Deck 18: The Age of Enlightenment: Reason and Reform

Question 1

All of the following can be attributed to the philosophes except

A)a definite distrust of science and reason.
B)demands for humanitarian treatment of slaves and criminals.
C)a secular orientation and a belief in future progress.
D)writings that labeled Jesus, Moses, and Mohammed as frauds.
E)the shaping of modern beliefs in tolerance and human rights.

Answer 1

a definite distrust of science and reason.

Question 2

In 1700, the common language of well-educated Europeans was

A)English.
B)Latin.
C)French
D)Esperanto.
E)None of these

Answer 2

French

Question 3

At the end of the seventeenth century, examples of intolerance included

A)the expulsion of students from the Oxford University for unorthodox ideas.
B)imprisonment of heretics in the Dutch Republic.
C)expulsion of the entire Protestant population of France.
D)forcible baptism of Jewish children in the Papal States.
E)All of these

Answer 3

All of these

Question 4

The authors of your text refer to salons as

A)regular receptions devoted to intelligent, egalitarian conversation, often hosted by women.
B)the last stronghold of aristocratic privileges.
C)a place where culture and traditional fashions still held sway.
D)the place where the French king retired when his public duties were finished.
E)businesses catering to the emerging consumer societies of Western Europe.

Question 5

According to David Hume

A)the universe does not prove God's existence.
B)all religion results from human fears and superstitions.
C)the order apparent in the universe may be more in a person's mind than in reality.
D)religion is a social convention.
E)All of these

Question 6

The author states that most leaders of the Enlightenment sought to

A)return society to the freedoms of ancient Athenian democracy.
B)restructure society according the Christian humanist principles.
C)impose an ordered freedom on social and political institutions.
D)enlighten society through the universal education of both sexes.
E)overthrow unenlightened political systems through revolutions, violent if need be.

Question 7

Pierre Bayle's skepticism

A)aimed at undermining the Newtonian synthesis.
B)became the guiding principle behind the Encyclopédie.
C)dealt a serious blow to revealed religion and pointed in the direction of natural religion.
D)led to his expulsion from France and execution in Geneva.
E)None of these

Question 8

Venues for the production and sharing of Enlightenment ideas included

A)coffee houses.
B)Masonic lodges.
C)scientific academies.
D)salons.
E)All of these

Question 9

Immanuel Kant insisted that

A)individuals must conform to knowledge presented by authority.
B)each individual should reason independently.
C)education and critical thought were indispensable for the overthrow of the aristocratic order.
D)there was no conflict between reason and faith.
E)a person should be enlightened by his own "inner light."

Question 10

In relation to religion, philosophes

A)often argued that Church doctrines were illogical and irrelevant.
B)launched the first attack on Christianity conducted by the educated.
C)condemned religious fanaticism that has led to so much bloodshed.
D)criticized the Church's otherworldliness for acting as a barrier to social improvement and justice.
E)All of these

Question 11

All of the following characterized civil society and the public sphere in Enlightenment Europe except

A)mixing of aristocrats with other social classes.
B)restriction to a few major cities.
C)membership based on common interests and curiosity rather than religion, kin, or occupational affiliation.
D)most of the members had some surplus wealth.
E)informal training in self-governance, self-education, and social criticism.

Question 12

Deists believed all the following except

A)God does not exist.
B)Jesus was a great moral teacher but he is not the Son of God.
C)the essence of religion is ethics, not faith.
D)revelation and doctrines such as original sin should be rejected.
E)God created the universe but does not intervene in it.

Question 13

Eighteenth-century philosophes were

A)traditional philosophers who opposed new ideas.
B)particularly those clergymen whose duty it was to protect the faith from philosophical wrangling.
C)leaders of Enlightenment thought who supported tolerance, rationality, and freedom.
D)the university professors who debated issues of the Enlightenment.
E)the modern equivalent of ancient sophists.

Question 14

The term freethinking, as applied to individuals in the eighteenth century, suggested

A)their readiness to criticize church dogmas.
B)willingness to move to political action.
C)their clubs would not be confined to one topic.
D)their thoughts would not be stifled by a monarch.
E)unstructured reflection.

Question 15

Who of the following would likely be rejected from a list of Enlightenment philosophes?

