Deck 13: Prejudice and Intergroup Relations

Question 1

Which of the following BEST qualifies as an example of prejudice?

A)Sarah believes that gay men tend to like fashion. Thus, when Sarah meets Tom, a gay friend of her brother's, she asks him who his favorite fashion designer is (instead of asking him, say, about sports or movies).
B)The CEO of an advertising agency decides that she would like to employ more women. Thus, even though the agency receives applications from equally qualified men and women, far more women than men are hired.
C)Vera believes that old people smell bad. When getting on the bus earlier this week, she therefore felt repulsed when she saw that the only available seat was next to an old person.
D)Horace has never met a black person before, but he watches a lot of old movies. He has learned from these movies to associate black people with aggression as well as athleticism.

Answer 1

Vera believes that old people smell bad. When getting on the bus earlier this week, she therefore felt repulsed when she saw that the only available seat was next to an old person.

Question 2

Suppose that Paul is gay but he does not fit your stereotype of gay people. He wears baggy jeans, constantly swears, has sloppy table manners, and enjoys sports. Instead of changing the way you think about gay people as a group, however, you just decide that Paul belongs to a special class of gay people ("gay jocks"). This would be an example of ____.

A)the self-fulfilling prophecy
B)aversive prejudice
C)subtyping
D)the outgroup homogeneity bias

Answer 2

subtyping

Question 3

Research on the economics of sport suggests that ____.

A)racial discrimination is financially beneficial for most teams
B)racial discrimination can be costly for teams
C)racial discrimination does not occur
D)racial discrimination is rare

Answer 3

racial discrimination can be costly for teams

Question 4

Stereotyping is BEST thought of as a(n)____.

A)outgrowth of prejudice or a group of prejudices
B)type of prejudice
C)example of subtyping
D)consequence of the human tendency for social categorization

Question 5

The human tendency for social categorization is MOST in line with the idea of ____.

A)the representativeness heuristic
B)the cognitive miser
C)the tend and befriend instinct
D)self-regulation

Question 6

One critical reason why people hold on to stereotypes-even in the face of refuting evidence-is that they tend to view pieces of refuting evidence as exceptions that constitute their own (new)categories. That is, they tend to create ____.

A)typologies
B)biases
C)prototypes
D)subtypes

Question 7

An example of ____ against Native Americans would be the practice of keeping them on reservations instead of letting them live wherever they want.

A)prejudice
B)discrimination
C)aversive racism
D)stereotyping

Question 8

Which of the following can best be thought of as a behavior.

A)Stereotyping
B)Racism
C)Discrimination
D)Prejudice

Question 9

Which of the following is the BEST definition of stereotyping?

A)A negative attitude or feeling toward an individual based solely on that individual's membership in a certain group
B)A negative attitude or feeling toward a racial or an ethnic group
C)Unequal treatment of different people based on the groups or categories to which they belong
D)Beliefs that associate groups of people with certain traits

Question 10

The term ____ refers to a negative attitude or feeling toward an individual based solely on that individual's membership in a certain group.

A)prejudice
B)discrimination
C)stereotype
D)racism

Question 11

Suppose that the CEO of a financial consulting company employs only tall people. Even though the CEO interviews equal numbers of short and tall applicants who are qualified to work at his company, he never hires any of the short ones. According to social psychologists, the CEO's behavior would be BEST described as an example of ____.

A)stereotyping
B)discrimination
C)prejudice
D)aversive prejudice

Question 12

In terms of intergroup relationships, a stereotype can best be described as ____ and  prejudice as ____.

A)affect; cognition
B)cognition; affect
C)a tendency; a habit
D)a habit; a tendency

Question 13

Aversive racism BEST captures the idea that ____.

A)people tend to avoid groups against whom they are prejudiced, such that they do not interact much with them to begin with
B)people tend to come up with complex rationalizations to justify prejudiced attitudes or behaviors
C)people often feel uncomfortable around those of other races, even though they believe in racial equality and equal opportunity
D)people sometimes hold prejudiced attitudes toward groups of which they themselves are members

Question 14

Based on the descriptions of stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination, which of the following statements is most accurate?

