Deck 14: The Reformation: the Shattering of Christian Unity

Question 1

According to the author, the main reason why the Church did not immediately condemn Luther was

A)political; the pope had to weigh the influence of the Elector of Saxony, the Holy Roman Emperor, and the kings of Spain, France and England.
B)the initial support that much of the Catholic clergy gave Luther.
C)cultural: officials in Rome could not take the activities of a German monk seriously.
D)the internal weakness of the Church; the Papacy was being challenged by the Conciliar Movement.
E)the limited impact Luther's ideas were having.

Answer 1

political; the pope had to weigh the influence of the Elector of Saxony, the Holy Roman Emperor, and the kings of Spain, France and England.

Question 2

Address to the Christian Nobility of the Germans was

A)issued by the Papacy to gain support in its fight against Luther.
B)written by Luther to implore the nobility to suppress the 1525 German Peasants Revolt.
C)issued by the Elector of Saxony to promote Luther's cause.
D)written by Luther to, among other reason, remind the Germans about Papal exploitation.
E)issued by Emperor Charles V announcing the condemnation of Luther.

Answer 2

written by Luther to, among other reason, remind the Germans about Papal exploitation.

Question 3

Millenarianism (millenarian thinking) held that

A)the Church's corruption is tied to the Antichrist and the Whore of Babylon.
B)prophecies of divine intervention in the world were about to be fulfilled.
C)the millennium - a thousand year rule of justice and peace -was at hand.
D)the sin would be destroyed and paradise will arise.
E)All of these

Answer 3

All of these

Question 4

Concerning the clergy, Luther and the Catholic Church disagreed on the

A)role of the clergy as essential intermediaries between a Christian and God.
B)clergy's authority to interpret the Bible for the laity.
C)importance of celibacy.
D)power of a clergyman to save a person's soul.
E)All of these

Question 5

The core issue in Luther's protest against the Catholic Church was the

A)selling of indulgences.
B)Church's failure to teach the doctrine of salvation by faith alone (and not by good works).
C)exploitation of Germans by the Italian clergy.
D)Church's wealth that stood in stark contradiction to Jesus' example.
E)continued use of Latin which made church services unintelligible to most.

Question 6

Though they would have a long-term impact, Wycliffe's ideas were rejected in the fourteenth century mainly because

A)Wycliffe's arguments were too academic to have an impact on average people.
B)Wycliffe was not able to attract significant support from the English nobility.
C)the Peasant Revolt of 1381 had adopted many of his demands before it was defeated.
D)Wycliffe's charisma and confident leadership aroused distrust.
E)the Church placed an interdict on England until his ideas were suppressed.

Question 7

At the outbreak of the Reformation in the sixteenth century, the Catholic Church

A)was still accustomed to influence all aspects of European life despite its recent troubles.
B)had been criticized for centuries for neglecting its primary spiritual mission.
C)was criticized for being preoccupied with wealth and power.
D)was being challenged by humanists newly empowered by the success of the Renaissance.
E)All of these

Question 8

For Luther the final religious authority was

A)a Church Council.
B)an individual's conscience.
C)the local prince.
D)the Bible.
E)the consensus of the faithful.

Question 9

Which of the following ideas of Englishman John Wycliffe foreshadowed Luther's ideas over a century later?

A)Salvation by faith alone
B)The inability of the sacraments and the clergy to save a person's soul
C)The priesthood of all believers
D)The centrality of the Bible
E)All of these

Question 10

The founder of the Protestant Reformation was

A)the Frenchman, Peter Waldo.
B)the Englishman, John Wycliffe.
C)the Czech, Jan Hus.
D)the Dutchman, Desiderius Erasmus.
E)the German, Martin Luther.

Question 11

The publication of the Ninety-five Theses was prompted by the

A)activities of Tetzel.
B)excommunication of Luther.
C)need of Catholic authorities to respond to Luther.
D)public's desire to know the specific charges against Luther.
E)plot of Luther's enemies to get him in trouble.

Question 12

The new religiosity in the Late Middle Ages included all of the following except

A)mysticism and a widespread desire for a direct contact between God and the individual.
B)millenarian thinking.
C)Church condemnation of the devotio moderna.
D)communities of clergy and laity called the Brethren of the Common Life.
E)an application of humanism to Christianity.

Question 13

Luther's response to his condemnation by the Church included all the following statements except

A)"Forgive them Lord, for they know not what they do."
B)the Church is "the most lawless den of robbers".
C)the Church is "the most shameful of all brothels".
D)the Church is "the very kingdom of sin, death and Hell".
E)the Pope is the Antichrist.

Question 14

By the 1520s, Luther had found his protector in

A)Prince Frederick, the elector of Saxony.
B)no one but God.
C)the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.
D)the synod of German bishops.
E)the local community in Wittenberg.

