Deck 6: Attitudes and Attitude Change

Question 1

Cognitively based attitude is to _______ as _______ attitude is to emotion.

A) evaluation; value-based
B) appraising an object; affectively based
C) evaluation; behaviourally based
D) social values; affectively based
E) values; affectively based

Answer 1

appraising an object; affectively based

Question 2

Lisa is studying attitudes towards former Prime Minister Brian Mulroney.She finds that in general most people have very negative attitudes about Mulroney and she wants to understand why people hold these attitudes and what can be done about them.If she wants to know your true attitude towards Mulroney and she can only ask you one question,which question should she ask?

A) Do you think Brian Mulroney is good-looking?
B) Do most of your friends like or dislike Brian Mulroney?
C) Did Brian Mulroney's policies agree or disagree with your values?
D) Do you like or dislike Brian Mulroney?
E) How would you feel if Brian Mulroney dated your sister?

Answer 2

Did Brian Mulroney's policies agree or disagree with your values?

Question 3

Kenneth believes that Funny-O's cereal is good because it has no sugar,it contains all of the recommended vitamins and minerals,and it has no artificial flavors.Kenneth's attitude toward Funny-O's is a(n)

A) affectively based attitude.
B) cognitively based attitude.
C) emotionally based attitude.
D) undifferentiated attitude.
E) behaviourally based attitude.

Answer 3

cognitively based attitude.

Question 4

Fear-arousing persuasive messages are targeted to the _______ basis of attitudes.

A) cognitive
B) peripheral
C) central
D) affective
E) causal

Question 5

At the new-car dealership,Josh asks the saleswoman a number of questions: "How good is the gas mileage on this model? What does Consumer Reports say about this make and model? Does this car hold its resale value?" The _______ component of Josh's attitude toward the car was most likely to inform his questions.

A) dissonant
B) affective
C) cognitive
D) behavioural
E) emotional

Question 6

In all likelihood,attitudes toward _______ are affectively based and stem from _______.

A) instant coffee; instrumental conditioning
B) the death penalty; people's values
C) abortion; a logical examination of the facts
D) toilet paper; a logical examination of the facts
E) cleaning products; people's values

Question 7

Most social psychologists concur that attitudes consist of

A) behavioural intentions.
B) cognitions.
C) evaluations.
D) emotions.
E) feelings.

Question 8

André is not at all familiar with a particular candidate's stand on the issues or with his proposed policies,but André likes "his" candidate and plans to vote for him anyway.This example illustrates that people's attitudes toward politicians are often

A) cognitively based.
B) behaviourally based.
C) affectively based.
D) based on a logical examination of qualifications for office.
E) classically conditioned.

Question 9

Consider the lyrics to Smokey Robinson's song,"You've Really Got a Hold on Me": "I don't like you,but I love you.Seems that I'm always thinking of you.You treat me badly,I love you madly.You've really got a hold on me." The sentiments reflected in these lyrics best capture the _______ component of the singer's attitude.

A) dissonant
B) behavioural
C) ambivalent
D) affective
E) cognitive

Question 10

Miguel recaptures the freedom of his youth when he test-drives the new Volkswagen "bug." He feels 25 years younger and remembers cruising the beaches of California in his old 1970 bug when he was in college.He decides to purchase that new VW model.Miguel's positive attitude toward the car is primarily driven by

A) an affective component.
B) a behavioural component.
C) operant conditioning.
D) a cognitive component.
E) classical conditioning.

Question 11

Why are affectively based attitudes so resistant to logical persuasive attempts to change them?

A) Affectively based attitudes are rooted in counterfactual thinking.
B) Affectively based attitudes are acquired by automatic processes.
C) Affectively based attitudes are the result of the same illogical source.
D) Affectively based attitudes are often linked to values, which are difficult to change.
E) Affectively based attitudes are governed by knowledge of the issues.

Question 12

Rachel recently tried sushi for the first time.Now,she finds herself eating it regularly.Since she eats it all the time,she decides that sushi must be her favourite meal.Rachel's attitude toward sushi is a(n)_______ attitude.

