Deck 5: The Self Understanding Ourselves in a Social Context

Question 1

According to Gabriel and Gardner's (1999)research on collective versus relational interdependence,which of the following discussions of emotional events is most likely?

A) Steve talks about the time he and his team won the provincial curling championship.
B) Tara talks about how she and her graduating class were affected by a 6-week teachers' strike.
C) Erin describes how she and her fellow hockey fans felt after her team's Stanley Cup win.
D) William describes how he felt after a major car accident.
E) Daniel talks about how he and his younger brother reacted when their 52-year-old dad died of a heart attack.

Answer 1

Steve talks about the time he and his team won the provincial curling championship.

Question 2

According to the text,research on self-concept that has asked participants to complete the sentence,"I am...." has revealed that

A) across all cultures, women are more likely to describe themselves in relational terms, such as, "I am a good friend."
B) whether or not gender differences in self-concept are found in a particular culture depends on whether or not the culture is collectivist or individualistic.
C) compared to men, women in all cultures place a higher value on trust and respect in intimate relationships.
D) generally, there are no gender differences in responses across all cultures.
E) in all cultures, men are more likely to describe themselves in terms of individual attributes, such as "I am responsible."

Answer 2

whether or not gender differences in self-concept are found in a particular culture depends on whether or not the culture is collectivist or individualistic.

Question 3

When we are in a state of _______,we evaluate or compare our current behaviour against our internal standards and values.

A) self-centeredness,
B) self-awareness,
C) distraction,
D) self-perception,
E) self-focus,

Answer 3

self-awareness,

Question 4

In the United States,women are more likely to have an interdependent view of themselves and men to have an independent view of themselves.These gender differences suggest

A) our sense of self is determined by biological factors.
B) gender, like culture, can influence our sense of ourselves.
C) there is little overlap in the psychological makeup of men and women.
D) women in the United States have the same sense of self as people living in Eastern cultures.
E) gender has little impact on our sense of self.

Question 5

_______ refers to the process of looking inward and examining our thoughts,feelings,and motives.

A) Self-enhancement
B) Self-awareness
C) Self-examination
D) Self-efficacy
E) Introspection

Question 6

Consider the following self-description: "It is important to me to make others happy.I work hard to cooperate with others and seldom get into arguments.My friends are more important to me than my professional success." A(n)_______ is most likely to have provided such a self-description.

A) teacher living in Berlin, Germany
B) professor living in Regina, Saskatchewan
C) writer living in Paris, France
D) manager living in Cleveland, Ohio
E) executive living in Tokyo, Japan

Question 7

Psychologists who have studied the development of self-concept over the lifespan have found that the self-concept starts out _______ and gradually becomes _______ with increasing age.

A) extremely negative; more positive
B) concrete; more abstract and complex
C) extremely positive; more realistic
D) socially focused; individually focused
E) individually focused; socially focused

Question 8

Barbara replies to her therapist,"How do I see myself? Well,I'm socially anxious,insecure,relatively intelligent,and terribly shy." Barbara's response reflects her

A) self-concept.
B) executive function.
C) stream of consciousness.
D) looking glass self.
E) feelings of low self-worth.

Question 9

Whereas Americans have a proverb,"The squeaky wheel gets the grease," Japanese have a proverb that states "The nail that stands out gets pounded down." These two different proverbs mirror social-psychological research that has demonstrated that people in Asian cultures

A) do not consider social interaction important.
B) do not hold differentiated self-concepts.
C) are more likely to defer to authority than Americans.
D) have a more interdependent concept of self than Americans.
E) are more authoritarian than Americans.

Question 10

When asked to finish a sentence beginning "I am...," respondents from Asian countries are more likely to mention _______,because they grew up in a(n)_______ culture.

A) actual self; authoritarian
B) the ideal self; authoritarian
C) the ideal self; less oppressive
D) group membership; interdependent
E) the outer self; interdependent

Question 11

According to the research by Jennifer Campbell and her colleagues,people low in self-concept clarity

A) carefully consider the variables that may be impacting how they feel.
B) are less likely to engage in positive forms of self-focus such as reflection.
C) attempt to make internal attributions to explain their behaviour.
D) frequently engage in introspection.
E) often ask their close friends about what to do.

