Deck 9: Sociological Theories: Critical Perspectives

Question 1

Deviance is not a quality of the act a person commits; some people and behaviors are more likely than others to be labeled _____.

A) deviant
B) destructive
C) deterred
D) demonic

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Restorative justice is popular among native peoples in the United States and Canada and in some socialist nations and can include such things as _____.

A) victim impact panels
B) community corporal punishment
C) offender defiance statements
D) capital punishment

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Power-control theory:

A) largely ignores the role gender and class play in crime.
B) suggests that criminals accumulate power to control their own destinies.
C) highlights the roles played by both gender and class in crime.
D) focuses too heavily on the role of biology.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following best represents Peacemaking criminology?

A) Peacemaking criminology suggests that crime is a by-product of war.
B) Peacemaking criminology contends that criminals lack the ability to find compromise with their victims.
C) Peacemaking criminology argues that groups with legislative power have the power to decide which behaviors will be illegal and that crime stems from the lack of peace among various interest groups.
D) Peacemaking criminology views crime as just one of the many forms of suffering that characterize human existence.

Question 5

Many radical criminologists blame _____ for much of the crime the United States suffers.

A) socialism
B) fascism
C) capitalism
D) communism

Question 6

Which of the following would be an example of secondary deviance?

A) An offense occurs in the neighborhood, and police fail to identify a suspect, thus encouraging the perpetrator to reoffend.
B) A town lacks important community efforts such as after school activities which lead youths to engage in crime.
C) An offense occurs in the neighborhood, and a youth is suspected. He becomes angry and resentful and "acts out".
D) A town passes a law such as truancy and begins to arrest many juveniles for what is a new crime.

Question 7

Which of the following focuses on restoring the social bond between the offender and the community?

A) Retributive justice
B) Restorative justice
C) Reactive justice
D) Recidivist justice

Question 8

Which of the following would Marx consider proletariat?

A) A factory owner
B) A factory worker
C) A government employee
D) A high ranking politician

Question 9

Which of the following would Marx consider bourgeoisie?

A) A factory owner
B) A factory worker
C) A small business owner
D) A convicted criminal

Question 10

In the United States,restorative justice has probably been used most often for _____ offenders who commit relatively minor offenses.

A) chronic
B) male
C) elderly
D) juvenile

Question 11

Labeling theory adopts a _____ definition by assuming that nothing about a given behavior automatically makes it deviant.

A) nationalist
B) relativist
C) corporatist
D) pessimist

Question 12

Which of the following predicts that girls and women will be treated more leniently than boys and men?

A) Chivalry hypothesis
B) Cavalry hypothesis
C) Gentlemen hypothesis
D) Sexist hypothesis

Question 13

Which perspective focuses on many aspects of women's criminality,including the problems that women inmates face in jail and prison?

A) Fascist
B) Rational
C) Socialist
D) Feminist

Question 14

Which of the following considers law and crime the result of conflict among various kinds of groups in society,not just economic classes?

A) Neoclassical theory
B) Consensus theory
C) Conflict theory
D) Control balance

Question 15

In a self-fulfilling prophecy,the social-psychological and practical consequences of official labeling thus lead to _____,or the commission of continued deviance and the adoption of a deviant lifestyle.

A) criminal consistency
B) positivist magnification
C) deviance amplification
D) violence variation

Question 16

Labeling theory's focus is not on the initial act or two leading someone to be officially labeled.These acts are examples of _____.

A) quadrant deviance
B) tertiary deviance
C) secondary deviance
D) primary deviance

Question 17

John Braithwaite argues that:

A) even positive labels have negative results in they are disliked by the individual.
B) the success of shaming is dependent upon one's genetic characteristics such as skin color.
C) labeling is particularly effective tool for elderly offenders.
D) the type of shaming involved in labeling makes a crucial difference for continued deviance.

Question 18

Which of the following considers the ruling class a small,unified group that uses the law to dominate the poor and to advance its own interests?

A) Constitutional Marxism
B) Determinist Marxism
C) Expressive Marxism
D) Instrumental Marxism

Question 19

The _____ instead insisted that crime causes real distress,and thus crime prevention and control are essential.