Question 15

The followers of Luther, as a whole, believed that women

A)were in all respects equal to men since they, too, would die and "stand naked before their Creator."
B)should be given all the rights of men, except those in the public sphere.
C)should marry and be silent and obedient.
D)were more carnal and hence they were the source of all sin.
E)None of these

Question 16

The Czech reformer, Jan Hus

A)shared some of Wycliffe's beliefs.
B)criticized the oppression of Bohemia by the Holy Roman Empire and the Roman Catholic Church.
C)was burned at the stake in 1415.
D)inspired the Hussite movement that successfully defended itself against the Catholic Church.
E)All of these

Question 17

Which of the following would not be consistent with Luther's and Calvin's views on predestination?

A)God freely decides to whom he will grant faith and to whom he will not; only those to whom he has granted faith can go to heaven.
B)No matter how devout or how many truly good works a person has performed, he is predestined to hell if God has decided not to grant him faith.
C)Those predestined by God to go to heaven are the elect, the rest are the damned.
D)With proper piety and humility, a person may know with certainty whether or not he has been granted salvation.
E)God's omniscience and omnipotence requires the concept of predestination.

Question 18

In leading a revolt again the Catholic Church, Luther

A)was careful not to disturb the social order in German.
B)was determined not the challenge the Conciliar Movement.
C)was careful not to question the Pope's authority.
D)challenged the authority of German princes who also oppressed the people.
E)believed that each person's interpretation of the Bible was equally valid.

Question 19

In Catholic practice at the beginning of the sixteenth century, indulgences referred to

A)excesses in the enjoyment of earthly pleasures.
B)decrees releasing rulers from having to pay homage to the pope in person.
C)cancellations of punishment for sins in return for cash payment.
D)tolerance of marginally heretical beliefs.
E)None of these

Question 20

Choose the correct sequence of events

A)Luther's Ninety-Five Theses, Calvin's reformation in Geneva, French wars of religion, the beginning of the English reformation.
B)Luther's Ninety-Five Theses, the beginning of the English reformation, Calvin's reformation in Geneva, French wars of religion.
C)Luther's Ninety-Five Theses, French wars of religion, founding of the Society of Jesus, Presbyterianism in Scotland.
D)German Peasants' Revolt, Luther's Ninety-Five Theses, the English Revolution, Anabaptist rule in Münster.
E)beginning of the English reformation, Luther's Ninety-Five Theses, Calvin's reformation in Geneva, French wars of religion.

Question 21

Which of the following was not part of Henry VIII's reformation of the Church in England?

A)Henry VIII tapped into the anticlerical tradition extending back at least to Wycliffe.
B)Henry VIII severed ties with the pope after the pope refused to annul his marriage.
C)Henry VIII disbanded monastic orders and confiscated their land.
D)Henry VIII had the Church in England adopt the views and practices of Calvin's Geneva.
E)Henry VIII effectively tolerated the continuation of Catholicism among sections of the English population.

Question 22

Transubstantiation refers to the

A)transformation of the Church after the issuance of the Ninety-Five Theses.
B)theory that in communion the bread and wine become the substance of Christ's body and blood.
C)salvation that comes from faith.
D)holy order that converts a lay person to a member of the clergy.
E)the washing away of original sin in baptism.

Question 23

All the following factors pushed German peasants to revolt in 1525 except

A)the greed and conspicuous wealth of the clergy.
B)Luther's preaching about freedom and his successful revolt against the Church.
C)low wages paid by townspeople and domination by the nobility.
D)plague, disease, and famine.
E)severe inflation and growing poverty.

Question 24

Protestantism in Hungary was

A)limited to the German population.
B)strong among the nobility and townspeople and influenced the country's intellectual life.
C)largely eliminated by the Turkish invasion in 1526 that destroyed most of the Hungarian nobility.
D)eliminated when the Catholic Hapsburgs came to rule the country.
E)established during the Hussite movement in neighboring Bohemia.

Question 25

Which of the following statements is least accurate?

A)The nobility of Germany perceived the movement of Luther as one opposed to their interests.
B)Lutheranism may be called an evangelical movement.
C)The freedom of which Luther spoke was an inner freedom.
D)Luther's victory against clerical opposition probably influenced the peasants to rebel.
E)Many supported the Reformation because it offered them the chance to seize Church lands and eliminate Church taxes.

Question 26

Calvinist ethics were most compatible with

A)merchants.
B)monasticism.
C)feudalism.
D)peasant communalism.
E)chivalry.