Question 12

The development of our sense of self is partly influenced by the culture in which we grow up.For example,in Western cultures people tend to have a(n)_______ view of the self,whereas in non-Western cultures people tend to have a(n)_______ view of the self.

A) intrinsic; extrinsic
B) extrinsic; intrinsic
C) interdependent; independent
D) independent; interdependent
E) clear; poorly defined

Question 13

Assume that when exposed to a mirror,chimpanzees will use the mirror to aid in grooming (e.g.,to pick food from their teeth)and to entertain themselves by making faces.The chimps' behaviour before the mirror would suggest that

A) great apes have a sense of self.
B) mammals have a sense of self.
C) some animals engage in introspection.
D) like humans, mammals are self-aware.
E) many animals are curious and social.

Question 14

Consider the following self-description: "I have blue eyes and brown hair.I have two sisters.I hate vegetables,but I love ice cream." Such a self-description was most likely provided by the typical

A) eight-year old child.
B) adult.
C) high school student.
D) two-year old child.
E) college student.

Question 15

"My close relationships are an important reflection of who I am" and "when I think of myself,I often think of my close friends and family also" are two items from a scale which was designed to measure individual differences in

A) self-esteem and competition.
B) relational interdependence.
C) self-esteem.
D) private and public self-consciousness.
E) cooperation and competition.

Question 16

If you are a person who gives a great deal of priority to close relationships as part of your sense of self,then you probably score high on measures of

A) relational interdependence.
B) self monitoring.
C) collective interdependence.
D) gender differences.
E) self-concept clarity.

Question 17

According to the authors of your text,introspection is not a useful source of information about the self because people

A) are driven by unconscious self-enhancing motives.
B) are quite accurate in understanding their own behaviours.
C) cannot be at once the observer and the object observed.
D) actually spend very little time thinking about themselves.
E) know that introspection uses up valuable cognitive resources.

Question 18

According to information presented in the text,people who are low in self-concept clarity are

A) more self-confident and aware of their internal states.
B) more likely to experience both positive and negative emotions.
C) more likely to be neurotic and have low self-esteem.
D) more likely to engage in self-analysis.
E) often narcissistic and self-centered.

Question 19

Gordon Gallup (1977)briefly anesthetized chimpanzees and painted an odorless red dye on their heads.When they awoke and looked in the mirror,the chimps immediately reached to touch their brows and ears where the dye was.These findings suggest that chimps

A) are capable of developing a sense of self-esteem.
B) have a complex, multifaceted sense of self.
C) possess a self-concept much like a human.
D) develop a sense of self-recognition comparable to that of two-year-old humans.
E) are capable of complex thought.

Question 20

Which of the following would be most likely to reach to touch a spot of red dye when seeing his or her reflection in a mirror?

A) an adult rhesus monkey
B) an adult chimpanzee
C) a six-month-old human infant
D) a one-year-old human infant
E) an infant gorilla

Question 21

According to self-awareness theory,under which of the following circumstances would an individual be most highly motivated to avoid self-awareness?

A) while reading an engaging novel
B) while helping a friend with her homework
C) after giving a successful presentation
D) while watching an interesting documentary on television
E) directly after receiving a low grade on an important test

Question 22

Heine and his colleagues (2008)compared East Asian and Western participants in levels of actual/ideal self-discrepancy when they were seated in front of a mirror to complete a questionnaire.Based on the results of this study,who would you expect to be most self-aware,regardless of whether they were in front of a mirror?

A) Susan, a British woman
B) Tom, a Canadian man
C) Yoshi, a Japanese man
D) Anna, an Australian woman
E) Brad, an American man

Question 23

If a self-awareness theorist were to design a department store that would discourage shoplifting,what would he or she do?

A) provide rewards to shoppers who report shoplifters
B) post signs that say, "Shoplifters will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law"
C) place mirrors near merchandise that is likely to be stolen
D) lower prices on the merchandise
E) hire more undercover security

Question 24

The authors of your text discussed a study where American and Japanese students were asked questions about their actual and their ideal selves.Participants were either in front of a mirror or not.What were the results of the study?