A) cognitively based
B) decision-based
C) value-based
D) behaviourally based
E) affectively based

Question 13

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) "I'd like to get rid of this car because it's always in the shop" represents an affectively based attitude.
B) "I hate all politicians because they represent pure evil" represents a cognitively based attitude.
C) "I guess I like junk food, because I'm always eating it" represents a behaviourally based attitude.
D) "I like country music because I always have it on in my car" represents an affectively based attitude.
E) "I like my toaster because you can toast four pieces of bread at one time" reflects a behaviourally based attitude.

Question 14

The function of cognitively based attitudes is

A) choosing behaviour.
B) decision-making.
C) object appraisal.
D) the use of logic.
E) emotion-focused.

Question 15

Although affectively based attitudes can be derived from a number of different sources,they are alike in that they tend to be

A) based on rational arguments.
B) based on rational examination of relevant information.
C) linked to deeply held values.
D) unrelated to past experience.
E) logically organized.

Question 16

The introduction to Chapter 6 describes the strange logic manifested by members of the Solar Temple Cult,who thought the world was about to be destroyed by fire and that the only salvation was to take a "death voyage" by ritualized suicide to the star Sirius where they would be reborn.In total,74 people died in these cult suicides.This chapter introduction was written to demonstrate that

A) people will often go to extreme lengths to justify their actions or beliefs.
B) scientists, like many of us, are fascinated with the macabre, gruesome aspects of life.
C) cult members are often brainwashed so that they behave irrationally.
D) cult members usually have a very weak sense of self.
E) pleasant, smart, reasonable people are seldom drawn to cults.

Question 17

Attitudes are viewed by social psychologists as evaluative,in that they

A) are based on personal feelings and values.
B) are based mostly on environmental data.
C) consist of positive or negative reactions to something.
D) are based on objective facts.
E) reflect fleeting feelings.

Question 18

The _______ component of attitudes is to emotional reactions as the _______ component is to knowledge and beliefs.

A) evaluative; behavioural
B) affective; behavioural
C) cognitive; behavioural
D) affective; cognitive
E) evaluative; cognitive

Question 19

It is estimated that one-third of the electorate knows almost nothing about specific politicians.Nonetheless,these people hold very strong opinions about them.This pattern of findings suggests that people's attitudes toward politicians may be largely

A) affectively based.
B) behaviourally based.
C) cognitively based.
D) ambivalent.
E) undifferentiated.

Question 20

_______ attitudes are based primarily on people's beliefs about properties of attitude objects.

A) Cognitively based
B) Emotionally based
C) Evaluatively based
D) Affectively based
E) Intention-based

Question 21

Complete the following analogy about attitudes: implicit is to ________ as explicit is to ________.

A) childhood; recent.
B) current; future.
C) controlled; cognitive.
D) automatic; non-conscious.
E) voluntary; involuntary.

Question 22

Explicit attitudes influence our behaviour when ________,while implicit attitudes influence our behaviour when ________.

A) we are monitoring our behaviour; we are not monitoring our behaviour.
B) we are not monitoring our behaviour; we are monitoring our behaviour.
C) we make public statements; we consider our private beliefs.
D) our behaviour is nonverbal; our behaviour is verbal.
E) we feel positive; we feel negative.

Question 23

In the 1930s,when anti-Asian prejudice was commonplace in the United States,Richard LaPiere (1934)had no trouble finding pleasant accommodations for himself and his Chinese traveling companions.Surprised,LaPiere later sent letters to the establishments they visited,asking whether Chinese visitors would be welcome.More than 90% of those who responded replied that they definitely would not accommodate Chinese.Although LaPiere's study suggests that there is a weak link between attitudes and behaviour,his results should be interpreted with caution.Why?

A) LaPiere's sample of proprietors was not randomly selected.
B) LaPiere exerted too much control over extraneous variables.
C) More systematic research later revealed that there is generally a strong relation between attitudes and behaviour.
D) Proprietors' attitudes might have changed between LaPiere's visit and the time he sent the letters.
E) Prejudice has generally declined in the United States since the 1930s.

Question 24

The _______ holds that the best predictors of deliberate behaviours are the person's attitudes toward those specific behaviours,subjective norms,and perceived behavioural control.

