to _______________.

A) 20 million; diminish
B) 100 million; finally disappear by 2050
C) 260 million; diminish significantly in the next 20 years
D) 500 million; continue and affect many more people
E) 925 million; continue and affect many more people

Question 50

Urban growth in less developed regions is high because of:

A) high crime in rural areas
B) high rates of internal migration
C) high rates of migration from other countries
D) government mandates to move people to the city
E) enormous growth of skilled jobs in urban areas

Question 51

Mike Davis's (1990)study of Los Angeles noted a conscious hardening of the city surface against the poor.Of the following,the one that is NOT an example of this is the:

A) growth of homeless shelters in the downtown area
B) presence of gated communities that keep the poor out
C) installation of barrel-shaped or short benches at bus stops so people cannot sleep on them
D) presence of super malls or strip malls that take up space that was formerly considered public
E) limited access to public spaces, such as bathrooms

Question 52

The number of live-born children the average woman has is known as:

A) the crude birth rate
B) fertility
C) fecundity
D) the crude fertility rate
E) the rate of population growth

Question 53

A geography of "centrality and marginality" in global cities refers to the fact that:

A) central zones are deemed marginal
B) central business districts reside in global cities
C) enormous affluence and acute poverty are side by side with minimal interaction
D) some global cities are central and others are marginal
E) affluence and poverty are geographically separated to avoid interaction

Question 54

The rate that is calculated by subtracting the number of deaths per thousand from the number of births per thousand in a year reflects:

A) crude births
B) fertility
C) fecundity
D) crude deaths
E) population growth or decline

Question 55

The job that most closely illustrates the informal economy is:

A) a secretary at a multinational paper-manufacturing company
B) a housekeeper paid "under the table" (not reported for tax purposes) in suburban communities
C) your sociology professor
D) a unionized garbage worker in the northeastern United States
E) a Wal-Mart employee

Question 56

According to Manuel Castells,megacities are:

A) not really as large as most cities
B) connection points between huge populations of people and the global economy
C) overwhelmingly populated by people who would be considered successful in the global economy
D) located only in the developing world
E) on the decline throughout the world

Question 57

The most recent projections for global urban growth are that:

A) as more jobs move to the service sector, cities will continue to lose population to suburban communities
B) urban centers will decline in population in developing countries, whereas the city population in developed countries will continue to grow.
C) urban growth is expected to occur more often in North America, western Europe, and China than in other places
D) urbanized populations throughout the world will grow more rapidly than rural communities
E) by the year 2030, the current population trends will have reversed and small towns will contain the majority of the world's population

Question 58

Although the Chinese government's population policies were successful,they have had some unintended consequences,one of which was that:

A) a highly skewed sex ratio where women outnumber men will lead to low rates of marriage among the least desirable men
B) low birthrates will not provide enough adult children to care for their aging parents
C) more parents will abort male fetuses or put infant sons up for adoption
D) parents are never allowed to have more than one child.
E) All these are unintended consequences of the population policies.

Question 59

Mexico City is one of the most polluted cities in the world because it:

A) is the most populated city in the world
B) has a large number of poor people
C) has strict regulations against dumping toxins in nearby rivers
D) has built buildings on nearly 95% of the land
E) has a large number of cars, buses, trucks, and inadequate roads combined with industrial pollutants

Question 60

The global city takes on a geography of "centrality and marginality," meaning that:

A) the globalization process is central, pushing cities to the margins of the economy
B) the space of the city is increasingly devoted to the needs of the wealthy and is made unlivable for the poor
C) affluent city dwellers flee the central city for its furthest margins
D) the poor "untouchables" transform the cityscape to serve their needs rather than those of the affluent
E) the government continues to provide resources to the urban poor

Question 61

According to some estimates,the world's gross domestic product (GDP)generated by urban areas is:

A) 10%
B) 30%
C) 50%
D) 80%
E) 97%

Question 62

The solution to environmental crises will require all of the following EXCEPT:

