Question 1

Describe Ajzen and Fishbein's theory of planned behaviour as it relates to the power of attitudes to predict deliberative behaviours.

Accepted Answer

The theory of planned behaviour posits that intentions are the best predictors of behaviours.Behavioural intentions are,in turn,influenced by three additional factors: our attitudes toward the specific behaviour in question,our perceptions of how other people we care about will view the behaviour in question (subjective norms),and our perception of how well we can control the behaviour in question (perceived behaviour control).We are more likely to intend to act on our attitudes-and thus to behave in line with those attitudes-when we hold a positive attitude toward the specific behaviour in question (as opposed to the general attitude domain),when we believe that people important to us will view the behaviour positively,and when we believe the behaviour is something that we can successfully control.

Question 2

Public service ads often try to raise fear in an audience to induce people to change unhealthy behaviours.If fear appeals are used,it is crucial to provide the audience with _______ to increase the likelihood of behaviour change.

Accepted Answer

A)  mortality and morbidity statistics 
B)  real world examples 
C)  specific recommendations for how to reduce the unhealthy behaviour 
D)  specific, detailed information about the consequences of continuing the unhealthy behaviour 
E)  as much fear-evoking information as possible 
A)  mortality and morbidity statistics 
B)  real world examples 
C)  specific recommendations for how to reduce the unhealthy behaviour 
D)  specific, detailed information about the consequences of continuing the unhealthy behaviour 
E)  as much fear-evoking information as possible C

Question 3

Jack Brehm (1956)asked women to rate the desirability of a number of appliances and then allowed them to choose one of those appliances as a gift.Twenty minutes later,all women re-rated the same appliances,including the one they chose.According to his findings,which of the following (fictitious)participants would rate the toaster lower than she had originally?

Accepted Answer

A)  Beth, who was originally unsure which appliance to choose, but eventually chose the toaster 
B)  Maude, who rated the toaster lowest at the outset 
C)  Edith, who loves toast and jelly, and chose the toaster 
D)  June, who chose the waffle iron instead 
E)  Donna, who felt pressured to select the iron 
A)  Beth, who was originally unsure which appliance to choose, but eventually chose the toaster 
B)  Maude, who rated the toaster lowest at the outset 
C)  Edith, who loves toast and jelly, and chose the toaster 
D)  June, who chose the waffle iron instead 
E)  Donna, who felt pressured to select the iron D

Question 4

Which of the following represents the utilitarian aspect of an attitude object,such as a consumer product?

Accepted Answer

A)  the image portrayed in a perfume ad 
B)  who the spokesperson is for a home grill 
C)  the humor contained in a greeting card 
D)  the flattering appearance of a pair of jeans 
E)  the gas mileage of a car 
A)  the image portrayed in a perfume ad 
B)  who the spokesperson is for a home grill 
C)  the humor contained in a greeting card 
D)  the flattering appearance of a pair of jeans 
E)  the gas mileage of a car

Question 5

"I like sex,but not enough to die for it," says a young woman in an ad designed to persuade people to use condoms if they are sexually active.Why might this approach be ineffective?

Accepted Answer

A)  If people are in a bad mood when they see the ad, they won't pay attention. 
B)  If people are sexually active, the ad will be low in personal relevance. 
C)  If people are too frightened, they won't think rationally about the issue. 
D)  If people are not sexually active, they will think the ad does not directly apply to them. 
E)  If people are not sexually active, the ad will put them in a bad mood. 
A)  If people are in a bad mood when they see the ad, they won't pay attention. 
B)  If people are sexually active, the ad will be low in personal relevance. 
C)  If people are too frightened, they won't think rationally about the issue. 
D)  If people are not sexually active, they will think the ad does not directly apply to them. 
E)  If people are not sexually active, the ad will put them in a bad mood.

Question 6

People tend to be less aware of their _________ attitudes,which are more likely to influence behaviours they are not monitoring.

Accepted Answer

A)  explicit 
B)  cognitively based 
C)  implicit 
D)  self-perceived 
E)  behaviourally based 
A)  explicit 
B)  cognitively based 
C)  implicit 
D)  self-perceived 
E)  behaviourally based

Question 7

Elliot Aronson and his colleagues (1991,1994)asked college students either to compose a persuasive message advocating the use of condoms,or to compose and deliver their message in front of a video camera.In addition,half of the participants in each group were made mindful of the times that they didn't use condoms.After completing these tasks,participants were allowed to purchase condoms at a low price.What is the significance of their findings from this experiment?

