Deck 3: Social Cognition

Question 1

Pierre encounters his physics professor working on her laptop computer in a coffee shop.The professor has a stack of physics journals,along with a music CD of a group that Pierre doesn't recognize on the table.Pierre is most likely to

A) assume that the CD is of rap music because that is the kind of music that he likes.
B) assume that the CD is of classical music because it is consistent with his schema for physics professors.
C) not assume anything about the CD.
D) not notice the CD at all because there are too many objects on the table.
E) assume that the CD is of rock music because rock music is very popular.

Answer 1

assume that the CD is of classical music because it is consistent with his schema for physics professors.

Question 2

New professors often have to concentrate very hard to give a lecture,and monitor themselves carefully to make sure they're not talking too fast and that they are using appropriate and clear examples.More seasoned professors don't have to concentrate as much,and can talk clearly and engagingly,reorder the overheads,and keep an eye on students all at the same time.This example represents the transition from _______ processing to _______ processing as professors gain experience.

A) controlled; automatic
B) random; systematic
C) automatic; controlled
D) unconscious; conscious
E) controlled; random

Answer 2

controlled; automatic

Question 3

What is a major advantage of processing information automatically?

A) Automatic processing is more easily remembered than controlled processing.
B) Automatic processing is more easily modified than controlled processing.
C) It is easier to learn how to process information automatically.
D) We can use our cognitive resources for other more important matters.
E) Automatic processing yields more accurate judgments than does controlled processing.

Answer 3

We can use our cognitive resources for other more important matters.

Question 4

________ are the cognitive structures we use to organize our knowledge of the social world.

A) Social roles
B) Schemas
C) Heuristics
D) Social cognitions
E) Internal attributions

Question 5

At an outdoor concert,Julian automatically applies his "pot-smoker" schema when he sees a young man with long hair,sandals,and a Grateful Dead T-shirt.He offers the man a joint,and is arrested by an undercover narcotics officer.From a social-psychological perspective,what is the moral to this story?

A) It is very difficult to ignore atypical information completely.
B) It's never advisable to use schemas in interpreting the social world.
C) Efficient information processing often comes at a cost in accuracy.
D) Never trust anyone wearing a Grateful Dead T-shirt.
E) In everyday life, most people want their experiences to be atypical.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about schemas is true?

A) Schemas affect the information we notice, but only when we are aware of the schema.
B) Schemas affect what we perceive while emotional processes are important for determining what we think about and remember.
C) Schemas affect what we notice but not necessarily what we remember.
D) Schemas affect the information we notice, think about, and remember.
E) Schemas affect what we remember while intensity of stimuli determines what we notice.

Question 7

Korsakov's syndrome is a neurological disorder that makes sufferers unable to form new memories.The world is disorienting and incoherent to patients with this disorder,so they often confabulate or invent fictions to

A) increase ambiguity.
B) help them relate to others.
C) reduce ambiguity and feel less unsettled and fearful about the world.
D) lose their schemas.
E) form new schemas.

Question 8

Psychologists distinguish between two types of cognitive processing._______ processing is nonconscious and unintentional,whereas _______ processing is conscious and intentional.

A) Inefficient; efficient
B) Controlled; automatic
C) Automatic; controlled
D) Accurate; inaccurate
E) efficient; inefficient

Question 9

Mental structures that organize information in our social world are called

A) cognitive filters.
B) counterfactuals.
C) schemas.
D) affect blends.
E) heuristics.

Question 10

A major problem with schemas is that

A) they take a long time to learn.
B) they are more often wrong than right.
C) their effect cannot be reduced by using controlled thinking.
D) they allow us to "fill in the gaps" and interpret ambiguous information.
E) they operate automatically, making it difficult for us to know when we're using them.

Question 11

_______ processing is nonconscious,effortless,and unintentional,whereas _______ processing is conscious,effortful,and intentional.