Question 27

Calvin presented God as

A)a loving, gentle father.
B)both Father and Mother to humanity.
C)as omnipotent, frightening being who hated sin and demanded absolute obedience.
D)primarily reachable through mysticism.
E)infinitely forgiving.

Question 28

After the Bible, which became the most important work in Protestant Theology?

A)The Freedom of the Christian Man
B)Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation.
C)Institutes of the Christian Religion
D)The Book of Common Prayer
E)Imitation of Christ

Question 29

When Luther called upon the nobility to act as "both judge and executioner," he was condemning the

A)lords who did not convert.
B)radical Protestants who rebelled.
C)peasants who were in revolt.
D)clergy who still tried to collect fees for indulgences.
E)petty lawlessness in German society.

Question 30

In the sixteenth century, Protestantism did not make significant gains in

A)Scandinavia and England.
B)France and Poland.
C)Lithuania and the Netherlands.
D)Italy and Spain.
E)Hungary and Germany.

Question 31

Because strict obedience to God's law could signal salvation, Calvinists

A)were active in their churches.
B)fervently repressed their vices.
C)were determined to make others behave virtuously.
D)did challenge secular authority and when possible dominated government.
E)All of these

Question 32

Luther and Calvin were similar in the following except

A)both had ambitious, upwardly mobile fathers.
B)both had legal training.
C)both were humanists.
D)they agreed about the relationship the state and the reformed church.
E)they accepted the concept of predestination.

Question 33

Katharina von Bora was

A)an Anabaptist preacher in northern Poland.
B)John Calvin's wife.
C)Martin Luther's wife.
D)wife of Frederick, Elector of Saxony, and an early convert to Luther's reforming views.
E)a mystic and a Zwinglian.

Question 34

A historian's explanation of the failure of the Reformation to take hold in Italy and Spain would be

A)the Catholic Church was not as corrupt in those countries as it was north of the Alps.
B)God has clearly predestined the Italians and Spaniards to damnation.
C)the Catholic Church effectively eliminated the Reformation in those countries.
D)the culture of Protestantism only appealed to Germanic peoples.
E)the Reformation is associated with the growth of capitalism and capitalism was very weak in Italy and Spain.

Question 35

According to the author, Calvinism became a revolutionary ideology because it

A)was the first to publish coherent arguments for political revolution.
B)preached social revolution including the abolition of private property.
C)enlivened Lutheranism with a powerful intellectual vision.
D)challenged the Catholic Church.
E)advocated the complete separation of the church and state.

Question 36

The history of Protestantism in France includes all the following except

A)a brutal war with the Catholics beginning in 1562.
B)the slaughter of thousands of Huguenots in the St.Bartholomew's Day Massacre.
C)the succession of one of their leaders to the throne.
D)full religious tolerance in the Edict of Nantes in 1598.
E)the emigration of a quarter million French Protestants after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685.

Question 37

The Peace of Augsburg temporarily stopped religious violence by

A)giving each person in the Holy Roman Empire the freedom to practice the religion of his choice anywhere he wished.
B)enforcing a ban on Protestantism.
C)giving each ruler the power to determine which religion would be allowed on his territory.
D)resolving the differences between Catholicism and Protestantism.
E)disarming the Holy Roman Empire.

Question 38

The Swiss Ulrich Zwingli

A)was a contemporary of Luther's.
B)like Luther believed in the Bible as the Word of God.
C)seriously disagreed with Luther about communion.
D)inspired Calvinism.
E)All of these

Question 39

English Calvinists were known as

A)Lollards.
B)Puritans.
C)Anglicans.
D)Tories.
E)Jansenists.

Question 40

All of the following can be attributed to Katherine von Bora except

A)a noble yet poor background.
B)a cloistered life in a convent.
C)hiding in empty herring barrels.
D)the statement "I will stick to Christ as a burr to a topcoat."
E)evangelical leadership.

Question 41

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
devotio moderna

Question 42

The original occupation of Ignatius Loyola, founder of the Jesuit order, was

A)lawyer.
B)priest.
C)professor.
D)soldier.
E)merchant.

Question 43

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
predestination

Question 44

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
millenarians

Question 45

Aspects of Protestantism that Jesuits understood did not appeal to all included the

A)fragmentation of its beliefs; different reformers interpreted the Bible differently.
B)doctrine of predestination which could lead to despair.
C)emphasis on the written word, which excluded the illiterate majority of the population.
D)elimination of tradition, ceremony, and the comfort of confession.
E)All of these

Question 46

Protestantism in Poland and in Lithuania was

A)largely unknown due to the power of the Catholic Church.
B)the state religion in 1573 but eventually insignificant under the influence of the Jesuits.
C)most influential in the Orthodox, eastern territories.
D)very popular, for a time, among the nobility.
E)established in the 1520 and remained a significant force until today.

