Deck 4: Socialization and Development

Question 1

The concept of self:

A) is essentially an instinctively programmed human characteristic that makes its appearance in early adolescence.
B) is outdated because of our rapid technological growth.
C) is based on imagination but not experience.
D) includes the ability to organize one s knowledge and beliefs.
E) is an innate quality developed biologically among all human beings.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The process of social interaction that teaches a child the intellectual, physical, and social skills needed to function as a member of society is called:

A) identification.
B) social adjustment.
C) socialization.
D) social conditioning.
E) human modeling.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The changing yet enduring personal identity is called the:

A) social identity.
B) situational identity.
C) social relation.
D) self.
E) social personality.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Patterns of behavior and ways of thinking and feeling that are distinctive for each individual constitute the individual s:

A) personality.
B) nature.
C) instincts.
D) social orientation.
E) outward self.

Question 5

Why is nature versus nurture called a false debate?

A) Human beings dominate nature, as confirmed by the world s great religious texts.
B) Biology creates adaptive challenges that humans solve using innate intelligence.
C) No one can be sure what the mysteries of genes are or how they influence emotions.
D) Culture or nurture directs social behavior that is influenced by biological factors.
E) Watson was proved completely wrong by Gould.

Question 6

According to Piaget, children develop through a series of stages that:

A) lead all children to the final and most advanced stages of logical thinking.
B) are unpredictable and unique to each child.
C) are unpredictable, but nevertheless lead to the most advanced stage.
D) can be molded through systematic intervention.
E) are predictable, but some children never obtain the most advanced stages.

Question 7

In his experiments with monkeys raised in isolation, Harry Harlow found that these monkeys:

A) always preferred the imitation mother that gave them food.
B) preferred a soft cloth imitation mother with no food over a hard wire mother with food.
C) learned how to mate through instinct.
D) eventually learned to be good mothers themselves.
E) developed more quickly if the dolls were given tape-recorded monkey emotions.

Question 8

Which of the following is part of the concept of self?

A) knowledge of one s own needs and skills
B) awareness of the existence, appearance, and boundaries of one s own body
C) personal history
D) ability to refer to one s own being by using language and other symbols
E) all of the above

Question 9

The self in social interaction in workplace subcultures experiences:

A) development of new personality characteristics.
B) conditioning.
C) identification transfer.
D) moral confusion.
E) resocialization.

Question 10

Sociobiologists study:

A) biological principles to explain the behavior of all social beings.
B) the cultural basis of human behavior.
C) deviations in social behavior.
D) the effects of nutrition on human development.
E) the relationship between environment and personal growth.

Question 11

Cases of isolated children like Anna indicate:

A) the natural ability of children to develop human survival skills.
B) the complete inability of children to recover from early deprivation.
C) the existence of a relatively fixed human nature.
D) that isolation inevitably causes mental retardation.
E) the importance of interaction for normal human development.

Question 12

When young boys saw that a program or movie had a parental advisory on it, the effect was:

A) moral development.
B) to make the program or movie more attractive to them.
C) fear over why they needed to be regulated from something parents watched.
D) confusion over what was in the movie or program.
E) Kohlberg s advanced stage of altruism or sacrifice for the sake of family norms.

Question 13

Inherited units of biological material are called:

A) instincts.
B) socialization.
C) personality.
D) genes.
E) outward self.

Question 14

Why isn t family socialization a predictable, universally documented experience?

A) Children have different temperaments.
B) Families exist in subcultures in the larger society; children live in different worlds.
C) Genetic predispositions make socialization uneven.
D) This is a mystery about how parents morally reason.
E) Formal intuitive logic has cognitive roots, but application does not.

Question 15

An inability to trust people and form relationships with others is known as:

A) identity crisis.
B) status conflict.
C) attachment disorder.
D) disaffiliation.
E) disconnection.

Question 16

Which of the following is needed by human infants if they are to grow and develop normally?

A) frequent contact with other humans who demonstrate affection
B) people who provide adequate food and shelter
C) interaction with people who teach them the requisite physical and social skills
D) interaction with people who teach them their culture
E) all of the above

Question 17

The identity obtained by occupying culturally and socially defined positions is called a:

A) self.
B) status.
C) social identity.
D) personal identity.
E) cultural identity.

Question 18

Why are infants and young children raised in institutions slow to develop?

A) They are frequently malnourished.
B) They lack culture.
C) They usually have serious cognitive and social deficits to begin with.
D) They are intimidated by pressure from their peers.
E) They never get the same quality of diet that normal children receive.