A) All participants rated their actual selves closer to their ideal selves when talking to a friend.
B) All participants rated their actual selves closer to their ideal selves when in front of a mirror.
C) The mirror influence Japanese students' ratings, but not those of American students.
D) The mirror influenced American students' ratings, but not those of Japanese students.
E) All participants rated the gap between their actual and ideal selves as having increased when in front of a mirror.

Question 25

The text concludes that,in terms of self-awareness,East Asians have a(n)________ perspective whereas Westerners have a(n)________ perspective.

A) positive; negative
B) outsider; insider
C) submissive; dominant
D) concrete; abstract
E) absolute; relative

Question 26

Compared to being placed in front of a mirror,when Japanese students were NOT in front of a mirror they were

A) more likely to cheat.
B) more dissatisfied with themselves.
C) less dissatisfied with themselves.
D) equally likely to cheat.
E) less likely to cheat.

Question 27

As Tiffany brushes her teeth,she's thinking about a fight she had the night before with her best friend.She lost her temper and screamed and cursed.Tiffany becomes self-aware when she catches her reflection in the bathroom mirror.She feels uncomfortable,thinking about her behaviour.According to self-awareness theory,what is Tiffany most likely to do?

A) call her friend to apologize
B) distract herself by scouring the sink
C) decide to ignore her friend
D) punish herself by refusing to floss
E) justify her actions by blaming her friend

Question 28

One evening after work,Barbara arrives home in a very bad mood.Noticing this,her husband,James,asks her why she seems so angry and upset.Barbara hadn't thought about her mood before James mentioned it,and now she thinks hard about what caused her to be so sullen.She decides that it was because she was hungry and tired and she tells James so.According to theories on introspection,Barbara is _______ her behaviour.

A) denying
B) making an excuse for
C) overjustifying
D) attempting to discount
E) constructing a causal theory about

Question 29

The authors of your text described a study in which university students kept track of their moods in daily diaries.The results of this study suggest that

A) introspection is an unreliable source of data.
B) people have a great deal of difficulty constructing plausible explanations for their moods.
C) people can fairly accurately identify the causes of their moods.
D) people can accurately predict how their moods will influence their behaviour.
E) if you expect something to influence your mood, your expectation will become "self-fulfilled."

Question 30

According to self-awareness theory,how might therapists help clients learn more about themselves? Therapists might

A) repeat back to clients what the clients have said.
B) use a sliding scale, but make every client pay something for therapy.
C) challenge self-serving statements to make clients more self-aware.
D) arrange the room so that clients can see themselves in the mirror.
E) hypnotize the subject and allow them to speak freely.

Question 31

According to the authors of your text,feelings like love or sadness are often difficult to explain because

A) humans are motivated to take other's feelings into account.
B) environment stimuli override internal signals.
C) humans are incredibly self-serving.
D) they are frequently the result of social interactions.
E) we are unaware of many of our basic mental processes.

Question 32

It is Halloween,but you don't want to be running back and forth to answer the door.To avoid any "tricks," you decide to leave a large container of candy on the porch.You've just read Chapter 5 and you have a hunch about how to keep greedy trick-or-treaters from taking more than their fair share of the candy.You decide to

A) set up a tape-recorder of Barney the Dinosaur singing "I love you, you love me...."
B) install a one-way mirror to catch and punish offenders, and to make an example of them.
C) place a large mirror behind the candy, so that children can see themselves as they approach.
D) place a picture of the Wicked Witch of the West behind the candy, to warn them what will happen if they take too much.
E) place a sign beside the candy politely asking each trick-or-treater to have only one piece of candy.

Question 33

In a study conducted by Heine and his colleagues (2008)in which participants completed questions about actual/ideal self discrepancies,_____________ reported similar levels of discrepancy regardless of whether they were in front of a mirror or not.

A) American participants
B) females
C) Japanese participants
D) males
E) those high in independence

Question 34

Based on cross-cultural research,your textbook authors reach the conclusion that Westerners' sense of self derives from ________,while East Asians' sense of self derives from ________.