Accepted Answer

A)  They demonstrated that although dissonance can bring about attitude change, behaviours are not affected. 
B)  They demonstrated that in some conditions, fear and anxiety can actually encourage condom use. 
C)  They demonstrated that dissonance may not have a strong impact on attitude change, but behaviours may still be affected. 
D)  They demonstrated that before people will use condoms, they must experience dissonance. 
E)  They demonstrated that dissonance created by feelings of hypocrisy can change both attitudes and behaviours. 
A)  They demonstrated that although dissonance can bring about attitude change, behaviours are not affected. 
B)  They demonstrated that in some conditions, fear and anxiety can actually encourage condom use. 
C)  They demonstrated that dissonance may not have a strong impact on attitude change, but behaviours may still be affected. 
D)  They demonstrated that before people will use condoms, they must experience dissonance. 
E)  They demonstrated that dissonance created by feelings of hypocrisy can change both attitudes and behaviours.

Question 8

Vera is offered $50 to write an essay about the downsides of affirmative action,whereas Carol is offered only $2 to write a similar essay.After writing the essays and receiving their payments,both women are asked to report their attitudes toward affirmative action.Assuming that their attitudes were similarly positive at the outset,which of the following results would you expect?

Accepted Answer

A)  both women would be somewhat less opposed to affirmative action 
B)  both women would be strongly opposed to affirmative action 
C)  Carol would be less favourable than Vera toward affirmative action 
D)  Carol and Vera would be equally favourable toward affirmative action 
E)  Vera would be less favourable than Carol toward affirmative action 
A)  both women would be somewhat less opposed to affirmative action 
B)  both women would be strongly opposed to affirmative action 
C)  Carol would be less favourable than Vera toward affirmative action 
D)  Carol and Vera would be equally favourable toward affirmative action 
E)  Vera would be less favourable than Carol toward affirmative action

Question 9

According to the principle of insufficient punishment,which of the following parental techniques should be most effective in changing a child's behaviour permanently (i.e.,even behaviour that occurs in the absence of the parent)?

Accepted Answer

A)  threat of severe punishment 
B)  threat of mild punishment 
C)  occasional mild punishment 
D)  ignoring the child's troublesome behaviour 
E)  severe punishment 
A)  threat of severe punishment 
B)  threat of mild punishment 
C)  occasional mild punishment 
D)  ignoring the child's troublesome behaviour 
E)  severe punishment

Question 10

The concept of subjective norms refers to people's

Accepted Answer

A)  evaluations of the reasonableness of their attitudes. 
B)  evaluations of the attitudes of others. 
C)  intentions to use their attitudes to guide their behaviours. 
D)  perceptions of the rules or expectations that guide social behaviour. 
E)  beliefs about what important others will think of their behaviour. 
A)  evaluations of the reasonableness of their attitudes. 
B)  evaluations of the attitudes of others. 
C)  intentions to use their attitudes to guide their behaviours. 
D)  perceptions of the rules or expectations that guide social behaviour. 
E)  beliefs about what important others will think of their behaviour.

Question 11

When our behaviours are inconsistent with our values or beliefs,we are not likely to experience cognitive dissonance if

Accepted Answer

A)  the values are important to us. 
B)  we engaged in the behaviour voluntarily. 
C)  the beliefs are integral to our self-concepts. 
D)  we can point to external justifications for our behaviour. 
E)  no one observed the inconsistent behaviour. 
A)  the values are important to us. 
B)  we engaged in the behaviour voluntarily. 
C)  the beliefs are integral to our self-concepts. 
D)  we can point to external justifications for our behaviour. 
E)  no one observed the inconsistent behaviour.

Question 12

The _______ holds that the best predictors of deliberate behaviours are the person's attitudes toward those specific behaviours,subjective norms,and perceived behavioural control.

Accepted Answer

A)  heuristic-systematic model 
B)  self-presentation model 
C)  Yale persuasion approach 
D)  elaboration likelihood model 
E)  theory of planned behaviour 
A)  heuristic-systematic model 
B)  self-presentation model 
C)  Yale persuasion approach 
D)  elaboration likelihood model 
E)  theory of planned behaviour

Question 13

The _______ component of attitudes is to emotional reactions as the _______ component is to knowledge and beliefs.