A)Discrimination is always accompanied by prejudice.
B)Prejudice is always accompanied by discrimination.
C)Prejudice can be positive or negative.
D)A stereotype can be positive or negative.

Question 15

Categories that people use for individuals who do not fit a general stereotype are called ____.

A)subtypes
B)ingroups
C)outgroups
D)stigmas

Question 16

Which of the following is the BEST definition of discrimination?

A)A negative attitude or feeling toward an individual based solely on that individual's membership in a certain group
B)A negative attitude or feeling toward a racial or an  ethnic group
C)Unequal treatment of different people based on the groups or categories to which they belong
D)Beliefs that associate groups of people with certain traits.

Question 17

Which of the following refers to the tendency to simultaneously (a)hold egalitarian values and (b)experience negative feelings when interacting with minority groups?

A)Aversive racism
B)Social dominance orientation
C)Contact hypothesis
D)Discontinuity effect

Question 18

Chuck is a middle-aged white man who is politically liberal and firm in his belief that all ethnic and racial groups should be given equal opportunities to succeed. Even so, Chuck never had friends who were minorities when he was growing up, and he sometimes feels uncomfortable interacting with minorities. Chuck is MOST likely ____.

A)an aversive racist
B)high in social dominance orientation
C)experiencing the discontinuity effect
D)maintaining stereotypes about minority groups, but is not prejudiced

Question 19

Randi believes that, compared to white people, Asian people are spiritual. Randi's belief is BEST characterized as an example of ____.

A)prejudice
B)discrimination
C)racism
D)stereotyping

Question 20

Which of the following statements is MOST accurate regarding the human tendencies for prejudice and stereotyping?

A)These tendencies are relatively new in human history (i.e., they did not exist in ancient cultures).
B)These tendencies have only recently been seen as morally wrong (i.e., in modern Western culture).
C)These tendencies are relatively new in human history and they have only recently been seen as morally wrong.
D)These tendencies are ancient and they have always been seen as morally wrong (i.e.,  the earliest written records view them as deplorable).

Question 21

People who belong to the same category as yourself are called ____.

A)outgroup members
B)ingroup members
C)homogeneous
D)heterogeneous

Question 22

Which of the following statements is MOST accurate regarding prejudice and discrimination against Arabs and Muslims living in the United States?

A)Prejudice and discrimination against Arabs and Muslims living in the United States has increased dramatically since the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks.
B)Prejudice and discrimination against Arabs and Muslims living in the United States has actually decreased since the September 11,2001, terrorist attacks.
C)Prejudice and discrimination against Arabs and Muslims living in the United States is about the same as before the September 11,2001, terrorist attacks.
D)The U.S. government has banned research on the topic of prejudice and discrimination against Arabs and Muslims living in the United States since the September11, 2001, terrorist attacks.

Question 23

Research has demonstrated that eyewitnesses are more accurate at identifying people of their own racial or ethnic group than they are at identifying people of other ethnic or racial groups. However, one exception to this pattern is when a member of the other group appears to be ____. In that case, he or she is well remembered and well recognized.

A)angry
B)powerful
C)kind or generous
D)nonthreatening

Question 24

Research has demonstrated that eyewitnesses are more accurate at identifying people of their own racial or ethnic group than they are at identifying people of other ethnic or racial groups. This tendency is MOST  related to the ____.

A)discontinuity effect
B)scapegoat effect
C)minimal group effect
D)outgroup homogeneity bias

Question 25

Most people assume that outgroup members are more similar to one another than ingroup members are to one another. This tendency is known as the ____.

A)outgroup homogeneity bias
B)scapegoat effect
C)minimal group effect
D)superordinate group bias

Question 26

The outgroup homogeneity effect appears to stem from the fact that ____. ​

A)when given the option, people tend to automatically classify themselves into the social group with the most variance
B)people have limited contact and experience with outgroup members
C)people derogate others in order to maintain positive self-esteem
D)social categorization is an innate, fundamental human process

Question 27

Aversive racists simultaneously hold egalitarian ____ and negative ____ toward people of other races ​

A)feelings; cognitions
B)values; feelings
C)cognitions; values
D)feelings; values

Question 28

Prejudice against atheists seems most rooted in ____. ​

A)competition
B)envy
C)insecurity
D)distrust

Question 29

People who belong to a different group or category than yourself are ____.