Question 19

Adult socialization differs from primary socialization in that adults:

A) are generally immune to the process of socialization.
B) usually are hostile to socialization attempts.
C) often have more control over how they wish to be socialized.
D) are more likely to be influenced by their peers.
E) know more, hence need less socialization.

Question 20

As a result of Jean-Marc Itard s treatment program, the wild boy from Averyon:

A) learned to become an average, well-adjusted young man named Victor.
B) died suddenly at age fourteen.
C) turned out perfectly normal except for the inability to do arithmetic.
D) learned to wear clothes and write a few simple words, but developed no human relationships.
E) learned to do wear clothes and drive an automobile, but never learned human speech.

Question 21

Attempting to move up the ladder in employment or social class will involve:

A) conforming to the expectations of people in the statuses and roles of the new group.
B) fierce personal conflicts and clashes with learned behavior and mirrored peers.
C) moving from one area to another, thus leaving old socialization behind.
D) keeping ethnic, class, and other pride issues in the closet.

Question 22

Generalized others refers to:

A) members of one s extended family.
B) the general attitudes we have about other people.
C) the sum total of all of our experiences of interaction in society.
D) those people with whom the infant first comes into contact.
E) attitudes and expectations of society as a whole and of groups that are important to us.

Question 23

Authorities rescue a young woman aged 14, raised in a cage by foster parents who rarely interacted with her. She cannot speak a language or behave in a socially acceptable way. The rescued girl lacks:

A) secondary group identity.
B) biological stage development.
C) money for better care.
D) any experience with boys her own age, so she is socially shy.
E) primary socialization.

Question 24

When someone loses his or her job, this also means the loss of:

A) the social mirror of society.
B) problem solving that helps stage development.
C) a social identity many people find central to self-esteem.
D) moral reasoning in primary social groups.
E) the process of socialization.

Question 25

John was past retirement, almost 80, when he discovered that people were defining him as a senior citizen. This role required John to:

A) apply for more insurance to help him retire.
B) adjust to the social identity given to him by society.
C) perform more roles based on respect and honor.
D) deal with his anomic personality.
E) adjust his id to the pressures of the ego.

Question 26

Stephen Jay Gould challenged the equation of behavior with genetic biology: looking at altruistic behavior, he saw:

A) variations in cognitive capacities.
B) cognitive development stages.
C) how people adopt adaptive cultural traits in social and material environments.
D) stage schemas of moral development.

Question 27

According to Freud, the _______ is the internal censor or conscience that represents society s norms and values as learned primarily from our parents.

A) ego
B) id
C) superego
D) I
E) me

Question 28

Observers argue that media plays a socializing role on children that emphasizes:

A) ideas about negotiation, cooperation, and abstractions like infinity, freedom, and justice.
B) positively valuing violence to solve problems in a hostile world.
C) developing a popular identity and entering into mature relationships.
D) cash exchanges over cultural traditions like honor, violence, and romance.

Question 29

Six-year-old Felicia pretends she is a doctor, operates on younger siblings, and tells them what they must do to feel better. According to Mead, Felicia is at the _____ stage.

A) game
B) play
C) sensory motor
D) preparatory
E) self-other

Question 30

A society s shared view of right and wrong is called its:

A) moral order.
B) cognitive order.
C) formal logical stage.
D) operational stage.
E) intuitive stage.

Question 31

You have a new baby to raise. Which of the following is NOT part of the basic minimum care that helps shape a social personality?

A) physical stimulation
B) challenges to emerging sex gender social identity
C) speaking social partners
D) objects they can manipulate in time and space
E) the opportunity to initiate activity and be alone

Question 32

How does Erik Erikson s view of individual development differ from that of Freud?

A) Erikson stressed that development is a lifelong process.
B) Erikson suggested that a person continues to pass through new stages, even through adulthood.
C) Erikson paid greater attention to social and cultural forces.
D) Erikson believed that human development is accomplished in eight separate stages.
E) all of the above

Question 33

One of the reasons peer groups are so powerful in individuals lives is:

A) they reinforce primary socialization in the family.
B) peer groups help anchor individuals in their family of origin s moral order.
C) peers are unlikely to brutally reject or hurt children when they break norms.
D) peers are social equals, and we interact in peer groups throughout our lives.

Question 34

Loss of status as an elderly person shows us how society:

A) shapes social identity outside the choices or control of individuals.
B) values authority and experience in the community.
C) increasingly takes a hard sociobiological position on social roles.
D) protects itself against degenerative cognition and brain function.

Question 35

Cults teach their members an alternative world, with pressure to conform to new group norms. This is called:

A) conversion therapy.
B) solidarity.
C) resocialization.
D) secondary group socialization.

