Deck 18: Organizing Information About Species

Question 1

Which of the following serve as examples of morphological convergence?

A) sharks, penguins, and porpoises
B) panthers and tigers
C) apes and monkeys
D) sharks, skates, and rays
E) mice, rats, and gerbils

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following has not played a part in the extinction of honeycreepers in Hawaii?

A) Loss of habitat.
B) Human activities.
C) Imported species.
D) Depletion of the ozone layer.
E) Disease.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Using hair as the derived trait, which does not fit the clade?

A) whale
B) crocodile
C) wolf
D) elephant
E) tiger

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Vertebrate forelimbs do not show homology for the following:

A) bone structure.
B) blood vessel pattern.
C) nerve pattern.
D) muscle pattern.
E) homology exists for all of these.

Question 5

The five-toed limb of stem reptiles became modified into a limb ____ in vertebrates that followed.

A) suitable for high-speed running
B) suitable for digging
C) suitable for swimming
D) with four fingers and an opposable thumb
E) with all of these

Question 6

The convergence in external morphology of sharks, penguins, and porpoises is attributed to

A) reduced genetic variability in these groups.
B) selection pressures that are common to these groups.
C) reproductive isolation of these groups.
D) identical genes in all three groups.
E) use and disuse of the limbs.

Question 7

____ is the study of body plans and structures among groups of organisms.

A) Embryology
B) Molecular archeology
C) Evolution
D) Comparative morphology
E) Composition

Question 8

Which of the following does not belong in the clade of class Reptilia?

A) turtle
B) snakes
C) birds
D) lizards
E) all of these belong

Question 9

The bones in the forelimbs of a mammal

A) can often be traced to a common ancestor.
B) offer no evidence to support the theory of evolution.
C) perform the same function no matter which species they are in.
D) may exhibit either analogy or homology but not both when compared to the forelimb of another animal.
E) show convergence with some invertebrate structures.

Question 10

Birds are thought to have evolved from dinosaurs.In considering birds and comparing them to dinosaurs, which of the following would be a derived trait?

A) feathers
B) legs
C) eyes
D) toothlessness
E) bones

Question 11

____ is the study of body plans and structures among groups of organisms.

A) Embryology
B) Molecular archeology
C) Evolution
D) Comparative morphology
E) Composition

Question 12

Which of the following is not true of cladistics?

A) It involves making hypothesis about the evolutionary relationship between clades.
B) It is a precise science.
C) It can lead to a cladogram.
D) It may involve parsimony analysis.
E) It may use outgroups to 'root' the tree.

Question 13

For the clade of winged organisms, which of the following would be considered the out group?

A) Insect
B) Bat
C) Eagle
D) Penguin
E) Honeycreeper

Question 14

Which of the following is a character in phylogeny?

A) number of digits
B) DNA sequence for a gene
C) amino acid sequence of an enzyme
D) number of petals
E) all of these

Question 15

The reason that the various Hawaiian honeycreepers are vulnerable to extinction is

A) the reduction of their habitats.
B) the warming of their habitats, supporting mosquitoes that carry the pathogens for avian malaria.
C) the encroachment of humans into their habitats.
D) the importation of new predators and competitors into their habitats.
E) all of these answers.

Question 16

Finches have lived in Hawaii for:

A) 1000 years.
B) 100 000 years.
C) 4 million years.
D) 5 million years.
E) 63 million years.

Question 17

Which of the following are considered more primitive based upon the structure of their limbs?

A) bats
B) reptiles
C) porpoises
D) penguins
E) birds

Question 18

Which of the following is the sister group to human?

A) earthworm
B) lizard
C) tuna
D) mouse
E) none of these

Question 19

A monophyletic group has how many ancestors?

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) many
E) it is variable

Question 20

Similar body parts are not always homologous.They may have evolved independently in separate lineages as adaptations to the same

A) reproductive isolation of these groups.
B) environmental pressures.
C) reduced genetic variability in these groups.
D) identical genes in all three groups.
E) factor as all of these.

Question 21

__________ is a set of methods that allow us to reconstruct phylogeny.

Question 22

All of the following statements about master genes are true EXCEPT:

A) They orchestrate layers of development.
B) They are highly conserved over evolutionary time.
C) Mutations within these are frequently devastating.
D) They are highly variable in their sequences between species.
E) Mutations usually result in changes in body plan.