A) Biased; accurate
B) Automatic; controlled
C) Logical; illogical
D) Illogical; logical
E) Controlled; automatic

Question 12

When most people think of the character Captain Kirk from the original Star Trek series,they think of the line,"Beam me up,Scotty!" But that line of dialogue never appeared on the show.This example illustrates that memory is often

A) a product of our schemas.
B) influenced by our peers.
C) more accurate in thinking about real people than about fictitious characters.
D) completely random.
E) inconsistent with our schemas.

Question 13

In Chapter 3,the lesson to be learned from accident victim Kevin Chappell's story is that we can automatically categorize objects and faces

A) because of the mere exposure effect.
B) which allows us to use our processing capacity for other important things.
C) because we are particularly interested in faces and objects.
D) because of our strong desire to do so.
E) because of cognitive biases that influence our perception.

Question 14

________ refer(s)to the way people select,interpret,remember,and use social information to make judgments and decisions about themselves and others.

A) Counterfactual thinking
B) Social cognition
C) Automatic thinking
D) Schemas
E) Decision rules

Question 15

According to the authors,why do people often put their thinking on "automatic pilot"?

A) We're inherently flawed in our ability to reason.
B) We're more interested in speed than in accuracy when we reason.
C) We're motivated to enhance our self-esteem.
D) We're not interested in much of the information we take in.
E) We're confronted with an overwhelming amount of social information.

Question 16

In the study by Kunda,Sinclair,and Griffin (1997),participants were told that a person was either a salesperson or an actor and very extroverted.Participants generated descriptions of the person that

A) varied according to the occupation of the person.
B) did not differ according to the occupation.
C) varied depending on the attractiveness of the person.
D) were better remembered when consistent with the occupation of the person.
E) were similar to the participant's own personality.

Question 17

Why do we use schemas?

A) Schemas are taught to us in our early childhood.
B) Schemas enable us to interpret the world accurately.
C) Without schemas, the world would seem inexplicable and confusing.
D) Humans are born with schemas.
E) Without schemas, we could not be accurate in our judgments.

Question 18

Which of the following can be considered good examples of schemas?

A) stereotypes
B) counterfactuals
C) base rate information
D) heuristics
E) priming

Question 19

Chapter 3 began with a description of accident victim Kevin Chappell who suffered brain damage that left him with a severe visual disability.His disability is such that

A) he is blind due to damage to the optic nerve.
B) he can recognize environmental context but not the objects or people in the scene.
C) he can recognize faces but not things.
D) he can recognize objects, but cannot read.
E) he can recognize things but not faces.

Question 20

When thinking about the film Casablanca,many people erroneously remember the Humphrey Bogart line,"Play it again,Sam." In reality,Bogart never said that line.This example illustrates that memory is

A) objective.
B) affected by our schemas.
C) random.
D) regularly false.
E) inconsistent with our schemas.

Question 21

Carole has a subtle "Mona Lisa" smile that is much harder to detect than an obvious toothy grin.Assume that before you met Carole,a mutual friend described her as warm and friendly.The first time Carole smiled at you,you would probably conclude that she is

A) bored talking to you.
B) shy.
C) a cool, aloof person.
D) very hard to read.
E) a friendly person.

Question 22

In most cases,when we encounter a fact that is inconsistent with our schemas,we

A) ponder the source of the inconsistency.
B) abandon our schemas.
C) examine the nature of the inconsistency.
D) overlook the inconsistent fact.
E) revise our schemas.

Question 23

In distinguishing between availability and accessibility we can say that availability is related to _______ while accessibility is related to _______.

A) stream of consciousness; making judgments quickly and efficiently
B) making judgments quickly and efficiently; stream of consciousness
C) resemblance to a typical case; making judgments quickly and efficiently
D) stream of consciousness; ease of recall
E) ease of recall; stream of consciousness

Question 24

During the last Canadian election,there was a televised debate among the candidates for Prime Minister.After the debate,supporters of each side thought that their candidate had performed the best in the debate.The supporters' judgments were probably affected by

A) their schemas.
B) the hostile media effect.
C) a self-fulfilling prophecy.
D) the fundamental attribution error.
E) the representativeness heuristic.