A)outgroup members
B)ingroup members
C)homogeneous
D)heterogeneous

Question 30

Francois is at a bar and asks a woman for her phone number. Suppose the woman rebuffs him and calls him a creep. Which of the following responses BEST exemplifies the outgroup homogeneity bias?

A)Francois thinks, "Why can't women be more like men?"
B)Francois thinks, "Women-they're all the same!"
C)Francois thinks, "Women are so mysterious and hard to understand."
D)Francois thinks, "I am annoyed with all women at this point-not just this one."

Question 31

Research on salaries and racial discrimination in the major leagues of English football suggests that teams that engaged in racial discrimination had to pay ____ overall to attain the same win-loss record as achieved by a team with black players.

A)5% more
B)15% more
C)20% more
D)50% more

Question 32

The outgroup homogeneity bias refers to the tendency for people to ____.

A)perceive members of outgroups as more similar to each other than members of ingroups are to each other
B)perceive different outgroups as relatively similar to one another
C)assume that outgroups are similar to ingroups
D)believe that outgroups should be more similar to ingroups

Question 33

Which of the following statements is MOST accurate regarding discrimination against Arabs and Muslims living in the United States?

A)Both highly visible forms of discrimination (e.g., vandalism, assault)and less visible forms of discrimination (e.g., workplace discrimination)are extremely common.
B)Highly visible forms of discrimination (e.g., vandalism, assault)have dramatically increased since 9/11; less visible forms of discrimination (e.g., workplace discrimination)have actually declined.
C)Highly visible forms of discrimination (e.g., vandalism, assault)are relatively rare; however, less visible forms of discrimination (e.g., workplace discrimination)have increased since 9/11.
D)Both highly visible forms of discrimination (e.g., vandalism, assault)and less visible forms of discrimination (e.g., workplace discrimination)have decreased since 9/11.

Question 34

Which of the following is an example of aversive racism?

A)Aisha believes that all teenagers are rebellious and aggressive.
B)Matthew is the CEO of a company. To promote workplace diversity, he makes it a point to hire people from different backgrounds.
C)Taylor is a customer care representative who had a bad experience with a Mexican customer. Ever since then, she has always held negative opinions about Mexicans in general.
D)Thomas is a white American who believes in equal rights for all races. However, whenever he encounters a black American, he becomes nervous and behaves in an unfriendly manner.

Question 35

In the ABCs of Intergroup Relationships: Prejudice, Discrimination, and Stereotypes, B stands for ____.

A)bias
B)bigotry
C)behavior
D)belief

Question 36

The human mind seems naturally inclined to ____.

A)think about each object in a group separately
B)sort objects into groups
C)constantly shift opinions on which objects belong in which groups
D)spend a large amount of cognitive effort on forming impressions of objects

Question 37

When black players entered the major league market for English football, they were ____.

A)paid more than white players because they had more talent
B)paid less than white players because fewer teams wanted to hire them
C)paid the same as white players because of fair practices
D)heavily recruited by nearly all teams

Question 38

The view that prejudice and stereotyping are morally wrong ____. ​

A)is a product of modern Western culture
B)dates back to the earliest Eastern civilizations
C)originated in central Asian religions
D)has only arisen in the past few decades

Question 39

Jennifer is a student at UCLA. When asked to describe the average UCLA student, she says it is almost impossible to do so because "there are so many different kinds of people at UCLA; the diversity is really amazing." By contrast, when asked to describe the average USC student, Jennifer says:"That's easy; they're all almost exactly the same." Social psychologists would say that Jennifer is displaying what is known as the ____.

A)discontinuity effect
B)scapegoat effect
C)minimal group effect
D)outgroup homogeneity bias

Question 40

Research on the economics of sport found that black players in the major leagues of English football were paid ____.

A)the same salaries as white players who had similar abilities
B)the same salaries as white players even if the black players had higher abilities
C)higher salaries than white players, regardless of ability
D)lower salaries than white players, regardless of ability

Question 41

Researchers have examined whether obese men and women earn less than others, controlling for the same set of qualifications. Results have shown that ____.