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT one of the components of Cooley s looking-glass self?

A) our imagination of what we must really be like
B) our imagination of how our actions appear to others
C) our imagination of how others judge our actions
D) a self-judgment in reaction to the imagined judgments of others
E) none of the above

Question 37

One of Charles Horton Cooley s principal contributions to sociology was his idea that:

A) how we believe others will react to us is important in determining our behavior.
B) the individual must constantly yield to society s pressure to keep internal feelings under control.
C) not every person is capable of thinking about morality in exactly the same way.
D) the generalized other is really the same as the superego, or conscience.
E) the sum total of an individual s personality is determined by cognitive development.

Question 38

Which researcher suggested that not every person is capable of thinking about morality in the same way?

A) Copley
B) Piaget
C) Kohlberg
D) Mead
E) Freud

Question 39

Total institutions are associated with which process?

A) societies general belief systems such as religion
B) primary institutions that shape children s personalities, such as the family
C) education over the life course and how schools contradict family
D) resocialization in places like the military and prison that isolate and shape individuals

Question 40

Cooley s theory that we see ourselves as others see us is called:

A) the I and the me.
B) game theory.
C) psychic determinism.
D) the looking-glass self.
E) the developmental self.

Question 41

Sociobiologists study the cultural basis of human behavior.

Question 42

Socialization takes place within subcultures of race, ethnicity, class, and religion that are part of the general society.

Question 43

Patterns of behavior and ways of thinking and feeling which are distinctive for each individual constitute the individual s personality.

Question 44

Personality changes more frequently than the social self.

Question 45

The changing yet enduring personal identity is called the conscience.

Question 46

Instincts are socially accepted patterns of complex behaviors.

Question 47

Socialization refers to the process of learning to repress individual desires and drives.

Question 48

The process of social interaction that teaches a child the intellectual, physical, and social skills needed to function as a member of society is called socialization.

Question 49

Pavlov and Watson are associated with the concept of conditioning in psychology.

Question 50

If you were designing a corporate training program for new employees, you would have to include role expectations for different kinds of positions.

Question 51

Attachment is the need for meaningful interaction and affectionate bonds with others.

Question 52

Nurture is the term social scientists use for describing the biologically inherited patterns of complex behavior.

Question 53

Sociobiologist Edward O. Wilson scientifically proved his claim that genes are the dominant source of human social behaviors.

Question 54

Human infants need frequent contact with other humans who demonstrate affection in order to grow and develop normally.

Question 55

Aging involves negotiating new role expectations in a lifelong process of socialization.

Question 56

Jean Piaget was primarily concerned with cognitive development.

Question 57

Sociologists believe that humans are unique because they are the only life form able to accumulate knowledge, improve on it, and pass it on to the next generation.

Question 58

Attachment disorder is an inability to trust people and form relationships with others.

Question 59

Social identity is obtained by occupying culturally and socially defined positions.

Question 60

Knowledge of one s own needs and skills is part of the concept of self.

Question 61

If a child spends more time watching movies or programs depicting social violence, the values and messages in these media constructions may resocialize the individual s moral views.

Question 62

Gender can be changed through surgery and socialization without the conscious will and consent of the person.

Question 63

Outline and discuss George Herbert Mead s theory of development.

Question 64

Identify and describe Erikson s eight stages of human development.

Question 65

How we react to the imagined or perceived judgments of others is one of the components of the Cooley s looking-glass self.

Question 66

Cooley s theory of the looking-glass self works the way light shining on plants causes their development.

Question 67

Generalized others refers to the general attitudes we have about other people

Question 68

According to Freud, the internal censor or conscience that represents society s norms and values as learned primarily from our parents is called the superego.

Question 69

Erik Erikson s view of individual development differs from that of Freud in that Erikson stressed that development is a lifelong process.

Question 70

One of Charles Horton Cooley s principal contributions to sociology was his idea that how we believe others will react to us is important in determining our behavior.

Question 71

If I joined a new company at an older age, my basic personality might change and adapt but my primary socialization would remain the same as in the past.

Question 72

A variety of agents are involved in molding a child to fit into society. Identify and discuss the most important agents of socialization in American society.

Question 73

Identify and discuss four key events in adult socialization.

Question 74

According to Wilson, although people have free will, our genes make certain behaviors more likely than others.

Question 75

The genes for behaviors like altruism and defense of a group are being mapped as part of a general human genome.

Question 76

In the cases of children who were neglected in childhood, why was it not possible to resocialize these individuals to be normal? Explain primary socialization and how the wild children illustrate what happens when it does not take place properly.