Accepted Answer

A)  evaluative; behavioural 
B)  affective; behavioural 
C)  cognitive; behavioural 
D)  affective; cognitive 
E)  evaluative; cognitive 
A)  evaluative; behavioural 
B)  affective; behavioural 
C)  cognitive; behavioural 
D)  affective; cognitive 
E)  evaluative; cognitive

Question 14

Ying just purchased a rather expensive wrist watch.She had debated for weeks about the merits of two different styles before making her final decision.It's now likely that Ying will

Accepted Answer

A)  wish that she purchased the other watch. 
B)  emphasize all of the positive aspects of the chosen watch. 
C)  continue to check the newspaper to monitor sales for the watch she opted not to buy. 
D)  return the chosen watch and exchange it for the other watch. 
E)  continue looking at other styles of watches in case she can find one she likes better. 
A)  wish that she purchased the other watch. 
B)  emphasize all of the positive aspects of the chosen watch. 
C)  continue to check the newspaper to monitor sales for the watch she opted not to buy. 
D)  return the chosen watch and exchange it for the other watch. 
E)  continue looking at other styles of watches in case she can find one she likes better.

Question 15

Fear-arousing communications are most likely to result in attitude change when

Accepted Answer

A)  they are sufficiently strong to induce perceptions of threat. 
B)  people think that attending to a message will reduce the fear. 
C)  people process fear appeals peripherally. 
D)  the messages are found to be shocking. 
E)  people are in a good mood and the message takes them by surprise. 
A)  they are sufficiently strong to induce perceptions of threat. 
B)  people think that attending to a message will reduce the fear. 
C)  people process fear appeals peripherally. 
D)  the messages are found to be shocking. 
E)  people are in a good mood and the message takes them by surprise.

Question 16

Complete the following analogy: explicit attitude is to implicit attitude as

Accepted Answer

A)  behaviourally based attitude is to cognitively based attitude. 
B)  controlled behaviour is to unconscious behaviour. 
C)  affect is to evaluation. 
D)  self-perception theory is to the IAT. 
E)  affectively based attitude is to behaviourally based attitude. 
A)  behaviourally based attitude is to cognitively based attitude. 
B)  controlled behaviour is to unconscious behaviour. 
C)  affect is to evaluation. 
D)  self-perception theory is to the IAT. 
E)  affectively based attitude is to behaviourally based attitude.

Question 17

According to research by Sharon Shavitt (1990),consumers' attitudes toward social identity products are _______ based because they are informed by _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  cognitively; logical appraisals of the product. 
B)  affectively; values and the self-concept. 
C)  behaviourally; past product purchases. 
D)  cognitively; social identity concerns. 
E)  behviourally; values. 
A)  cognitively; logical appraisals of the product. 
B)  affectively; values and the self-concept. 
C)  behaviourally; past product purchases. 
D)  cognitively; social identity concerns. 
E)  behviourally; values.

Question 18

You've recently learned that eating avocados,which you love,is bad for your health.To reduce the dissonance you experience after reading this news,you would most likely

Accepted Answer

A)  reread the article more carefully. 
B)  consume a larger quantity of avocados. 
C)  question the validity of the research and the integrity of the scientists. 
D)  look for more articles on avocados. 
E)  tell all of your friends about the findings. 
A)  reread the article more carefully. 
B)  consume a larger quantity of avocados. 
C)  question the validity of the research and the integrity of the scientists. 
D)  look for more articles on avocados. 
E)  tell all of your friends about the findings.

Question 19

According to dissonance theorists,the practice of threatening mild punishment works because it arouses _______ cognitive dissonance and therefore causes _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  little; a change in attitude toward the forbidden act 
B)  much; a change in attitude toward the forbidden act 
C)  no; little if any frustration 
D)  no; avoidance of the punishment 
E)  much; avoidance of the punishment 
A)  little; a change in attitude toward the forbidden act 
B)  much; a change in attitude toward the forbidden act 
C)  no; little if any frustration 
D)  no; avoidance of the punishment 
E)  much; avoidance of the punishment

Question 20

Who is most likely to remember the prominent writer of an editorial advocating the abolishment of mandatory minimum sentencing for drug offenses,but to forget the arguments in that editorial?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bob, who is a lawyer representing drug offenders 
B)  Jane, who is in jail for a drug charge 
C)  Orrin, who has jetlag from his quick trip back and forth from Vancouver 
D)  Harvey, who smokes marijuana 
E)  Linda, who organizes drug education in schools 
A)  Bob, who is a lawyer representing drug offenders 
B)  Jane, who is in jail for a drug charge 
C)  Orrin, who has jetlag from his quick trip back and forth from Vancouver 
D)  Harvey, who smokes marijuana 
E)  Linda, who organizes drug education in schools

Describe Ajzen and Fishbein's theory of planned behaviour as it relates to the power of attitudes to predict deliberative behaviours.

Public service ads often try to raise fear in an audience to induce people to change unhealthy behaviours.If fear appeals are used,it is crucial to provide the audience with _______ to increase the likelihood of behaviour change.