A) social changes
B) technological changes
C) global cooperation
D) political changes
E) increasing the consumption of consumer goods

Question 63

factors lowering fertility rates in the second demographic transition include:

A) shifts in the family structure
B) declining oil production
C) declining food production
D) an aging population
E) higher death rates

Question 64

According to demographic transition theory,the stage in which high population growth takes place is:

A) Stage 1 (preindustrial, traditional)
B) Stage 2 (partial industrialization)
C) Stage 3 (full industrialization)
D) Stage 4 (postindustrial)
E) Stage 5 (cosmic exploration)

Question 65

The process of the buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that acts like the glass on a greenhouse and causes the average temperature of the earth to rise is called:

A) global warming
B) depletion of the ozone layer
C) toxic waste
D) recycling
E) the Greenpeace effect

Question 66

Population growth rates are:

A) linear
B) exponential
C) usually negative
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 67

The theory that economic development generated by industrialization leads to population stability is called:

A) Malthusianism
B) the demographic transition
C) fertility
D) fecundity
E) economism

Question 68

The causes of the substantial human effect on the environment are:

A) natural
B) biological
C) social
D) insignificant
E) ecological

Question 69

According to the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)report,the planet's temperature is rapidly rising.The panel pointed out that the past 11 of 12 years have been the warmest on record.The cause of this warming is considered to be:

A) geologic trends that have been occurring since the origin of geologic time
B) human activity, such as human-caused greenhouse gas emissions
C) animals emitting methane gas
D) decreases in overall food production
E) the use of aerosol cans

Question 70

The term meaning "meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" that originated in the Brundtland Commission report (also known by the title Our Common future)is:

A) development
B) sustainable development
C) modernization
D) postmodernization
E) knowledge economy

Question 71

The number of years an average person can expect to live is called:

A) life expectancy
B) fertility
C) fecundity
D) the crude death rate
E) the life span

Question 72

Thomas Malthus was one of the original writers to show concern for population growth.Demographers,economists,politicians,sociologists,and others have continued to debate his ideas for more than 200 years.The following statement that would most likely come from a Malthusian supporter is:

A) to control population growth, poorer countries need to provide their people better access to family planning
B) populations will increase during times of famine because people will seek solace with their loved ones
C) artificial food production will facilitate a population growth
D) as an optimist, I am confident that the earth's resources will increase to accommodate a growing population
E) industrial production will create an abundance of goods that, in turn, will encourage the procreation process

Question 73

Of the world's increase in energy use between 2011 and 2035,China and India,both of which rely heavily upon the use of petroleum for energy production,will account for about:

A) one-quarter
B) one-half
C) three-quarters
D) nearly all
E) less than one-tenth

Question 74

The belief that population growth tends to outstrip expansion of food production,leading to natural curbs on the population such as famine and war,is called:

A) Malthusianism
B) demographic transition
C) fertility
D) fecundity
E) apocalyptical

Question 75

Gases previously used in aerosols and refrigerants have caused:

A) global warming
B) depletion of the ozone layer
C) toxic waste
D) recycling
E) the Greenpeace effect

Question 76

Demographers refer to changes in the ratio of births to deaths in industrialized countries as:

A) life expectancy
B) the demographic transition
C) fertility
D) life span
E) mortality

Question 77

The period of time that it takes the population to double is known as:

A) the crude birth rate
B) the doubling time
C) fecundity
D) the crude death rate
E) the rate of population growth or decline

Question 78

The renewal process in which more affluent groups renovate older buildings and begin moving back into to rundown neighborhoods is called:

A) urbanization
B) gentrification
C) consumption
D) transformation
E) Malthusianism

Question 79

The maximum number of years that an individual could possibly live is called:

A) life expectancy
B) fertility
C) fecundity
D) the crude death rate
E) the life span

Question 80

Much of the sociological discussion concerning the environment and economic development focuses on:

A) consumption patterns
B) the environmental resource base
C) modern industry and technology
D) energy sources
E) poor people in the global South