A) Left realists
B) Right realists
C) Center idealists
D) Upper idealists

Question 20

Radical criminologists believe:

A) that the vast number of poor exploit the criminal justice system for personal gain.
B) that Whites are more likely to be targeted by the system than non-Whites.
C) that the wealthy use the legal system to keep the poor and people of color in their place.
D) that African-Americans benefit the most from tougher laws, especially the War on Drugs.

Question 21

Peacemaking criminology views crime as just one of the many forms of suffering that characterize human existence.

Question 22

Although restorative justice practices differ,they include such things as caning panels,in which victims utilize corporal punishment against the offender.

Question 23

Those who own the factories and other modern means of production are known as the bourgeoisie.

Question 24

Who are much more likely than Americans to think that criminals can change for the better?

A) The Russian
B) The Iranians
C) The Japanese
D) The Saudis

Question 25

Labeling theory assumes that poor,minority people are less likely than other categories of people to be arrested or to suffer other legal sanctions.

Question 26

Which views on crime developed in the mid-1970s,in part because labeling and conflict theories neglected gender?

A) Masculine
B) Classical
C) Freudian
D) Feminist

Question 27

The proletariat class is sometimes called the ruling class.

Question 28

Consensus theory says that social institutions serve the interests of the powerful in society and are dysfunctional for many other members of society.

Question 29

In egalitarian households,the father works outside the home and the mother stays at home to take care of the children.

Question 30

Restorative justice has been tried in some areas of the United States and in Australia,Canada and Japan.

Question 31

The Japanese are much less likely than Americans to think criminals can change for the better.

Question 32

Labeling theory assumes that an arrest,conviction,or other criminal label produces several consequences that often lead someone to commit additional deviance.

Question 33

The conflict perspectives stress that social institutions help create social stability.

Question 34

Like conflict theory,radical theory's views seem less relevant for _____ than for consensual offenses and political criminality.

A) white-collar crime
B) street crime
C) environmental crime
D) government

Question 35

What is considered is "at the heart" of much of girls' and women's law breaking?

A) Poverty
B) Sexual abuse
C) Feminism
D) Racism

Question 36

Instrumental Marxism considers the ruling class a large,unified group that uses the law to benefit all of society.

Question 37

Liberal feminists attribute gender differences in crime rates to gender differences in socialization and also call attention to gender discrimination in the criminal justice system.

Question 38

In a self-fulfilling prophecy,the social-psychological and practical consequences of official labeling thus lead to deviance amplification.

Question 39

According to social process theories,which of the following is true?

A) Public-policy efforts designed to address family and school problems thus hold great potential for crime reduction.
B) Public-policy efforts that advance crime control strategies such as harsher penalties hold great potential for crime reduction.
C) Only the destruction of capitalism holds great potential for crime reduction.
D) Only the de-masculinization of men and the masculinization of women hold great potential for crime reduction.

Question 40

Traditional theories of deviance and crime adopt an absolutist definition of deviance as something real that is inherent in behavior.In contrast,labeling theory adopts a relativist definition.

Question 41

Although restorative justice practices differ,they include such things as victim ___ panels,in which victims talk with offenders about their feelings as victims.

Question 42

In a self-fulfilling prophecy,the social-psychological and practical consequences of official labeling thus lead to deviance _____.

Question 43

Disintegrative shaming,or _____,occurs when offenders are treated like outcasts and no effort is made to forgive or to involve them in community affairs.

Question 44

Critical perspectives are often called social _____ theories.

Question 45

Do you think shaming could be introduced in your university or community? How would it work? Do you think it would be effective?

Question 46

The idea people must find inner peace and develop nonviolent ways of resolving conflict,including both crime and war is a hallmark of _____ criminology.

Question 47

The _____ perspectives stress that social institutions help create social stability.

Question 48

Labeling theory adopts a(n)_____ definition by assuming that nothing about a given behavior automatically makes it deviant.

Question 49

According to Marx,it is the _____ who work for the bourgeoisie.

Question 50

Discuss left realism and its emphasis of peacemaking criminology.

Question 51

_____ Marxism considers the ruling class a small,unified group that uses the law to dominate the poor and to advance its own interests.

Question 52

Explain the difference between the bourgeoisie and proletariat and how some believe it contributes to crime.

Question 53

Explain the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Question 54

The _____ theory suggests that social institutions serve the interests of the powerful in society and are dysfunctional for many other members of society.

Question 55

Have you or someone you know been labeled? Someone you know? What effect did that labeling have?