Which of the following represents the utilitarian aspect of an attitude object,such as a consumer product?

"I like sex,but not enough to die for it," says a young woman in an ad designed to persuade people to use condoms if they are sexually active.Why might this approach be ineffective?

People tend to be less aware of their _________ attitudes,which are more likely to influence behaviours they are not monitoring.

According to the principle of insufficient punishment,which of the following parental techniques should be most effective in changing a child's behaviour permanently (i.e.,even behaviour that occurs in the absence of the parent)?

The concept of subjective norms refers to people's

When our behaviours are inconsistent with our values or beliefs,we are not likely to experience cognitive dissonance if

The _______ holds that the best predictors of deliberate behaviours are the person's attitudes toward those specific behaviours,subjective norms,and perceived behavioural control.

The _ component of attitudes is to emotional reactions as the _ component is to knowledge and beliefs.

Ying just purchased a rather expensive wrist watch.She had debated for weeks about the merits of two different styles before making her final decision.It's now likely that Ying will

Fear-arousing communications are most likely to result in attitude change when

Complete the following analogy: explicit attitude is to implicit attitude as

According to research by Sharon Shavitt (1990),consumers' attitudes toward social identity products are _ based because they are informed by _.

You've recently learned that eating avocados,which you love,is bad for your health.To reduce the dissonance you experience after reading this news,you would most likely

According to dissonance theorists,the practice of threatening mild punishment works because it arouses _ cognitive dissonance and therefore causes _.

Who is most likely to remember the prominent writer of an editorial advocating the abolishment of mandatory minimum sentencing for drug offenses,but to forget the arguments in that editorial?

Introduction to Social Psychology

Methodology

Social Cognition

Social Perception

The Self Understanding Ourselves in a Social Context

Conformity

Group Processes

Interpersonal Attraction

Prosocial Behaviour

Aggression

Prejudice

Social Psychology in Action 1

Social Psychology in Action 2

Social Psychology in Action 3

Filters

Exam 6: Attitudes and Attitude Change

Describe Ajzen and Fishbein's theory of planned behaviour as it relates to the power of attitudes to predict deliberative behaviours.

Public service ads often try to raise fear in an audience to induce people to change unhealthy behaviours.If fear appeals are used,it is crucial to provide the audience with _______ to increase the likelihood of behaviour change.

Which of the following represents the utilitarian aspect of an attitude object,such as a consumer product?

"I like sex,but not enough to die for it," says a young woman in an ad designed to persuade people to use condoms if they are sexually active.Why might this approach be ineffective?

People tend to be less aware of their _________ attitudes,which are more likely to influence behaviours they are not monitoring.

According to the principle of insufficient punishment,which of the following parental techniques should be most effective in changing a child's behaviour permanently (i.e.,even behaviour that occurs in the absence of the parent)?

The concept of subjective norms refers to people's

When our behaviours are inconsistent with our values or beliefs,we are not likely to experience cognitive dissonance if

The _______ holds that the best predictors of deliberate behaviours are the person's attitudes toward those specific behaviours,subjective norms,and perceived behavioural control.

The _______ component of attitudes is to emotional reactions as the _______ component is to knowledge and beliefs.

Ying just purchased a rather expensive wrist watch.She had debated for weeks about the merits of two different styles before making her final decision.It's now likely that Ying will

Fear-arousing communications are most likely to result in attitude change when

Complete the following analogy: explicit attitude is to implicit attitude as

According to research by Sharon Shavitt (1990),consumers' attitudes toward social identity products are _______ based because they are informed by _______.

You've recently learned that eating avocados,which you love,is bad for your health.To reduce the dissonance you experience after reading this news,you would most likely

According to dissonance theorists,the practice of threatening mild punishment works because it arouses _______ cognitive dissonance and therefore causes _______.

Who is most likely to remember the prominent writer of an editorial advocating the abolishment of mandatory minimum sentencing for drug offenses,but to forget the arguments in that editorial?

Introduction to Social Psychology

Methodology

Social Cognition

Social Perception

The Self Understanding Ourselves in a Social Context

Conformity

Group Processes

Interpersonal Attraction

Prosocial Behaviour

Aggression

Prejudice

Social Psychology in Action 1

Social Psychology in Action 2

Social Psychology in Action 3

Filters

The _ component of attitudes is to emotional reactions as the _ component is to knowledge and beliefs.

According to research by Sharon Shavitt (1990),consumers' attitudes toward social identity products are _ based because they are informed by _.

According to dissonance theorists,the practice of threatening mild punishment works because it arouses _ cognitive dissonance and therefore causes _.