Question 47

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
transubstantiation

Question 48

The Jesuits used all the following in their campaign against Protestantism except

A)high quality education and the incorporation of humanism into reformed Catholicism.
B)doctrinal compromise with the Protestants.
C)a pragmatic theology that permitted "small sins."
D)influence through the office of confessors to kings and princes.
E)an awareness of Protestantism's limitations.

Question 49

In the Counter Reformation, the Catholic Church used all the following to battle Protestantism except

A)the Inquisition and the Index of Prohibited Books.
B)a campaign of invigorated education and a new art style: the baroque.
C)the Council of Trent.
D)strict control over the daily lives of its priests.
E)the Society of Jesus.

Question 50

The term magisterial applied to Protestant reformers means that they

A)aimed to replace secular government with a government of ministers.
B)supported established political authorities.
C)had an almost royal self-assurance.
D)did not seek to increase their own wealth.
E)were townspeople rather than peasants.

Question 51

Mathias Biró and Stephen Kis are best remembered for

A)the Anabaptist takeover of Münster.
B)spreading the Reformation to Poland and Lithuania.
C)preaching Luther's ideas in Hungary.
D)perishing in the Catholic massacre of Huguenots in 1572.
E)being among the first Jesuits.

Question 52

The Radical Reformation

A)went underground in the late sixteenth century.
B)resurfaced in the English Revolution of 1640 to 1660.
C)left a significant tradition of democratic and antihierarchical thought.
D)eventually influenced modern Baptists.
E)All of these

Question 53

As Protestantism developed, a Radical Reformation appeared which

A)was condemned by both Luther and Calvin.
B)tied into the semi-Christian folk beliefs of the peasantry.
C)held that God favored the poor and thus the Gospel preached social revolution.
D)preached that God communicated directly to his people through "an inner light."
E)All of these

Question 54

In the debate on the relationship of Protestantism and capitalism

A)Marx argued that Protestantism grew out of capitalism while Weber argued that Protestantism help lead to the rise of capitalism.
B)both Marx and Weber believed there was a strong connection between the two.
C)Weber believed that the doctrine of predestination made Protestants into "worldly ascetics."
D)Protestantism is identified with self-discipline, self-reliance, hard work, thrift, and rationality.
E)All of these

Question 55

The Reformation ran counter to the development of modernity by

A)shattering the religious unity of the West.
B)contributing to the autonomy of the state.
C)its renewed stress on otherworldliness.
D)its anti-authoritarian tendencies.
E)its emphasis on the individual.

Question 56

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
priesthood of all believers

Question 57

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
salvation by faith alone

Question 58

Anabaptist control of the city of Münster resulted in all the following except

A)cooperation between Catholics and Lutherans.
B)acceptance of Anabaptism into mainstream Protestantism.
C)confiscation of the property of all non-believers.
D)polygamy.
E)the burning of all books except the Bible.

Question 59

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
indulgences

Question 60

Anabaptists believed in all the following except

A)infant baptism was invalid.
B)Judgment Day was at hand.
C)spiritual purity required total abstinence from sex.
D)the light of conscience required the reform of all human institutions.
E)polygamy.

Question 61

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
Why could millenarianism be considered an anti-establishment movement?

Question 62

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
Explain the movements that prefigured or contributed to the Protestant Reformation.

Question 63

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
Discuss how political, economic, and social conditions of the sixteenth century exacerbated the unrest associated with the Protestant Reformation.

Question 64

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
Explain the beliefs of Zwingli and Calvin.

Question 65

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
quietism

Question 66

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
What was mysticism? Why would church authorities be disturbed by claims of mystic experiences? Explain the appeal of mysticism, especially for women.

Question 67

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).
Trace in the areas dominated by Lutherans, Calvinists, and the Church of England.

Question 68

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).
Locate and clearly label the homeland of Peter Waldo, Wycliffe, Hus, Luther, Zwingli, and Calvin.

Question 69

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
iconoclast

Question 70

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

-Locate where the following occurred: the posting of the Ninety-five Theses at Wittenberg; the meeting of Luther and Charles V at Worms; the center of international Protestantism, Geneva; the Anabaptist stronghold, Muenster; the church council at Trent.

Question 71

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
predestination

Question 72

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Protestants

Question 73

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Counter Reformation

Question 74

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
inner light

Question 75

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Radical Reformation

Question 76

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
cuius regio, eius religio

Question 77

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
theocracy

Question 78

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
Explain major influences on Luther's development.Do you think a man with Luther's personality was likely to be a leader against Roman papal authority?

Question 79

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
Explain the religious experience that gave rise to the Protestant Reformation.

Question 80

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
Explain the importance of Luther's condemnation of the German Peasants' Revolt.