Question 25

Michelle has worked on a psychiatric unit for three years.On the way home from work one day,she encounters a man who gestures wildly and talks to himself while he stands at the bus stop.Michelle thinks to herself,"That poor guy must be psychotic.He should be on medication." This example illustrates that ________ can increase the accessibility of schemas or concepts.

A) unusual situations
B) random thoughts
C) implicit personality theories
D) past experience
E) norms

Question 26

Sometimes traits are chronically accessible due to past experience.Other times,traits are accessible for more arbitrary reasons,such as what we're currently thinking about.Social psychologists use the term ________ to describe the latter case.

A) attributions
B) implicit personality theories
C) priming
D) social retrieval
E) accessibility

Question 27

Jason assumes that redheads are hot-tempered.When asked whether Linda,a redhead,has a quick temper,Jason replies,"My confident prediction is that she is hot-tempered." Jason has just applied _______ to _______.

A) the availability heuristic; the representativeness heuristic
B) his schema for redheads; the representativeness heuristic
C) the vividness effect; his schema for redheads
D) the availability heuristic; his schemas for redheads
E) the representativeness heuristic; his schema for redheads

Question 28

We are most likely to rely on schemas when the situation we confront is

A) well-defined.
B) ambiguous.
C) forgettable.
D) interesting.
E) arousing.

Question 29

Melissa,a second-grade student,just finished going over her spelling list for the week.The list contained many adjectives that reflected positive emotions (e.g.,happy,elated,delighted).As Melissa gazes out the window,she sees her sister Karin come running up to the house.If Melissa is like many of the participants in an experiment by Tory Higgins and his colleagues (1977),and if Melissa's construal is a function of priming,what is she most likely to think?

A) "Mom told Karin not to run."
B) "The neighbours must think Karin's crazy."
C) "Why is Karin so scared?"
D) "Karin must have something great to tell us."
E) "I hope Karin is okay."

Question 30

Sometimes when forming impressions of others,we are influenced by the schemas that are in the forefront of our mind.When this happens,social psychologists talk about the role of ________ in colouring our impressions of others.

A) the unconscious
B) accessibility
C) memory
D) the fundamental attribution error
E) the Korsakov effect

Question 31

Recall that Harold Kelley (1950)told some college students that their guest instructor was a warm person,and told others that he was a cold person.Students who were told that the guest instructor was a warm person evaluated him more positively and participated more in class discussion than did students who were told that he was cold.The fact that this occurred even though they were only exposed to the guest instructor for a short time supports the idea that schemas are

A) impossible to modify.
B) generally accurate.
C) generally inaccurate.
D) universal.
E) especially influential when we encounter ambiguous information.

Question 32

The main difference between the availability heuristic and accessibility is that availability refers to _______ while accessibility refers to _______.

A) information on your mind at any given moment; adjusting an answer according to a starting point.
B) the ease or difficulty of bringing a concept to mind; information on your mind at any given moment.
C) adjusting an answer according to a starting point; information on your mind at any given moment.
D) information your mind at any moment; calculation according to how similar it is to a typical case.
E) information on your mind at any moment; the ease or difficulty of bringing a concept to mind.

Question 33

Recall that Harold Kelley (1950)told some college students that their guest lecturer was a warm person,and others that he was a cold person.The visitor then lectured for 20 minutes,and the students later evaluated him.Assume for the moment that students' evaluations and behaviours didn't differ in the two conditions.These findings could suggest that

A) the contents of the lecture contradicted the warm versus cold descriptions.
B) schemas are influential only in unambiguous situations.
C) students didn't have schemas for "warm" and "cold" personalities.
D) schemas only affect social processes within peer groups.
E) the students did not pay attention to the lecturer.