A) heuristic-systematic model
B) self-presentation model
C) Yale persuasion approach
D) elaboration likelihood model
E) theory of planned behaviour

Question 25

Explicit attitudes are _________,while implicit attitudes are __________.

A) public statements; private beliefs.
B) in conscious awareness; involuntary and sometimes unconscious.
C) affectively based; usually cognitively based.
D) involuntary; voluntary.
E) behaviourally based; affectively based.

Question 26

According to the text,attitudes only indirectly predict behaviours.That is,attitudes predict _______,which in turn predict behaviours.

A) accessibility
B) emotion
C) perceived control
D) subjective norms
E) intentions

Question 27

According to Icek Ajzen and Martin Fishbein's (1980)theory of reasoned action,the best predictors of behavioural intentions are

A) past behaviour and cognitive beliefs.
B) emotional evaluations and cognitive beliefs.
C) attitudes towards behavioural norms, beliefs about the behaviour, and perceived behavioural control.
D) attitudes towards the behaviour, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control.
E) attitudes towards the situation, subjective perceptions, and perceived behavioural norms.

Question 28

When are people's explicit and implicit attitudes positively correlated according to research by Gawronski & LeBel (2008)?

A) When they are asked to focus on cognition about the attitude.
B) When they are asked to list reasons they prefer and attitude object.
C) When they are asked to reflect on their feelings about an attitude object.
D) When they are asked to think about their childhood.
E) When they are asked to think about recent experiences.

Question 29

Research has found that explicit attitudes are rooted in ________ whereas implicit attitudes are rooted in ________.

A) emotions; sensations.
B) childhood experience; current events.
C) positive experience; negative experience.
D) negative experience; positive experience.
E) recent experience; childhood experience.

Question 30

Complete the following analogy: explicit attitude is to implicit attitude as

A) behaviourally based attitude is to cognitively based attitude.
B) controlled behaviour is to unconscious behaviour.
C) affect is to evaluation.
D) self-perception theory is to the IAT.
E) affectively based attitude is to behaviourally based attitude.

Question 31

Which of the following is most closely related to the notion of behaviourally based attitudes?

A) self-perception theory
B) cognitive dissonance theory
C) the elaboration likelihood model
D) the Yale Attitude Change approach
E) self-persuasion theory

Question 32

Self-perception processes are most likely to yield a behaviourally based attitude when

A) initial behaviours are coerced.
B) initial attitudes are ambiguous.
C) there are multiple explanations for a behaviour.
D) initial attitudes are strong.
E) there is not a choice in behaviour.

Question 33

Daryl Bem's self-perception theory suggests that we form attitudes about an object based more on our _______ toward that object than our _______ toward that object.

A) behaviour; thoughts and feelings
B) personal thoughts; public display
C) beliefs; past experience
D) thoughts and feelings; behaviour
E) social group's behaviour; own behaviour

Question 34

According to the theory of planned behaviour (Ajzen & Fishbein,1980),the best predictor of riding a roller coaster would be

A) one's intention to ride the roller coaster.
B) one's fear of heights.
C) the number of other people waiting in line.
D) one's attitude toward amusement parks.
E) what one has heard about the ride from people who have already been on it.

Question 35

In the 1930s,when anti-Asian prejudice was commonplace in the United States,Richard LaPiere (1934)had no trouble finding pleasant accommodations for himself and his Chinese traveling companions.Surprised,LaPiere later sent letters to the establishments they visited,asking whether Chinese visitors would be welcome.More than 90% of those who responded replied that they definitely would not accommodate Chinese.This study is noteworthy because it suggested that

A) contact with people against whom we are prejudiced can actually reduce prejudice.
B) the link between attitudes and behaviours is often tenuous.
C) reports of prejudice in the United States were largely incorrect.
D) hypocrisy is more common than many of us would like to think.
E) rational persuasive appeals reduce prejudice.

Question 36

People tend to be less aware of their _________ attitudes,which are more likely to influence behaviours they are not monitoring.

A) explicit
B) cognitively based
C) implicit
D) self-perceived
E) behaviourally based

Question 37

Which of the following best illustrates an implicit attitude?