A)obesity negatively impacts both genders about the same degree
B)obesity negatively impacts both men and women but especially women
C)obesity negatively impacts both men and women but especially men
D)obesity negatively impacts women but does not negatively impact men

Question 42

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered a stigma?

A)Being overweight
B)Having bad acne
C)Having double-jointed knees
D)Having cerebral palsy

Question 43

To what extent is homosexual behavior "natural"? Research indicates that it occurs ____.

A)among humans all over the world as well as among other species
B)among humans all over the world, though not among other species
C)among humans only in a few parts of the world, though also among other species
D)among humans only in a few parts of the world and not among other species

Question 44

One explanation for people's anti-gay attitudes toward homosexual men and women are rooted in ____.

A)an innate, inborn aversion to these groups
B)a lack of familiarity with these groups
C)a sense of being in competition with these groups
D)a fear that they themselves will be the recipients of unwanted romantic or sexual advances from these groups

Question 45

Research shows that male  job applicants are rated more negatively if they are shown sitting next to an obese woman. This effect is called ____.

A)contagious stigma
B)stigma generalization
C)stigma carryover
D)stigma by association

Question 46

Research concerning prejudice and discrimination against gays and lesbians suggests that ____.

A)prejudice and discrimination are largely a result of religious prohibitions against homosexuality
B)laws prohibiting discrimination based on sexuality are ineffective
C)people are especially likely to feel prejudice toward gays and lesbians if they believe that homosexuality is a lifestyle choice
D)nearly all cultures have extremely negative views toward gays and lesbians

Question 47

Suppose that Aretha grew up in New York but currently works in California as a Human Resources Director. While she tries to be unbiased when reviewing job applications, she knows that she has a tendency to favor applicants from New York over other applicants. That is, she tends to engage in ____.

A)the discontinuity effect
B)ingroup favoritism
C)stigma by association
D)the minimal group effect

Question 48

Suppose that Al is obese, and you are prejudiced against obese people. Which of the following would be the BEST example of stigma by association?

A)You evaluate people less positively when you find out they are friends with Al.
B)You assume that because Al is obese, he probably has several other negative qualities as well (slovenliness, inarticulateness, etc.).
C)You assume that Al is similar to other obese people.
D)You try not to associate with Al because at some level you are afraid (albeit irrationally)of becoming obese yourself.

Question 49

____ refer to characteristics of people who are considered socially unacceptable-for example, being mental ill, overweight, or physically scarred.

A)Stereotypes
B)Prejudices
C)Biases
D)Stigmas

Question 50

How does prejudice regarding obesity compare to racism and sexism?

A)While prejudice regarding obesity may be hurtful, it has very few serious effects compared to racism and sexism.
B)It appears as though the processes underlying prejudice against obesity, racism, and sexism are not yet known.
C)Unlike racist and sexist attitudes, many people will openly admit and even act upon their negative attitudes toward obese people.
D)There is limited evidence of the existence of prejudice regarding obesity, while racism and sexism clearly exist.

Question 51

Researchers dropped 100 unsealed envelopes containing money around the campus of a Swedish university. Half the letters were addressed to a person with a common Swedish surname (A. Andersson), whereas the other half of the letters were addressed to a person with a common Muslim surname (A. Abdullah). The researchers found that ____.

A)more than half of the letters with the Swedish surname were returned, while slightly over one-third of those with the Muslim surname were returned
B)nearly all of the letters were returned, regardless of the surname
C)almost none of the letters were returned, regardless of the surname
D)nearly all of the letters with the Swedish surname were returned, while slightly over half of those with the Muslim surname were returned

Question 52

Suppose that some people have just been randomly assigned to two different teams. Research suggests that these people would be likely to exhibit discriminatory behavior (favoring the ingroup, and disfavoring the outgroup)____.

A)immediately, as soon as the groups had been defined
B)as soon as their ingroup became an important part of their personal identity
C)only after the two teams had engaged in direct competition
D)only after they had bonded with their ingroup by enduring a shared hardship

Question 53

Men tend to be rated less positively when they are seated next to an obese woman than when they are seated next to an average-weight woman. This tendency is known as ____. ​

A)prejudice contagion
B)stigma by association
C)the discontinuity effect
D)the social context bias

Question 54

Research concerning prejudice against atheists suggests that ____.