Question 34

Korsakov's syndrome is a neurological disorder more closely associated with abnormal psychology than with social psychology.Why would the authors of your text describe the symptoms of Korsakov's syndrome and provide Oliver Sacks's description of his encounter with a patient suffering from that disease? This discussion illustrates

A) the dangers of relying on heuristics to understand medical problems.
B) the importance of schemas in helping humans make sense of their experiences.
C) the power of schemas to create reality.
D) how unreliable our schemas can be.
E) the hazards of holding rigid, inflexible schemas.

Question 35

According to the authors,two ways that traits about others can become accessible are

A) automatic activity and past experience.
B) priming and attitude retrieval.
C) past experience and priming.
D) attitude retrieval and automatic activity.

Question 36

The first day of class Maria absolutely loved her new social psychology professor,but Daniel couldn't stand the professor.If their interpretations were influenced by schemas,in all likelihood,Maria had heard ________,whereas Daniel had heard ________.

A) nothing about the professor; that the professor was horrible
B) that the professor was great; nothing about the professor
C) nothing about the professor; that the professor was supposed to be great
D) that the professor was great; that the professor was horrible
E) that the professor was an introvert; that the professor was an extravert

Question 37

Linnea and Latrice have just left the movie theatre after watching Thelma and Louise,a film that chronicles the misadventures of two close friends,one a rape survivor and the other the wife of a piggish husband; they kill a man in self-defense and run from the law.At the end of the movie,Thelma and Louise chose to drive off a cliff rather than surrender to the men who have been pursuing them.As Linnea and Latrice walk through the lobby,every man they encounter looks loutish and threatening to them.This example illustrates the power of ________ in shaping our implicit personality theories.

A) personal experience
B) personality heuristics
C) schematic norms
D) priming
E) cultural norms

Question 38

Recall that Harold Kelley (1950)told some students that a guest instructor was warm,and others that the same guest instructor was cold.Assume that the instructor behaved in a clearly arrogant way,and that he was rated as immodest,no matter what students were told about him at the outset.These findings suggest that

A) schemas are specific to the situation in which we find ourselves.
B) when we dislike someone, we don't give that person the benefit of the doubt.
C) when behaviours are decidedly unambiguous, we rely less on our schemas.
D) in tense situations, we seldom rely on our schemas.
E) schemas are completely malleable.

Question 39

In general,_______ represent knowledge to which we often apply _______.

A) schemas; heuristics
B) generalizations; logic
C) base rates; personal experience
D) personal experiences; base rates
E) biases; corrections

Question 40

Priming and accessibility have greater impact when we interpret a(n)_______ event.

A) explicit
B) unusual
C) certain
D) ambiguous
E) improbable

Question 41

Why do schemas differ from culture to culture?

A) Cultures differ in terms of what is important and relevant to the people who live in them.
B) In some cultures, it is more important to make quick decisions.
C) Life is simpler in nonindustrialized cultures, making schemas less important.
D) A good memory is more important in some cultures than in others.
E) Survival is more difficult in nomadic cultures, making schemas more important.

Question 42

You do not know many people with disabilities,but view a telethon in which people with disabilities are shown needing and appreciating help.The next day,you see a blind person walking down the street,judge her to be in need of help,and ask her if you can help her find her destination.The notion of helping people with disabilities was ________ by the telethon,and became accessible in this situation.

A) primed
B) clarified
C) validated
D) reinforced
E) biased

Question 43

The self-fulfilling prophecy occurs because we often

A) work to revise our schemas when necessary.
B) deliberately distort reality to support our schemas.
C) abandon our schemas when we're under pressure.
D) act based on our schemas.
E) ignore base-rate information.