A) looking in the mirror; watching television.
B) cultural training; personal experience.
C) other people; private experience.
D) watching television; looking in the mirror.
E) private experience; other people.

Question 35

The authors of your text suggest that East Asians' self-awareness tends to be influenced less by the presence of mirrors or video cameras than Westerners because

A) they pay less attention to contextual cues.
B) they only pay attention to social cues, not physical ones.
C) they tend to be more chronically self-aware.
D) they pay greater attention to inner feelings.
E) they are less concerned with their appearance.

Question 36

Jason and Kurt return to their residence after participating in a debating tournament.After viewing their results,Jason was disappointed in his ranking and realized he could have scored higher if he had spent more time preparing.Kurt was pleased with his results and felt that his preparation and effort paid off.Both have to complete paperwork for applications and travel subsidies due tomorrow for their next competition.According to recent research by Moskalenko and Heine on the consequences of self-awareness,what behaviour would be most probable for Jason and Kurt?

A) Jason goes to his room to meditate and Kurt goes to his room to complete his paperwork.
B) Both Kurt and Jason are strongly motivated to relax in the T.V. lounge.
C) Kurt goes to his room to complete the paperwork and Jason goes to the lounge to watch T.V.
D) Both Kurt and Jason go to their rooms to complete their paperwork.
E) Jason goes to his room to complete the paperwork and Kurt goes to the lounge to watch T.V.

Question 37

Tim Wilson,Pat Laser,and Julie Stone (1982)asked participants to keep journals of their daily moods and of other variables,such as the weather and how much sleep they got the night before.When asked,many participants reported the amount of sleep the night before was correlated with their moods.When information recorded in the journals was subjected to more systematic statistical analysis,it was found that amount of sleep was not related to participants' self-reported moods.This is most likely because participants

A) under-reported the amount of sleep they actually got.
B) were in a bad mood from having to keep the journal.
C) were distracted (e.g., by loud noise) when they wrote in their journals.
D) relied on causal theories about the relation between mood and sleep.
E) did not keep accurate journals.

Question 38

From the perspective of self-awareness theory,alcohol abuse,binge eating,and suicide are alike in that they

A) enable people who feel guilty to punish themselves.
B) are coping mechanisms used by people with low self-esteem.
C) make long-term self-focus impossible.
D) provide temporary or permanent relief from unpleasant self-awareness.
E) make self-focus aversive or unpleasant.

Question 39

In a study by Heine and colleagues,when placed in front of a mirror Canadian students were ________ likely to cheat,while Japanese students were ________ likely to cheat,compared to when there was no mirror present.

A) more; less
B) less; more
C) less; equally
D) equally; less
E) more; equally

Question 40

Jake and Zeke are standing at the counter of the convenience store,and Jake,who has just failed his psychology exam,is animatedly telling Zeke that the exam was unfair and that his professor is unreasonable.As he takes his change,Jake sees his image on the security camera.This causes him to wonder whether he actually studied enough for the exam.Jake's self-scrutiny in this situation would be predicted by

A) self-perception theory.
B) self-esteem theory.
C) self-disclosure theory.
D) self-awareness theory.
E) self-verification theory.

Question 41

Self-perception theory argues that when our attitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous,we infer these states

A) through introspection.
B) by observing our behaviour and the situation in which it occurs.
C) altering our self-schema.
D) by observing the behaviour of others in the same situation.
E) carefully considering all the variables involved.

Question 42

According to the tenets of self-perception theory,which of the following audience members would report that he or she really loved the taping of The Late Show with David Letterman?

A) Debra, whose friends nudged her to get her to applaud
B) Tim, who sat right in front of the flashing "applause" sign
C) Frank, who received free tickets
D) Julie, who could see that Dave was looking at her
E) André, whose hands stung from clapping so much

Question 43

Richard Nisbett and Tim Wilson (1977)had participants watch a film either with or without distracting noises in the background.Results of their experiment demonstrated that

A) participants had highly accurate perceptions about the effect of distracting noises.
B) participants did not enjoy the film if they were distracted by background noise.
C) background noise had a huge effect on the ratings of the film.
D) participants were unable to concentrate on the film.
E) participants erroneously believed that noise affected their evaluations of the film.