A)belief in a deity is no longer considered to be particularly important in deciding whether someone is trustworthy or moral
B)because religions tend to promote the idea that coreligionists are "family," atheists are viewed as having no family and therefore, they cannot be trusted
C)belief in a deity remains critical in assessments of morality and trustworthiness among all cultures
D)discrimination against atheists is extremely rare and largely made up in an attempt by atheists to disparage religious groups

Question 55

Technically speaking, the term homophobia refers to an excessive ____ homosexuals or homosexual behavior.

A)fear of
B)guilt surrounding
C)hatred for
D)avoidance of

Question 56

Which of the following comes closest to the conclusion regarding the elimination of prejudice?

A)While it is possible to meaningfully reduce specific prejudices, the tendencies for stereotyping and ingroup favoritism appear to be innate.
B)Prejudice could be significantly reduced via education and structural changes to society.
C)Prejudice is not at all inevitable; it exists in some cultures but not in others, suggesting that a prejudice-free culture is wholly possible.
D)Prejudice is more or less natural, and almost all attempts to reduce prejudices have been completely ineffective.

Question 57

Suppose that Madison has just begun dating Wayne. While at his house, she notices some family photos on the coffee table. She notices that-even though Wayne himself is not overweight-every other member of his family is clearly obese. Somehow, this makes Wayne seem less attractive to Madison. Madison's attitude illustrates ____. ​

A)prejudice contagion
B)stigma by association
C)the discontinuity effect
D)the social context bias

Question 58

When do anti-fat attitudes begin?

A)Anti-fat attitudes appear to be innate or inborn.
B)Anti-fat attitudes begin as early as preschool.
C)Anti-fat attitudes begin as early as ages 7-8.
D)Anti-fat attitudes begin as early as adolescence (ages 11 and on).

Question 59

Compared to normal weight people, overweight people tend to be rated as ____.

A)less attractive (but no less successful, hardworking, or intelligent)
B)less attractive and less successful (but no less hardworking or intelligent)
C)less attractive, less successful, and less hardworking (but no less intelligent)
D)less attractive, less successful, less hardworking, and less intelligent

Question 60

Research examining whether women and men are more or less tolerant of female lesbian behavior versus male gay behavior has found that ____. ​

A)both genders are somewhat more tolerant of female lesbian behavior
B)both genders are somewhat more tolerant of male gay behavior
C)females are more tolerant of female lesbian behavior, while males are more tolerant of male gay behavior
D)females are more tolerant of male gay behavior, while males are more tolerant of female lesbian behavior

Question 61

There are a number of contemporary societies that are completely peaceful and do not have any form of competition or intergroup strife. On the downside, however, these societies tend to ____.

A)be unsuccessful in economic and political terms
B)manifest high rates of depression and emotional apathy
C)experience higher rates of marital and familial problems than expected
D)dissolve before other societies

Question 62

Which of the following is an example of ingroup favoritism?

A)Mike is a religious person who is prejudiced against atheists because he believes that atheists cannot be trusted.
B)Sasha is the owner of a restaurant. Whenever one of her close friends shows up at the restaurant, she offers them a discount.
C)Gary has never interacted with an Asian person. He believes that all Asians are alike in many ways.
D)Rachel is prejudiced against people who are overweight even though her entire family is overweight.

Question 63

The minimal group effect MOST directly suggests that ____.

A)prejudices can be "unlearned" just as quickly as they can be "learned"
B)people are predisposed to identify themselves with a larger social group
C)the more social groups there are, the less prejudice there should be
D)people are predisposed to divide the world into "us" and "them" and to show a preference for "us"

Question 64

Because realistic conflict theory describes people competing over scarce resources, one could argue that it is simply ____ theory applied to group conflict.

A)social categorization
B)scapegoat
C)frustration-aggression
D)jigsaw

Question 65

People tend to show a preference for ingroups over outgroups even when group membership is determined at random, and even when they have never interacted with members of their ingroup. This tendency is known as ____.