Question 44

Adele is from France,where rabbits are eaten regularly.She can tell you the most tender part of the rabbit,how long to cook one,and how big a rabbit you would need to feed five people.Marsha is from the United States,where rabbits are pets,and bring coloured eggs to children in the spring.She hasn't a clue about how to cook one,even if she wanted to.This example best illustrates

A) the representativeness heuristic.
B) that rabbits are ambiguous stimuli.
C) individual differences in the contents of schemas.
D) the universality of schemas.
E) the cultural determinants of schemas.

Question 45

Recall that Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson (1968)informed grade school teachers that some of their students (called "bloomers")would show great academic improvement in the upcoming year.Also recall that students labeled "bloomers" actually showed greater increases on IQ tests,compared to students who were not labeled "bloomers." These differences occurred because teachers

A) distracted "non-bloomers" by providing them too much personal attention.
B) spent significantly more time interacting with "bloomers."
C) decided to devote their attention to the students with the most promise.
D) challenged "bloomers" more and gave them more and better feedback.
E) ignored "non-bloomers."

Question 46

What did David Kille and colleagues (2013)find when they had participants fill out questionnaires either sitting on a wobbly chair and writing on a wobbly table or sitting on a stable chair with a stable table?

A) Participants with the stable furniture thought that other people were less likely to lie.
B) Participants with the wobbly furniture were more likely to fill out the questionnaires quickly.
C) All participants valued stability in their own partners equally.
D) Participants with the stable furniture rated other participants as more boring.
E) Participants with the wobbly furniture thought that well-known couples' marriages were less likely to last.

Question 47

Based on the 2010 study by Callan and colleagues,which of the following responses would be expected if you had been subliminally primed with a legal term (such as "judge" or "lawyer")?

A) You would be more likely to worry about expenses.
B) You would show more opposition to government policies that were unfavourable to you.
C) You would show less competitiveness in games.
D) You would be more likely to interpret an ambiguous scenario as having cooperative qualities.
E) You would be more likely to follow the rules of the road when driving.

Question 48

Warren believes that Kurt is an outgoing,gregarious person."How many parties did you go to this weekend?" Warren asks Kurt."Tell me about all of the fun and crazy things that you have planned for the summer," Warren continues.Although Kurt is usually rather quiet and reserved,he responds to Warren in an outgoing,friendly manner.This is an example of

A) a self-fulfilling prophecy.
B) false memory.
C) the perseverance effect.
D) the primacy effect.
E) reconstructive memory.

Question 49

Williams and Bargh (2008)asked participants to hold either a cup of hot coffee or a cup of iced coffee.Compared to those who held the iced coffee,the participants who held the hot coffee

A) were more likely to underestimate the amount of time they spent holding the cup.
B) were less likely to put the cup down quickly.
C) were more likely to overestimate the amount of time they spent holding the cup.
D) thought that a stranger was friendlier.
E) predicted that Barack and Michelle Obama's marriage would last longer.

Question 50

Self-fulfilling prophecies most often are a result of

A) inadvertent and unconscious influences of individuals' schemas.
B) deliberate attempts by people to confirm their schemas.
C) deliberate attempts to treat people in an unbiased manner.
D) the immediate situation.
E) priming.

Question 51

Jana wants to know if people are more likely to judge someone else as being trustworthy if they are told to stand with their arms open wide than if they are standing with their arms crossed.She thinks that this will prime participants' schemas for openness or being closed off such that people primed with openness will be emotionally open to trust others.Jana is studying

A) the representativeness heuristic.
B) embodied cognition.
C) the availability heuristic.
D) holistic and analytic thinking styles.
E) controlled social cognition.

Question 52

One of the authors of your text supervised an honours student from China who attended a curling championship in Winnipeg.The student was very amused to see people paying so much money to watch "a couple of guys mopping the floor." This story suggests that

A) many schemas are common to different cultures.
B) some cultures do not use schematic processing.
C) priming affects everyone, regardless of culture.
D) the use of schemas is a human universal, no matter what the culture.
E) schemas are affected by one's native culture.