Question 44

Persistence,skill development,and willingness to deal with problems is improved when people are

A) high in intrinsic motivation for engaging in the activity.
B) high in extrinsic motivation for engaging in the activity.
C) recipients of task-contingent rewards.
D) denied performance-contingent rewards.
E) denied task-contingent rewards.

Question 45

_______ theory posits that when our attitudes or feelings are ambiguous,we infer our internal states by observing our own behaviours and the situation in which they occur.

A) Self-enhancement
B) Introspection
C) Self-perception
D) Impression management
E) Self-verification

Question 46

_______ refers to the desire to engage in an activity because we enjoy it,not because we expect external rewards.

A) Intrinsic motivation
B) Hedonic motivation
C) The overjustification effect
D) Extrinsic motivation
E) Reward motivation

Question 47

A basic tenet of self-perception theory is that we infer our feelings from our behaviour when

A) the reasons for our attitudes or feelings are clear.
B) the reasons for our attitudes or feelings are ambiguous.
C) we think about how others perceive us.
D) we are in a negative mood state.
E) we can easily identify external reasons for our feelings.

Question 48

While completing a personality test,Craig comes to an item that asks him if he sees himself as shy and introverted.Craig reflects on some of his recent behaviour.He reasons that since he generally does not talk much in class discussions and tends to avoid large parties,he must be shy and introverted.Which of the following strategies for self-knowledge is Craig using?

A) self-presentation
B) self-awareness
C) self-perception
D) self-verification
E) self-monitoring

Question 49

The authors of your text described the history behind a clever experiment conducted by Richard Nisbett and Tim Wilson (1977).Lacking inspiration when trying to design the experiment,the researchers decided that noise outside their office door was distracting them.They decided to use noise as a distraction in their experiment and predicted that distracting noises would influence participants' judgments,even though they didn't know they were distracted by the noise.Results of the actual experiment showed that although participants' ratings of a film were not affected by distracting noises,participants erroneously thought they were.This anecdote provided by your authors demonstrates that

A) it is often difficult to show a causal relationship.
B) researchers and participants sometimes share incorrect causal theories.
C) Richard Nisbett knows how to operate a power saw.
D) people often know more about the causes of their behaviours than they can explain to researchers.
E) noise is not distracting enough in social psychology experiments.

Question 50

According to self-perception theory (Bem,1972),we infer the kind of person we are and what our attitudes are by

A) carefully considering our emotions.
B) engaging in introspection about the reasons for our behaviours.
C) looking to others to see how they respond to us.
D) observing our own behaviours, just as we would observe other's.
E) comparing our behaviours to our internal values and standards.

Question 51

When asked to explain our own behaviours,self-perception processes are more likely to operate when our feelings are _______ and when we _______.

A) clear; list the reasons for those feelings.
B) clear; freely chose our behaviour.
C) weak or unclear; freely chose our behaviour.
D) weak or unclear; list the reasons for those feelings.
E) clear; engage in introspection.

Question 52

Simone runs simply because it gives her pleasure to exercise outside and to leave her daily worries behind as she works up a sweat.In this instance,Simone is _______ to run.

A) intrinsically motivated
B) generating a reason
C) justifying her desire
D) extrinsically motivated
E) causally motivated

Question 53

Self-perception theory argues that when our attitudes or feelings aren't clear,we often infer them by observing

A) how other people are behaving.
B) how we feel.
C) our own behaviour.
D) our emotional reactions.
E) others' reactions to us.

Question 54

_______ refers to the desire to undertake an activity because of external rewards,not because we find it interesting or enjoyable.

A) Social comparison
B) Extrinsic motivation
C) Intrinsic motivation
D) Internal motivation
E) Compliance

Question 55

When athletes and academics are highly intrinsically motivated it affects attitude and behaviour by

A) decreasing enjoyment but increasing performance.
B) decreasing enjoyment and decreasing persistence.
C) increasing enjoyment and increasing persistence.
D) decreasing enjoyment but increasing persistence.
E) increasing enjoyment but decreasing persistence.