A)Immanuel Kant
B)Benjamin Franklin
C)Voltaire
D)Thomas Hobbes
E)Mary Wollstonecraft

Question 16

The center of the Enlightenment was

A)Amsterdam.
B)London.
C)Paris.
D)Berlin.
E)Budapest.

Question 17

All of the following were true of the Freemasons during the Enlightenment except

A)originating as guilds of working stonemasons, the Freemasons became fraternities of middle class and aristocratic men.
B)Freemasons regularly conducted pseudo-religious services mocking traditional Christianity.
C)Freemasons sought to make their members virtuous, disciplined, and civilized.
D)the Freemasons often included the most elite members of society who supported potentially revolutionary ideals that would ultimately undermine their positions.
E)in France, the Freemasons organized a Grand Lodge with representatives from the entire country.

Question 18

Which of the following statements was true concerning freedom of expression during the seventeenth century?

A)Even in the Netherlands, those who opposed the Calvinist clergy could be detained without a time limit for release.
B)The publishing industry was still strictly controlled toward the end of the eighteenth century.
C)The liberality professed at Oxford University offered students the chance to express heretical ideas.
D)Those who professed Enlightenment principles hoped for more social freedom but were unwilling to attack political institutions in print.
E)Freedom of expression was practiced only in English-speaking countries.

Question 19

The scientific societies that flourished throughout Europe

A)had their members perform experiments, listen to scientific papers, and collect samples of rarities.
B)permitted any inquisitive man to dabble in science or try to become a scientist.
C)inspired groups specifically interested in the application of scientific knowledge.
D)developed in various forms, often competing among themselves.
E)All of these

Question 20

The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that

A)was inspired by the Scientific Revolution.
B)reacted against "monarchical and clerical absolutism."
C)benefitted from a new freedom of printing in some countries.
D)has been characterized as the Age of Reason.
E)All of these

Question 21

In Émile, Rousseau recommended

A)that children receive a rigorous education in the sciences.
B)a solid background in the classics as essential for a modern education.
C)that intellectual and moral instruction should come after the development of the senses.
D)a state-run education system to rid society of superstition and ignorance.
E)an education provided in the home under the guidance of the clergy.

Question 22

John Locke's ideal form of government can best be described as a

A)constitutional state based on the consent of the governed and respectful of each person's natural rights except for Catholics and atheists.
B)absolute monarchy guided by the principles of the Enlightenment.
C)constitutional state based on the consent of the governed and respectful of everyone's natural rights.
D)divine right monarchy.
E)constitutional state guided by the general will defined as the consensus of well-informed citizens.

Question 23

Jean Jacques Rousseau would have agreed with each of the following except

A)laws should serve the common good.
B)"...[W]hoever refuses to obey the general will be forced to do so by the entire body.This means merely that he will be forced to be free."
C)men are born free and innocent in the state of nature, only society and government corrupts him.
D)"The interest of the sovereign could not be separated from that of the subject."
E)modern government is a moral association that makes people better.

Question 24

Voltaire believed all the following except

A)only ideas received from the senses should be believed.
B)superstition and blind obedience to religious authority are unacceptable.
C)the people should be allowed to govern themselves.
D)constitutional monarchy is the best form of government.
E)the rule of law, religious tolerance, and the humane treatment of criminals was possible.

Question 25

For the history of the Enlightenment, Madame de Châtelet's greatest accomplishment was her

A)French translation of Newton's Principia.
B)close friendship with Voltaire.
C)hosting of and participation in salons.
D)position as consort to Louis XV.
E)association with Rousseau.

Question 26

The term tabula rasa relates most to the concept that

A)economic tables of the law of supply and demand should be kept by modern states.
B)no ideas are innate.
C)slavery was part of the chain of being.
D)original sin must be removed by baptism.
E)tyranny breaks the social contract and society returns to the state of nature.

Question 27

One may correctly assert that

A)Rousseau contended that society was responsible for reforming the basically selfish nature of human beings.
B)John Locke rejected the importance of education in molding a virtuous mind.
C)Hume's reasoned arguments made him a philosopher who was most dangerous to the Old Regime.
D)philosophes often considered Native Americans superior in many of their customs to Europeans.
E)Hobbes believed that life in the state of nature was "nasty, brutish and short," therefore, when a government is established it can be overthrown if it oppresses its people.