Question 53

Iain is from Australia,where people drive on the left-hand side of the road.When he moved to Canada,his accident rate was higher than any of his friends'.Why might this be?

A) Driving schemas differ between Canada and Australia.
B) There is less traffic in Australia.
C) Iain had no schema for driving behaviours.
D) They don't have Driver Education courses in Australia.
E) There is no speed limit in Australia.

Question 54

Which of the following is NOT a step in the self-fulfilling prophecy?

A) Your behaviour toward someone influences their behaviour toward you.
B) The person you have an expectation about actually behaves in a manner that confirms your expectation.
C) Your expectation of someone influences your interpretation of their behaviour.
D) You see the other person's behaviour as proof that your expectation was correct.
E) Your expectation of someone influences how you behave toward them.

Question 55

In a controlled experiment,Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968)informed grade school teachers that some of their students (called "bloomers")would show great academic improvement in the upcoming year.In reality,the "bloomers" were chosen randomly by the researchers,and were no smarter than any of the other students.Which of the following best describes the results of this study? At the end of the year,

A) both bloomers and non-bloomers improved more on IQ tests than was expected.
B) there were no IQ differences between bloomers and non-bloomers, but the bloomers were more interested in school.
C) non-bloomers improved more on an IQ test than did bloomers.
D) bloomers and non-bloomers performed equally well on an IQ test.
E) bloomers improved more on an IQ test than did non-bloomers.

Question 56

The process by which bodily sensations activate mental structures is called

A) Embodied cognition
B) Heuristic thinking
C) Schematic cognition
D) The self-fulfilling prophecy
E) Priming

Question 57

What have a number of research studies on the self-fulfilling prophecy revealed?

A) Schema-confirming behaviours are conscious and deliberate.
B) Self-fulfilling prophecies are the result of unconscious, inadvertent processes.
C) Self-fulfilling prophecies are a result of our desire to "be right."
D) Because their job is to assess performance, educators are especially susceptible to the self-fulfilling prophecy.
E) Self-fulfilling prophecies cannot have any real impact on our behaviour.

Question 58

Research on embodied cognition suggests that

A) our beliefs about others can affect their behaviour.
B) the conscious mind always overrides the unconscious mind.
C) we make judgments based on how easily information is brought to mind.
D) bodily sensations can activate schemas and affect our judgments unconsciously.
E) we classify something based on how similar it is to a typical case.

Question 59

You have just arrived for your first year of university,but your roommate,Leah,is nowhere to be found.Your next-door neighbour,Tim,tells you that he's met Leah,and that she's really shy and introverted.If you wanted to counteract the self-fulfilling prophecy,what might you do when you meet Leah?

A) Try to get her to talk about fun social activities she did in high school.
B) Ask her if she is an introvert.
C) Be quiet and shy yourself, so as not to intimidate her.
D) Ask her what books she's read lately.
E) Ask her if she likes to spend a lot of time alone.

Question 60

Some participants in a study by Tory Higgins and his colleagues (1977)memorized "positive" trait adjectives (e.g.,adventurous,neat); others memorized "negative" adjectives (e.g.,reckless,disrespectful).All participants then read an ambiguous description of a person named Donald and formed an impression of him.Some,but not all,negative adjectives led to negative interpretations of Donald's actions,and some,but not all,positive adjectives led to positive interpretations of those same actions.These results suggest that thoughts must be both _______ and _______ before they influence our impressions.

A) vivid; applicable
B) applicable; vivid
C) widely shared; vivid
D) accessible; widely shared
E) accessible; applicable

Question 61

Reasoning based on the ease with which we can bring something to mind involves the use of the _______ heuristic.

A) representativeness
B) availability
C) confirmatory
D) counterfactual
E) base rate

Question 62

In trying to decide which of two classmates is smarter,you use the rule,"the faster people talk,the smarter they are," and you choose the classmate who talks faster.You have applied a _______ to decide who is smarter.