Question 56

Lisa is most likely to conclude that she likes classical music when

A) she cannot pick up other stations on her car radio.
B) she has preset her car radio to a classical music station.
C) the car radio is broken, stuck on the classical music station, and she cannot change stations.
D) her husband chooses the stations on the car radio.
E) she takes a free classical music sampler from a record store.

Question 57

Applied research shows that having a greater amount of intrinsic motivation,as opposed to extrinsic motivation,is associated with all of the following except

A) competitive swimmers' persistence.
B) high-school students staying longer in school.
C) environmental activism.
D) quality of relationships.
E) reliance on rewards such as money or praise.

Question 58

According to self-perception theory,if you are not sure how much you like classical music,you are likely to

A) engage in introspection.
B) observe your own behaviour to figure it out.
C) observe how much your friends like classical music.
D) make a decision based on other people's opinions of classical music.
E) seek confirmation of your self-concept.

Question 59

Rosa feels depressed.Although she had hoped to graduate at the head of her class,her current GPA makes that impossible now.This example best illustrates what happens when

A) the actual self falls short when we compare ourselves with others.
B) we possess unrealistically high self-esteem.
C) the actual self falls short of the ideal self.
D) we set our aspirations too high.
E) we fall short of our goals.

Question 60

Daryl Bem (1972)argues that people are most likely to engage in self-perception when their feelings are _______ and they cannot make a(n)_______ attribution for their behaviour.

A) specific; internal
B) specific; causal
C) specific; external
D) vague; external
E) vague; internal

Question 61

Our self-concept based on how we appear to others is called

A) looking-glass self.
B) comparative self.
C) introspected self.
D) socially-adjusted self.
E) projected self.

Question 62

Intrinsic motivation is to _______ as extrinsic motivation is to _______.

A) self-perception; introspection.
B) introspection; self-perception.
C) overjustification; underjustification.
D) internal interest; external reward.
E) self-perception; overjustification effect.

Question 63

Performance-contingent rewards depend on how well people perform the task.This type of reward

A) is more likely to decrease interest in a task than task-contingent rewards.
B) is less likely to decrease interest in a task than task-contingent rewards.
C) is subject to the over-justification effect.
D) leads to self-enhancement.
E) is an important part of social comparison theory.

Question 64

You assume that Franklin is intrinsically motivated to write a course paper because

A) he seems to savour immersing himself in writing.
B) it is a requirement to pass the course.
C) he wants his professor to write him a letter of recommendation.
D) it will increase his chances of making the Dean's List.
E) it will help him get a good job.

Question 65

According to the authors of your text,extrinsic rewards are most likely to DIMINISH intrinsic motivation when

A) extrinsic motivation was initially high.
B) rewards are given at random.
C) intrinsic motivation was initially high.
D) rewards are performance-contingent.
E) rewards are given on a fixed-ratio schedule.

Question 66

The principal of a local elementary school plans to implement a "Reading for Cash" program,in which children would be given cash rewards for reading.Before investing in this plan,the principal asks for your assessment.Because ___________,you would probably tell her that the program would not be an effective way to increase interest in reading.

A) cash rewards tend to increase performance on a task
B) any forms of encouragement tend to reduce intrinsic motivation
C) external rewards tend to reduce any inherent intrinsic interest
D) intrinsic interests tend to weaken over time regardless of incentives
E) external rewards tend to increase any inherent intrinsic interest

Question 67

The cornerstone of Leon Festinger's (1954)social comparison theory is that people

A) may examine their opinions and abilities by evaluating themselves relative to others.
B) prefer subjective feedback to objective feedback.
C) are motivated to see themselves in the most positive light.
D) only accept feedback that helps maintain self-esteem.
E) prefer to compare themselves to others more talented or accomplished than they are.

Question 68

When there are no objective criteria to measure achievement,people often rely on _______ to evaluate how well they performed.