A) when Tracy checks off her opinion on a survey questionnaire
B) when Randi experiences a flash of discomfort around her lesbian friends
C) when Sarah sees Schindler's List and concludes that it is anti-Semitic
D) when Jodi, who is white, marries Percy, who is black
E) when Taylor thinks about which movie is her favourite

Question 38

According to Icek Ajzen and Martin Fishbein's (1980)theory of planned behaviour,the best predictor of people's behaviour is

A) their assumption about how others will evaluate their behaviour.
B) their intention to behave in a certain way.
C) whether the behaviour is spontaneous or planned.
D) the social situation.
E) whether the behaviour has been performed in the past.

Question 39

Your best friend Nina may or may not visit New York this weekend.According to Icek Ajzen and Martin Fishbein's (1980)theory of planned behaviour,what information would be most useful in helping you predict whether Nina will actually travel to New York?

A) Nina's past travel behaviour
B) Nina's intention to visit New York
C) Nina's intention to get away this weekend
D) Nina's attitude about traveling
E) Nina's attitude toward New York

Question 40

It can be difficult to assess implicit attitudes.Nonetheless,a number of techniques exist,including

A) the Implicit Association Test (IAT).
B) surveys.
C) structured interviews.
D) observation of controllable behaviours.
E) questionnaires.

Question 41

Based on the theory of planned behaviour,who is most likely to follow through on the intention to buy new tires?

A) Bob, whose friends think it is important for his safety
B) Richie, whose parents put safety first and who will lend him the money
C) Gill, who has just received a raise and has been advised to buy them by a coworker
D) Nora, who holds a positive attitude toward Goodyear
E) Michelle, who is confident that she can afford them

Question 42

Sometimes people don't use condoms because they are too embarrassed to buy them at the drug store.According to the text,this is an example of the influence of

A) perceived behavioural control.
B) behavioural intentions.
C) attitude accessibility.
D) subjective norms.
E) situational constraints.

Question 43

According to the Yale Attitude Change Approach,people who are __________ and _____________ are particularly open to being influenced by persuasive communication.

A) low in intelligence; have high self-esteem
B) high in intelligence; have moderate self-esteem
C) high in intelligence; have low self-esteem
D) low in intelligence; have low self-esteem
E) low in intelligence; have moderate self-esteem

Question 44

Even though Mario dislikes roller coasters,he may decide to take a ride because his best friend really wants him to ride the new Tidal Wave.This example shows the importance of _______ on our behavioural decisions.

A) the situation
B) the reciprocity norm
C) altruism
D) subjective norms
E) persuasive communication

Question 45

Yoshi lives in a city that does not have a recreation centre.City council is about to have a meeting to consider building one in the city.Yoshi feels very strongly that the city should build a recreation centre and has decided to speak at the meeting.When he arrives,he finds that only one other person has signed up to speak,and that this person will be arguing against building the recreation centre.Yoshi and the other debater must decide the order of speakers.Based on what you know about the Yale Attitude Change Approach,what option would be best for Yoshi to persuade the city council to vote for the recreation centre?

A) The speeches will be given back to back with no break, but there will be a delay before the council makes a decision. Yoshi asks to go first.
B) The speeches will be given back to back with no break, but there will be a delay before the council makes a decision. Yoshi asks to go second.
C) There will be a break between the two speeches, and the council will decide right after the second speech. Yoshi asks to go first.
D) There will be a break between the two speeches, and there will be a delay before the council makes a decision. Yoshi asks to go first.
E) The order of speakers doesn't matter. The only important thing is that Yoshi presents a stronger argument than the other speaker.

Question 46

You will be more likely to apply to law school if the people you care most about think that you should.This is an example of

A) the influence of subjective experience on attitude strength.
B) the influence of subjective norms on behavioural intentions.
C) the influence of perceived control on attitude strength.
D) the influence of attitude specificity on intentions.
E) the influence of perceived control on behaviour.

Question 47

The concept of _______ refers to the ease with which people believe that they can perform a behaviour in question.