Question 28

Enlightenment philosophes

A)advocated the abolition of slavery.
B)had mixed attitudes towards slavery.
C)believed that slavery was a necessary evil.
D)thought slavery was not a pressing problem.
E)coupled slavery with the institution of private property.

Question 29

Which of the following is inaccurate?

A)Rousseau believed that original human innocence is still preserved by women, thus, women deserved a greater role in public life.
B)Kant stated that for a woman "her philosophy is not to reason but to sense."
C)Mary Wollstonecraft published The Vindication of the Rights of Women in 1792.
D)It appears that the Enlightenment was quite inconsistent in its attitudes towards women.
E)During the Enlightenment, at least one European nation was governed by a queen.

Question 30

The modern notion of government divided into branches was most clearly articulated by

A)Hobbes.
B)Locke.
C)Montesquieu.
D)Rousseau.
E)Leszczyski.

Question 31

Criticism of slavery first appeared in early modern Europe among the

A)Franciscans.
B)Jesuits.
C)Lutherans.
D)Quakers.
E)philosophes.

Question 32

Who wrote both Candide and Micromegas?

A)d'Holbach
B)Helvetius
C)de Montesquieu
D)Voltaire
E)Bayle

Question 33

Thomas Hobbes appealed to Enlightenment thinkers by his

A)concept of a state of nature superseded by a social contract.
B)belief that self-interest is a valid reason for political activity.
C)refusal to use God as a justification for absolutism.
D)idea that all political powers rests on a contract among the governed.
E)All of these

Question 34

Locke's theory of education

A)questioned the Christian belief in a sinful human nature.
B)indicated that nurture is more important than nature.
C)held that a person must test knowledge with his own sense experience.
D)assumed all knowledge ultimately comes from the senses.
E)All of these

Question 35

Cesare Beccaria advocated a justice system that

A)actually rehabilitated the criminal.
B)was separate from the Church.
C)recognized the social problems cause by poverty and the institution of property.
D)did not concern itself with sin.
E)All of these

Question 36

All philosophes agreed that

A)the people should govern themselves.
B)torture should be eliminated.
C)a person should completely subordinate himself to reason.
D)enlightened despotism was the best form of government.
E)the existing criminal justice system was generally beneficial.

Question 37

Enlightenment thinkers of which country took the lead in attacking slavery?

A)Britain
B)The British colonies in North America
C)France
D)The Dutch Republic
E)The Papal States

Question 38

That "Man is born free; and everywhere he is in chains" was the stirring pronouncement of

A)Rousseau.
B)Locke.
C)Diderot.
D)Jefferson.
E)Beccaria.

Question 39

Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau all

A)rejected divine right monarchy.
B)were major political theorists of the Enlightenment.
C)use ideas from Machiavelli, Spinoza, and Hobbes.
D)sought methods to limit the power of the king.
E)All of these

Question 40

Hobbes believed that in the state of nature, man was

A)primitive but governed by reason.
B)greedy and warlike.
C)naturally empathetic.
D)communistic.
E)free from original sin.

Question 41

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
philosophes

Question 42

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
deism

Question 43

England drove the French from North America as part of which conflict?

A)The War of Spanish Succession
B)The Seven Years' War
C)The War of Polish Succession
D)The Great Northern War
E)The War of Austrian Succession

Question 44

In historical perspective, the Enlightenment

A)culminated the evolution away from the medieval worldview begun by the Renaissance.
B)strongly contributed to the democratic revolutions that followed.
C)developed Western ideals of human rights, religious tolerance, and progress.
D)was a direct outgrowth of the Scientific Revolution.
E)All of these

Question 45

Enlightenment economic thought included all the following except

A)acceptance of self-interest as something good.
B)praise for entrepreneurship and free markets unencumbered by governments.
C)money as the critical factor in a capitalist economy.
D)order lay beneath the seeming disorder of commerce and the laws of economics could be discovered.
E)the inevitability of progress in capitalism.