A)the discontinuity effect
B)ingroup favoritism
C)stigma by association
D)the minimal group effect

Question 66

The discontinuity effect is lessened when ____.

A)there is preexisting animosity between the groups
B)the group is large rather than small
C)the identities of individuals are concealed
D)individual group members are identifiable

Question 67

Is competition something that exists across the world, in all known cultures, or are there cultures that are completely peaceful?

A)There are a number of cultures where no competition exists at all-among adults or children.
B)There are a number of cultures where competition is banned among adults, but it still exists among children.
C)There are a number of cultures where competition is banned among children, but it still exists among adults.
D)There are a number of cultures where competition is rare, among both children and adults, but there are no known cultures where it does not exist.

Question 68

People are MOST likely to base their stereotypes of a given outgroup on ____.

A)first-hand knowledge of the outgroup
B)first-hand knowledge of other outgroups
C)the assumption that the outgroup is just like the ingroup
D)what they have heard about the outgroup from members of the ingroup

Question 69

The discontinuity effect refers to ____.

A)the fact that, even when faced with strong evidence counter to their stereotypes, people tend to hold onto their stereotypes and simply allow that there are "exceptions"
B)the fact that people's explicit attitudes do not always match their implicit attitudes
C)the tendency for people to exclude themselves from a category when stereotyping that category
D)the fact that groups tend to be more prone to hostile competition than individuals are

Question 70

Rationalization for oppression is an explanation for prejudice that focuses on prejudice and stereotyping as tools to ____.

A)promote one's self-esteem
B)remain ignorant of a group's actual behavioral characteristics
C)protect the political goals of the powerful group
D)think more efficiently

Question 71

According to ____, competition over scarce resources leads to inter group hostility and disputes.

A)the minimal group effect
B)the discontinuity effect
C)realistic conflict theory
D)scapegoat theory

Question 72

Suppose that Jose was born and raised in Mexico and that-even though he has never been to the United States-he holds a number of stereotypes about Americans. These stereotypes are MOST likely based on ____.

A)the few brief interactions he has had with Americans in Mexico
B)what he has heard about Americans from other Mexicans
C)what he knows about other groups of foreigners
D)his assumptions about what Americans "must be like" given what he knows about the United States as a country

Question 73

The idea that regular interactions among members of different groups reduce prejudice, so long as the interactions occur under favorable conditions, is known as ____. ​

A)realistic conflict theory
B)the acquaintance potential effect
C)the contact hypothesis
D)the perspective hypothesis

Question 74

Research suggests that stereotyping ____.

A)allows people to save mental energy and enables them to process more information
B)allows people to save mental energy but does not enable them to process more information
C)does not allow people to save mental energy but does enable them to process more information
D)does not allow people to save mental energy or process more information

Question 75

Countries that value competition generally have ____ levels of conflict and ____ levels of economic success. ​

A)higher; higher
B)higher; lower
C)lower; higher
D)lower; lower

Question 76

Compared to when two individuals compete, when two groups of people compete, they tend to be extreme and hostile. This is known as ____. ​

A)the minimal group effect
B)the discontinuity effect
C)the group polarization effect
D)deindividuation

Question 77

Positive intergroup contact can effectively reduce prejudice by____.

A)avoiding contact with outgroup members until necessary
B)conducting competitive exercises with outgroup members
C)imagining positive interactions with outgroup members
D)testing positive interactions under adverse conditions

Question 78

Groups are more prone to hostile competition than individuals are. This has been dubbed ____.

A)the discontinuity effect
B)group conflict theory
C)the minimal group effect
D)group polarization

Question 79

In a study of peaceful, cooperative societies, ____ of the 25 did not have competition at all.

A)14
B)17
C)20
D)23

Question 80

Suppose that Fred is a "morning person" and his brother Ned is a"night person." Which of the following will probably be true regarding their tendencies to employ stereotypes?

A)They will both tend to use more stereotypes early in the day.
B)They will both tend to use more stereotypes late in the day.
C)Fred will tend to use more stereotypes late in the day.
D)Ned will tend to use more stereotypes late in the day.