A) illusions of invulnerability
B) illusory correlations
C) subjective norms
D) behavioural intentions
E) perceived behavioural control

Question 48

Before Jane schedules an appointment to undergo plastic surgery,she asks herself,"What will my husband Ted think about me getting a breast enlargement?" This example reflects the power of _______ to influence intentions and behaviours.

A) subjective norms
B) deliberations
C) specific attitudes
D) hindsight analysis
E) perspective-taking

Question 49

Eva's friends and her husband think that it's important that she get a mammogram at her next annual check-up.Eva believes that it will be relatively easy for her to make time in her schedule for that extra procedure.Thus,Eva has every intention of getting a mammogram as part of her annual check-up.This example best reflects the power of _______ and _______ respectively,to influence behavioural intentions and subsequent behaviours.

A) subjective norms; affectively based attitudes
B) subjective norms; perceived behavioural control
C) specific attitudes; deliberative attitudes
D) deliberative attitudes; subjective norms
E) specific attitudes; perceived behavioural control

Question 50

Andrew Davidson and James Jaccard (1979)studied the relation between women's attitudes and their use of the birth control pill.These researchers found that the best predictor of whether women were using the birth control pill two years after reporting their attitudes was their

A) belief about their partners' attitudes towards the pill.
B) attitudes towards adoption.
C) attitudes towards abortion.
D) attitude towards using birth control pills during the two-year period.
E) attitude towards unwanted pregnancy.

Question 51

The concept of _______ refers to people's beliefs about how those they care about will view a behaviour in question.

A) judgmental norms
B) social convention
C) normative evaluations
D) reciprocity norms
E) subjective norms

Question 52

Richard LaPiere (1934)found a discrepancy between proprietors' reported attitudes towards accommodating Chinese and their willingness to provide services to a Chinese couple who accompanied him on his travels.According to the Theory of Planned Behaviour,the discrepancy between proprietors' attitudes and actual behaviours might have been reduced had LaPiere written and asked them,

A) "Would you serve dinner to a Chinese couple accompanied by an American professor?"
B) "Would you say that you have a positive attitude toward Asian visitors to the United States?"
C) "How many Asian employees work at your establishment?"
D) "On a 1-to-5 scale, how do you feel about Chinese visitors to the United States?"
E) "Would you let members of the Chinese race eat at your restaurant?"

Question 53

One night Emily meets Don in a bar and they decide to go back to his place and have sex.Emily has a condom in her purse and wants to ask Don to use it,but is afraid that if she does he will think she is promiscuous (easy).According to the text,this is an example of the influence of

A) subjective experience.
B) subjective norms.
C) perceived behavioural control.
D) intentions.
E) social stigma.

Question 54

The Yale Attitude Change approach focused on a number of factors that influence the success of a persuasive message.Which of the following best exemplifies source variables as one of those factors?

A) one-sided versus two-sided messages
B) high versus low quality argument
C) visual versus auditory messages
D) expert versus novice speakers
E) long versus short appeals

Question 55

Many young people have a positive attitude towards condom use,yet fail to use them.A theory that can help sort out the factors that influence this discrepancy between attitudes and behaviour is called the

A) elaboration likelihood model.
B) attitude strength model.
C) theory of planned behaviour.
D) Yale attitude change approach.
E) peripheral route persuasion model.

Question 56

Hosking and colleagues (2009)examined cultural differences in predictors of behavioural intentions to quit smoking.The factor that was more predictive of Westerners' intentions than Southeast Asians' intentions was

A) personal attitudes towards smoking.
B) social norms about smoking.
C) perceived control.
D) internal affect.
E) cultural attitudes towards self-improvement.

Question 57

The concept of subjective norms refers to people's

A) evaluations of the reasonableness of their attitudes.
B) evaluations of the attitudes of others.
C) intentions to use their attitudes to guide their behaviours.
D) perceptions of the rules or expectations that guide social behaviour.
E) beliefs about what important others will think of their behaviour.

Question 58

According to the Yale Attitude Change approach,_______ speakers are more persuasive than their opposites.