A) self-fulfilling prophecy
B) fundamental attribution
C) decoding bias
D) correspondence bias
E) judgmental heuristic

Question 63

Your roommate questions how charitable you really are.She says to you,"Give me just one example of the last time you gave money to a homeless person." Odds are that her challenge will convince you that you really are a generous person.Based on research by Norbert Schwarz and his colleagues (1991),why is that?

A) It's easy to bring to mind one example that supports your self-schema.
B) It's easier to think of "factuals" than "counterfactuals."
C) Your roommate activated your "generosity" schema.
D) You will believe that you donated more money than the average person.
E) Homeless people are representative of people who need our help.

Question 64

Most people,when asked,guess that more people die from grisly accidents than from strokes.This is probably due to the greater number of accidental deaths reported in the media,and thus,due to

A) the availability heuristic.
B) the base rate fallacy.
C) upward counterfactual thinking.
D) the representativeness heuristic.
E) downward counterfactual thinking.

Question 65

Recall Dr.Robert Marion,who was the first physician to correctly diagnose a 9-year-old girl with a rare disease.He explains that "doctors are just like everyone else.We go to the movies,watch TV,read newspapers and novels.If we happen to see a patient who has symptoms of a rare disease that was featured on the previous night's 'Movie of the Week,' we're more likely to consider that condition when making a diagnosis." In essence,Dr.Marion is describing the _______ heuristic.

A) representativeness
B) primacy
C) nonbiased
D) counterfactual
E) availability

Question 66

According to the text,which of the following statements about judgmental heuristics is false?

A) They are examples of automatic rather than controlled processing.
B) They are often beneficial because they help us make decisions when dealing with large amounts of ambiguous information.
C) They usually lead us to make faulty decisions.
D) They are a type of mental shortcut.
E) They allow us to make judgments quickly and efficiently.

Question 67

The shortcuts or "rules of thumb" that people use to make judgments and decisions quickly and efficiently are called

A) judgmental heuristics.
B) functional cognitions.
C) cultural truisms.
D) structural equations.
E) rationalizations.

Question 68

Although there are only a few runners on your college track team,you see a woman on campus who has the physique of a runner.You decide that she's a member of the track team.Your conclusion is based on

A) the availability heuristic.
B) the base rate fallacy.
C) base rate information.
D) biased sampling.
E) the representativeness heuristic.

Question 69

Your roommate is interested in dating Carlotta,a woman you know from a history class.Your roommate asks if you think Carlotta is generally a considerate person.You remember how Carlotta lent you her notes when you missed class last week,and tell your roommate you think Carlotta is very considerate.In making your judgment,you have relied upon the _______ heuristic.

A) anchoring and adjustment
B) availability
C) representativeness
D) descriptive
E) base rate

Question 70

Recall that Norbert Schwarz and his colleagues (1991)asked some participants to think of 6 times they had behaved assertively and asked other participants to think of 12 times they had behaved assertively,and then asked all participants to rate how assertive they thought they really were.The findings were that

A) those assigned to generate 6 examples rated themselves most assertive due to the availability heuristic.
B) those assigned to generate 12 examples rated themselves most assertive due to the availability heuristic.
C) those assigned to give 12 items rated themselves more assertive due to the influence of the anchoring and adjustment heuristic.
D) assertive people were more likely to generate 12 examples.
E) the groups rated themselves equally in assertiveness due to the influence of the representativeness heuristic.

Question 71

Recall that Frederic Bartlett (1932)interviewed both a Scotsman and a Bantu herdsman about the particulars of a cattle transaction.The Bantu herdsman recited from memory many details,but the Scot had to consult his notes.If this difference were the result of the cultural influence on schemas,the Scot would be more likely to notice and remember the _______ than would the Bantu herdsman.