Question 46

The diplomatic revolution of 1756 involved

A)a France-Austria alliance.
B)Prussia's support of Austria in the Seven Years' War.
C)France's diplomatic aid for Prussia.
D)the severing of ties between Spain and Austria.
E)the reconciliation of Britain and the Dutch Republic.

Question 47

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
skepticism

Question 48

Which of the following countries did not have enlightened despotism in the eighteenth century?

A)England
B)Austria
C)Spain
D)Prussia
E)Russia

Question 49

The most powerful conflict between Austria and Prussia in the eighteenth century was over

A)religion; Austria was Catholic and Prussia Protestant.
B)the Prussian seizure of Silesia.
C)unification of the Holy Roman Empire.
D)the potential division of the Ottoman Empire.
E)Austrian claims to northern Italy.

Question 50

Philosophes of the High Enlightenment were increasingly

A)academic in their discourses.
B)isolated in society.
C)revolutionary in their views.
D)religious in their outlook.
E)elitist.

Question 51

The American Revolution succeeded because of

A)the superior leadership of Washington.
B)substantial French aid.
C)a lack of commitment by the British.
D)a tradition of self-government and an idealized understanding of English liberties.
E)All of these

Question 52

All of the following were true of Austria except

A)a dynamic, innovative central administration.
B)a concentration on its eastern non-German territories.
C)consolidated control of the German parts of the Holy Roman Empire.
D)acquisition of the southern Netherlands, later called Belgium.
E)a progressive mother-son imperial partnership.

Question 53

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
atheism

Question 54

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
civil society

Question 55

The author of your text refers to which of the following as the most important book of the Enlightenment?

A)Wealth of Nations
B)Encyclopedia
C)Social Contract
D)Vindication of the Rights of Man
E)Two Treatises on Government

Question 56

The international situation in the mid-eighteenth century included

A)an intense rivalry between Austria and Prussia for domination over central Europe.
B)the continuing dominant role of the aristocracy.
C)an intense rivalry between France and Britain in northern Europe and North America.
D)numerous wars.
E)All of these

Question 57

Which of the following statements is inaccurate? In the eighteenth century

A)Prussia combined serfdom, militarism, and religious tolerance.
B)Hungary rapidly modernized and its population doubled.
C)Poland expelled the Jesuits and instituted educational reform.
D)English colonists in North America increasingly refused pay for the defense being provided by the motherland.
E)the American Declaration of Independence appeared as a totally unprecedented, original document.

Question 58

After Bayle's Dictionary, The first successful encyclopedia was published by

A)Denis Diderot.
B)Ephraim Chambers.
C)Chevalier Ramsay.
D)Jean d'Alembert.
E)Voltaire.

Question 59

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Freemasons

Question 60

The concepts of human rights and human equality were

A)made part of the modern Western heritage by the Enlightenment.
B)not implemented consistently in the 18th century.
C)related to the scientific view of a universe consisting of matter and universal laws.
D)perplexing in their application.
E)All of these

Question 61

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
humanitarianism

Question 62

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
Which characteristics of the philosophes illustrate a new way of looking at the world? List three major philosophes and comment upon their major contributions.

Question 63

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
epistemology

Question 64

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
salons

Question 65

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
socialist

Question 66

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
social contract

Question 67

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).
Show

A) the alliances of the major European states prior to the 1756 diplomatic revolution.
B) the alliances of the major European states after the 1756 diplomatic revolution.

Question 68

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
state of nature

Question 69

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
natural rights

Question 70

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).
Indicate the location and home country of the following: Bayle, Locke, Hume, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Voltaire, Diderot, Beccaria, and Kant.

Question 71

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
enlightened despotism

Question 72

Instructions: Please use this outline map of the world to answer the question(s).
Indicate the following colonial empires in 1750: Spanish, Dutch, French, and British.

Question 73

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
Discuss the Enlightenment as part of the broader intellectual history of the West.

Question 74

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
tabula rasa

Question 75

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
general will

Question 76

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

-Indicate the location of the following: original home of the Freemasons, the Grand Lodge of the Freemasons, and the Encyclopedia.

Question 77

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
High Enlightenment

Question 78

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
laissez faire

Question 79

Instructions: Please use this outline map of the world to answer the question(s).
Locate and name three monarchs reputed to be enlightened despots.

Question 80

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
freethinker