A) extroverted
B) friendly
C) attractive
D) novice
E) young

Question 59

Norman and colleagues (2010)used the theory of planned behaviour to predict subjects' behavioural intentions towards those with mental illness.They examined two components of the theory only.Their results provided support for the theory of planned behaviour when they found that ________ predicted subjects' behavioural intentions.

A) both specific attitudes and emotional responses
B) both subjective norms and emotional responses
C) both specific attitudes and subjective norms
D) both subjective norms and expectations
E) both expectations and emotional responses

Question 60

Persuasion from the perspective of "who says what to whom" is best associated with the

A) self-perception model.
B) Yale attitude change approach.
C) elaboration likelihood model.
D) heuristic-systematic model of persuasion.
E) use of the central route to persuasion.

Question 61

Imagine that you are listening to a political candidate.Which of the following scenarios would result in the most attitude change in the direction of the candidate's position?

A) The arguments are strong, but you don't regard the candidate as expert in the area, which is also not particularly relevant to you.
B) You care deeply about the issue and the speaker is very attractive, but he presents a superficial argument.
C) The topic is not very important to you and you are captivated by the candidate's dazzling smile.
D) You find the candidate unattractive and the arguments are weak, but the topic is highly relevant to you.
E) The arguments are low in quality, but there are a lot of them, and the issue is one about which you care deeply.

Question 62

Who is most likely to remember the prominent writer of an editorial advocating the abolishment of mandatory minimum sentencing for drug offenses,but to forget the arguments in that editorial?

A) Bob, who is a lawyer representing drug offenders
B) Jane, who is in jail for a drug charge
C) Orrin, who has jetlag from his quick trip back and forth from Vancouver
D) Harvey, who smokes marijuana
E) Linda, who organizes drug education in schools

Question 63

Who is the most likely to change his or her mind after hearing persuasive communication?

A) Lupe, who is 36, has low self-esteem, and heard an argument from an attractive expert.
B) George, who is 22, high in intelligence, and heard an argument that presented both sides of the debate positively.
C) Susan, who is 27, has high self-esteem, and heard a speaker present a two-sided argument, but then refuted the arguments on the other side.
D) Alex, who is 24, is low in intelligence, and heard an argument from an attractive expert.
E) Tyrone, who is 15, is high in intelligence, and heard an argument from an attractive person who does not know very much about the topic.

Question 64

When people don't attend carefully to the substance of a persuasive communication,but instead pay attention to irrelevant cues,they are using the _______ route to persuasion.

A) central
B) indirect
C) peripheral
D) direct
E) systematic

Question 65

When people listen carefully to a persuasive communication and think about the arguments,they are using the _______ route to persuasion.

A) direct
B) heuristic
C) peripheral
D) indirect
E) central

Question 66

According to the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion,you are more likely to be influenced by the central route when you are

A) impressed with the speaker's credentials and manner.
B) not invested in the topic at hand.
C) not interested in the topic at hand.
D) willing and able to give your full attention to the message.
E) preoccupied with other matters.

Question 67

A cigarette company wants to create a positive image by launching a campaign to decrease smoking among the young.This kind of tactic,termed 'hypocritical' by your text,will be most effective if the audience for the campaign is

A) smoking.
B) among the older generation
C) processing the information systematically
D) familiar with that particular cigarette company
E) under cognitive load.

Question 68

Who is more likely to use the central route to persuasion when attending to a communication about health insurance reform?

A) Raúl, who has little interest in public policy issues
B) Tammy, who is doing her homework as she watches Meet The Press
C) Rachel, who has never had any health problems
D) James, who is undergoing extensive treatments after his auto accident
E) Justé, who can only just hear the communication because of noise in the room

Question 69

The central route to persuasion is to _______ as the peripheral route is to _______.

A) heuristic processing; systematic processing
B) logical arguments; surface characteristics
C) attractiveness of the speaker; argument quality
D) attitude change; no attitude change
E) ability; motivation

Question 70

Fear-arousing communications are most likely to result in attitude change when

A) they are sufficiently strong to induce perceptions of threat.
B) people think that attending to a message will reduce the fear.
C) people process fear appeals peripherally.
D) the messages are found to be shocking.
E) people are in a good mood and the message takes them by surprise.