A) songs sung at his daughter's wedding
B) number on a basketball player's shirt
C) day his father died
D) specific plaid pattern on a man's shirt
E) colour of the cattle

Question 72

You've rented the movie Sophie's Choice.There is a scene in which Sophie,a recent immigrant from Poland,is both surprised and amused that Americans have so many words for the concept "fast." She reports that in Polish,there is only one word.You've just read Chapter 3 (Social Cognition),and a friend asks you why the cultures differ in that regard.What would you say?

A) Americans are generally better educated than Poles.
B) Polish has different roots than does English.
C) Poles don't have well-developed schemas for the concept "fast."
D) English has borrowed more words from foreign languages than Polish has.
E) Poles have a relatively limited vocabulary compared to Americans.

Question 73

People are most likely to use judgmental heuristics when

A) they have all of the relevant facts.
B) they must make a simple "yes-no" decision.
C) they are motivated to seek out all relevant facts.
D) a lot rides on making the correct decision.
E) pre-existing schemas are inappropriate.

Question 74

If I tell you that someone I know is a man who has a beard,drinks wine,and likes to read poetry,and you guess that he is more likely to be a classics professor than a construction worker,you are

A) paying too much attention to base rate information.
B) being misled by the availability heuristic.
C) probably correct.
D) falling victim to the representativeness heuristic.
E) probably not familiar with classics professors.

Question 75

The _______ heuristic refers to the mental shortcut whereby people classify a person or thing based on how similar it appears to the typical case.

A) base-rate
B) representativeness
C) anchoring and adjustment
D) availability
E) counterfactual

Question 76

In trying to understand new situations for which we do not have schemas,we

A) prefer to come up with brand new schemas to specifically fit the situation.
B) tend to avoid the use of heuristics.
C) use judgmental heuristics to make decisions quickly and efficiently.
D) attempt to apply old schemas, which often lead to faulty decisions.
E) exhaustively search our memories for all relevant information in order to ensure the correct decision.

Question 77

Recall that Norbert Schwarz and his colleagues (1991)asked some participants to think of 6 times they had behaved assertively and asked other participants to think of 12 times they had behaved assertively,and then asked all participants to rate how assertive they thought they really were.Participants who tried to generate 6 examples of assertive behaviours rated themselves as more assertive than did participants who tried to generate 12 examples.Why?

A) Participants asked to think of 12 examples didn't have time to complete the experimental task.
B) Participants who could generate 12 examples were really more assertive, or else they couldn't come up with the examples.
C) Participants who were asked to generate 6 examples were more likely to use the representativeness heuristic.
D) Participants asked to generate 6 examples could do so more easily than participants who were asked to generate 12.
E) Participants asked to generate 12 examples could do so just as easily as participants who were asked to generate 6.

Question 78

A teenager wants to borrow the family car to go to an out-of-town concert.Her parents resist the idea.The teenager in question is most likely to view her parents as stubborn and unreasonable when they say to her,

A) "Tell us again what you would do if the car broke down."
B) "Give us one reason why we shouldn't worry ourselves to death."
C) "How many other friends are going with you?"
D) "Give us five reasons why you should be allowed to borrow the car."
E) "Give us ten reasons you should be allowed to borrow the car."

Question 79

Why do people often fall prey to the availability heuristic and draw incorrect inferences?

A) What looks like the typical case may not be representative of the typical case.
B) People are far better at making inferences about themselves than about others.
C) People wrongly assume that correlation implies causation.
D) What is easily brought to mind may not be typical of the big picture.
E) People often ignore base rates.

Question 80

When Frederic Bartlett (1932)interviewed both a Scotsman and a Bantu herdsman about the particulars of a cattle transaction,the Scot _______,whereas the Bantu herdsman _______.

A) guessed; said that he couldn't remember
B) remembered the faces of the traders; remembered the colour of the cattle
C) erroneously recalled that sheep were traded; accurately recalled that oxen and cattle were traded
D) consulted his notes; recalled details from memory
E) guessed; remembered the colour of the cattle