Question 23

The influenza virus can infect:

A) humans
B) pigs
C) birds
D) humans and pigs
E) humans, pigs and birds

Question 24

Which of the following are true statements regarding the use of DNA in evolutionary comparisons?

A) Lineages have a mixture of ancestral and novel DNA sequences.
B) Mutations inevitably change DNA sequences over time.
C) Mutations occur randomly.
D) Most mutations are neutral.
E) All of these are true.

Question 25

A mutation in the Apetala1 gene, in Brassica oleracea plants (wild cabbage), results in mutated flowers that

A) have multiple female parts.
B) have multiple male parts.
C) have leaves instead of petals.
D) have enormous size.
E) burrow into the ground like peanuts.

Question 26

Which of the following gene mutations is least likely to impact the protein?

A) A conservative substitution.
B) A non-conservative substitution.
C) An amino acid deletion.
D) An amino acid insertion.
E) All would be the same.

Question 27

The study of comparative embryology reveals the conservative nature of the genes responsible for

A) food procurement.
B) reproductive behavior.
C) embryonic development.
D) embryonic size.
E) embryonic intelligence.

Question 28

The master gene Hox helps to sculpt the body plan of embryos by

A) inhibiting the Dlx gene to prevent extra limbs.
B) timing the activation of Dlx genes.
C) causing cell death in any cell not expressing the Hox gene.
D) converting sugar into energy to allow the process to go to completion.
E) inducing mutations in plants.

Question 29

Some genes encoding proteins that are essential to the survival of the organism are called highly conserved sequences.Which of the following is an example of one of these proteins?

A) cytochrome b
B) muscle structural proteins
C) carbohydrate hydrolyzing genes
D) skin pigmentation
E) keratin

Question 30

The Dlx gene encodes a transcription factor that signals clusters of embryonic cells to ____ and give rise to an appendage.

A) fold into the cardiac muscle
B) protrude from the body
C) form reproductive structures
D) induce apoptosis in cells lining the appendages
E) develop into the immune system

Question 31

A gene accumulates one mutation every 100 years.If one species splits into 2 now, how many differences will exist in that gene between the two in 500 years?

A) 2
D) 100
B) 5
E) 500
C) 10

Question 32

Body appendages as diverse as crab legs, beetle legs, sea star arms, butterfly wings, fish fins, and mouse feet start out as

A) clusters of cells in the limb buds.
B) cerebral cells.
C) cardiac cells.
D) offshoots of the sperm cell.
E) offshoots of the egg.

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT true of the poouli?

A) It is a honeycreeper.
B) It is endangered.
C) It is an outlying member of its group.
D) It is morphologically distinct from others in its group.
E) All of these are true.

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT true of the H5N1 virus?

A) It is symptomless in pigs.
B) It has a high mortality rate in humans.
C) It cannot infect birds.
D) It moves poorly from human to human.
E) It can move between pigs.

Question 35

The skull of the chimpanzee and human are most closely related

A) as 48-hour embryos.
B) as adults.
C) as adolescents.
D) as infants.
E) never; they are not structurally close.

Question 36

Phylogeny can be used for:

A) medical applications.
B) cladistics.
C) wildlife management.
D) all of these.
E) none of these

Question 37

__________ is the science of naming and classifying species.

Question 38

Similar body parts that reflect shared ancestry are called __________.

Question 39

Which of the following is not true of mitochondria?

A) They have DNA.
B) Their DNA can experience mutations.
C) In animals the mitochondria come from the mother.
D) They undergo genetic recombination during fertilization.
E) All these are true

Question 40

Phylogeny research may include:

A) genetic analysis.
B) anatomical analysis.
C) behavioral analysis.
D) physiological analysis.
E) all of these.

Question 41

Neutral mutations tend to accumulate in DNA at a predictable rate; like the ticks of a __________, they can help researchers estimate how long ago two lineages diverged.

Question 42

A fairly conserved gene is compared between a human, a chimpanzee, a bear and a banana.How would you expect their DNA sequences to relate?

Question 43

__________ are body parts that look alike in different lineages but did not evolve in a common ancestor.

Question 44

Why is morphological convergence not a good explanation for vertebrate forelimbs?

Question 45

Mutations in genes that affect __________ may cause morphological shifts in a lineage.

Question 46

Why is the clade in which derived traits evolve the minimum number of times favored?