Question 71

As a persuasive communicator,your goal is to influence the opinions of your audience.You are most likely to benefit from an audience that is slightly distracted when

A) you are not an acknowledged expert on the topic.
B) your arguments are strong.
C) your arguments are rather weak.
D) your audience holds a weak attitude toward the issue.
E) you have a cold.

Question 72

You have agreed to make a speech in front of the Student Union building to convince students of the necessity of tuition increases.You haven't had a lot of time to rehearse your arguments,and you know if you had another two days you could construct and deliver a more logical,well-reasoned persuasive message.In order to increase the odds that the audience will be persuaded by your less-than-ideal speech,you should _______ to ensure that the audience processes your message _______.

A) convince them that the issue is relevant to them; peripherally.
B) persuade your friends to move through the crowd, heckling to distract them; centrally.
C) convince them of what they stand to gain if tuition increases are enacted; heuristically.
D) speak on the side of the building where noisy construction is underway; peripherally.
E) be sure to speak clearly and make sure that they can focus on you; centrally.

Question 73

For those who are most threatened by a fear-arousing message,the addition of ________ can be effective in creating attitude change and preventing an audience from turning their attention away.

A) real-life examples
B) frightening and graphic images
C) soothing music
D) humour
E) attractive and colourful images

Question 74

You've just learned that your younger brother has begun having sex.You are concerned about his health and the health of his partner.Because abstinence doesn't seem reasonable to expect,you have decided to have a serious talk with him.What is the best thing to do?

A) Instill enough fear into him to get his attention and then explain where to get condoms and how to use them.
B) Describe in vivid detail the ravages of AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases to scare him into safe sex practices.
C) Instill enough fear in him to get his attention and then give him a condom.
D) Talk to him about the odds that he will contract the disease and discuss national statistics about AIDS.
E) Buy him a book about responsible sex at the local bookstore and mark the appropriate pages with a condom.

Question 75

"Don't bother me with the so-called facts," asserts your Uncle Joe."If it's good enough for Stephen Harper,it's good enough for me." Which of the following statements about your Uncle Joe is most likely true?

A) He will use central route processing when listening to Harper speak.
B) He will process Harper's messages systematically.
C) He will note inconsistencies in Harper's arguments.
D) He will continue to hold enduring attitudes toward Harper policies and behave consistently with those attitudes.
E) He will pay less attention to what Harper says and more attention to how he says it.

Question 76

Public service ads often try to raise fear in an audience to induce people to change unhealthy behaviours.If fear appeals are used,it is crucial to provide the audience with _______ to increase the likelihood of behaviour change.

A) mortality and morbidity statistics
B) real world examples
C) specific recommendations for how to reduce the unhealthy behaviour
D) specific, detailed information about the consequences of continuing the unhealthy behaviour
E) as much fear-evoking information as possible

Question 77

When people have both the motivation and ability to attend to a persuasive communication,they are more likely to use the _______ route to persuasion.

A) relevant
B) direct
C) central
D) heuristic
E) peripheral

Question 78

"I like sex,but not enough to die for it," says a young woman in an ad designed to persuade people to use condoms if they are sexually active.Why might this approach be ineffective?

A) If people are in a bad mood when they see the ad, they won't pay attention.
B) If people are sexually active, the ad will be low in personal relevance.
C) If people are too frightened, they won't think rationally about the issue.
D) If people are not sexually active, they will think the ad does not directly apply to them.
E) If people are not sexually active, the ad will put them in a bad mood.

Question 79

People who base their attitudes on careful analysis of the arguments rather than the characteristics of the person delivering the argument are

A) more likely to maintain the attitude over time, but less likely to behave consistently with this attitude.
B) more like to maintain the attitude over time and more likely to behave consistently with this attitude.
C) no more likely to maintain the attitude over time or behave consistently with this attitude.
D) likely to change their minds over time.
E) sensitive to counter-persuasion.

Question 80

According to the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion,people who _______ are most likely to take the _______ route to persuasion.

A) are not interested in the issue; central
B) are motivated to pay attention; central
C) do not pay close attention; central
D) are motivated to pay attention; peripheral
E) do not care about the issue; central