A) cognitive appraisal processes
B) attribution of arousal
C) social comparison
D) introspection
E) self-perception

Question 69

Which of the following is most likely to INCREASE intrinsic motivation?

A) performance-contingent rewards
B) large incentives
C) task-contingent rewards
D) introspection
E) self-perception processes

Question 70

Which of the following findings is explained by the "looking-glass self" theory of self-concept formation?

A) When we are unsure about our attitudes or feelings, we infer them by observing our behaviour and the situations in which they occur.
B) Students are less likely to cheat on a test when they can see their faces in a mirror.
C) After experiencing a failure, people in a reflective state may cheer themselves up by remembering positive events.
D) People are less likely to steal if there is a camera focused on them.
E) Catholic women rated themselves more negatively after reading a sexually explicit passage if they had first been exposed to a picture of the Pope than if the picture was of an unfamiliar smiling man.

Question 71

According to the authors of your text,_______ explains why providing young children with large rewards for reading (e.g.,money or prizes)might actually backfire and convince them that they don't really like reading as much as they thought at first.

A) intrinsic motivation theory
B) self-perception processes
C) extrinsic motivation theory
D) reason generating attitude change
E) the overjustification effect

Question 72

In order to gauge whether he had studied long enough for his psychology exam,Markus phoned two of his classmates to ask them how long they had spent reviewing material.Markus is engaging in

A) social comparison.
B) impression management.
C) self-verification.
D) a self-protective behaviour.
E) self-handicapping.

Question 73

According to social psychology research findings,when we engage in social comparison,we are most likely to compare ourselves to

A) experts.
B) people who perform poorly on the task.
C) similar others.
D) whomever is physically closest to us.
E) dissimilar others.

Question 74

A parent hands her children a dollar each for helping to rake leaves and also says,"And wasn't it great,all of us pitching in together,helping each other?" By reminding her children that the task was also enjoyable,she is working to

A) avoid the overjustification effect.
B) enhance leaf-raking performance.
C) enhance their extrinsic motivation.
D) undermine their intrinsic motivation.
E) produce the overjustification effect.

Question 75

Mariana wonders whether she has the potential to become a first-rate social psychologist.To assess her potential,she would most likely compare herself to

A) Leon Festinger.
B) other university students she knows.
C) her parents.
D) famous social psychologists whose research she has read.
E) other psychology majors she knows.

Question 76

_______ posits that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people.

A) Social comparison theory
B) Self-verification theory
C) Self-perception theory
D) Esteem enhancement theory
E) The notion of the looking glass self

Question 77

Performance-contingent rewards are a type of

A) self-verification.
B) intrinsic reward.
C) over-justification.
D) task-contingent reward.
E) extrinsic reward.

Question 78

In a study described in the text,Baldwin and his colleagues found that graduate students rated their own work more negatively if they were first exposed to a picture of the scowling face of the program director than if they were first exposed to a picture of a smiling colleague.According to the researchers,this occurred because

A) the picture distracted the students during the rating task.
B) the picture caused increased physiological arousal, which, in the case of the picture of the scowling program director, was labelled as fear or anxiety.
C) the picture students were exposed to primed a certain internal audience.
D) the picture of the scowling program director made the students more self-aware.
E) the picture students were exposed to determined whether they engaged in either upward or downward social comparison.

Question 79

Maurice had always gotten a lot of satisfaction from caring for his brothers and sisters when they were sick.A few months ago,Maurice's father convinced him to take a job at a hospital as a nurse's aid so that he could earn money doing what he enjoyed.Now that Maurice has been working at the hospital for awhile,he no longer enjoys caring for sick people as much as he did before he took the job.One reason for Maurice's attitude change may be that the job has undermined his _______ for helping others.

A) causal motivation
B) intrinsic motivation
C) extrinsic motivation
D) internal justification
E) external justification

Question 80

Which of the following ways of understanding ourselves is social?

A) Keeping a diary to record our behaviours.
B) Using introspection to infer our attitudes.
C) Attending to other people's opinions of us.
D) Making attributions to explain the causes of our behaviours.
E) Observing our own behaviours to decide how we feel.