Deck 16: Transformations in Europe

Question 1

Bourgeoisie means

A) "town dwellers."
B) "lower middle class."
C) "nobility."
D) "clergy."
E) "royalty."

Answer 1

"town dwellers."

Question 2

To promote his ideas, Luther used

A) peasant armies.
B) indulgences.
C) troubadours to sing of his greatness.
D) tournaments, festivals, and games.
E) the printing press.

Answer 2

the printing press.

Question 3

In the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, Eur opeans viewed the natural world through two belief systems:

A) folklore, including magic, and Biblical teachings.
B) science and Biblical teachings.
C) Folklore, including magic, and Enlightenment ideas.
D) militarism and socialism.
E) pacifism and egalitarianism.

Answer 3

folklore, including magic, and Biblical teachings.

Question 4

John Calvin preached that salvation was granted by

A) predestination
B) good works.
C) sobriety.
D) good thoughts.
E) the pope.

Question 5

In light of the challenges to the Catholic Church, many reforms of the Roman Catholic Church were enacted, such as

A) mandating poverty for the Ca tholic Church as an institu tion.
B) instituting dietary restrictions to symbolize purity.
C) reforming the education of the clergy.
D) allowing priests and nuns to marry.
E) using the vernacular during mass.

Question 6

The Protestant challenge to the Catholic Church and its supporters was intense and emotional, resulting in

A) a compromise representing theological common ground.
B) bitter wars of religion.
C) the election of Pope Leo X.
D) European monarchs begging the pope for forgiveness.
E) All of these

Question 7

Ignatius of Loyola founded the

A) Dominicans.
B) Inquisition.
C) Council of Trent.
D) Society of Jesus (the Jesuits).
E) Franciscans.

Question 8

What new crops helped the rural poor of Europe avoid starvation?

A) Manioc and peas
B) Cassava and rice
C) Blueberries and cranberries
D) Potatoes and maize
E) Wheat and millet

Question 9

Calvinism went further than Lutheranism in

A) encouraging political rebellion.
B) empowering ordained clergy.
C) simplifying religious rituals.
D) building extravagant churches.
E) insisting on loyalty to the Vatican.

Question 10

The movement that began with the rejection of the pope's authority was the

A) Protestant Reformation.
B) Catholic Reformation.
C) Orthodox Reformation.
D) Peasant Movement.
E) Babylonian Captivity.

Question 11

The Holy Roman Empire was ruled by the

A) Bourbons.
B) Huguenots.
C) Burgundians.
D) Habsburgs.
E) Romanovs.

Question 12

Many religious and intellectual leaders viewed the new science with suspicion, as shown by the

A) trial of Leopold and Loeb.
B) exile of Newton.
C) execution of Lavoisier.
D) election of Voltaire.
E) condemnation of Galileo.

Question 13

Most Europeans believed that when natural disasters like earthquakes occurred, the cause was

A) plate tectonics.
B) supernatural forces.
C) an imbalance of humors in the body.
D) that they were illusions.
E) a ruler who was not virtuous.

Question 14

Although European peasants were free during the early modern era,

A) they were obliged to provide ten years of military service.
B) they were forced to head the decision-making offices of the government.
C) their standards of living may have declined between 1500 and 1750.
D) they faced increasing competition from African slaves.
E) they were forced into overseas service as missionaries.

Question 15

Martin Luther insisted that the only way to salvation was through

A) relying on good works.
B) faith in Jesus Christ.
C) loyalty to the Vatican.
D) paying money to the church.
E) None of these

Question 16

As the iron industry expanded, the consumption of fuel caused

A) a reduction in the use of iron and copper.
B) less destruction of forest woodlands because iron was used instead of wood.
C) deforestation.
D) the rise of a wealthy class of timber industrialists.
E) little to no change in the consumption of resources.

Question 17

In comparison to other parts of the world, marriage patterns in early modern Europe were characterized by

A) a younger age at marriage and larger families.
B) a younger age at marriage and smaller families.
C) an older age at marriage and smaller families.
D) a high rate of infant mortality.
E) a celibate religious lifestyle.

Question 18

The Enlightenment in Europe was

A) a uniform philosophical movement directed by the Royal Society.
B) derived from Aristotelian scientific thought.
C) the study of alchemy to make light on demand.
D) a blending of intellectual schools of thought from many diverse areas, with the idea of improving the human condition.
E) heavily influenced by Chi nese naturalism.

Question 19

The Dutch East and West Indies Company gained financial supremacy in all Europe by

A) establishing a monopoly on products from the Indies.
B) forming as a joint-stock company.
C) reducing the risk of overseas cargo trade by attracting many investors, thus spreading out the financial burden.
D) allowing trade of stocks in the market in Amsterdam.
E) All of these

Question 20

The Scientific Revolution thinker most famous for asserting tha t mathematical laws governed the universe was

A) Isaac Newton.
B) Robert Boyle.
C) René Descartes.
D) John Harvey.
E) Henry the Navigator.

Question 21

How was the Versailles palace a sort of "theme park" of royal absolutism?

A) There were many exciting rides and attractions for foreign tourists.
B) It had a constantly changing theme.
C) Each year the national anthem was played to set the theme of the holiday season.
D) There was an annual contest to select the theme of the palace.
E) The splendor and rituals of court life constantly emphasized the king's ultimate power.

Question 22

In 1555, by the Peace of Augsburg, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V allowed German princes to choose

A) Catholicism or Calvinism.
B) Catholicism or Lutheranism.
C) Calvinism or Lutheranism.
D) a new emperor.
E) Islam or Christianity.

Question 23

All of the following were true of the early modern bourgeoisie except that

A) they lived in urban areas.
B) they had long-established noble titles.
C) they made money from commerce, finance and manufacturing.
D) they aspired to become rural gentry.
E) they provided monarchs with an important source of tax revenue.

Question 24

English political philosopher John Locke asserted that if the monarch

A) was elected by the people, he could rule forever.
B) fed the people, the people should be loyal.
C) abused his or her power, the people had a duty to rebel.
D) ruled absolutely without controls, harmony would ensue.
E) ruled with morality, society would be moral as well.

Question 25

At the end of the English Civil War, the monarch was executed and replaced by

A) John Calvin.
B) John Smith.
C) Oliver Cromwell.
D) Thomas à Becket.
E) Samuel Adams.

Question 26

In the early modern period, the country where the bourgeoisie had the most political power was

A) France.
B) England.
C) Russia.
D) The Dutch Republic.
E) Spain.

Question 27

A key diplomatic principle that emerged from the European religious and dynastic wars of the early modern period was

A) "the enemy of my enemy is my friend."
B) "it is better to be feared than loved."
C) the concept of the "balance of power."
D) the concept of the "negotiated treaty."
E) the concept of "mutually-assured destruction."

Question 28

Luther had his greatest success among German-speakers and Scandinavians because

A) those groups had a greater susceptibility to intense religious feeling than other Europeans.
B) Luther's writings were not translated into other languages.
C) of the limited distribution of Luther's writings, which were only circulated in manuscript form.
D) political conditions in their countries made his ideas more appealing.
E) they had a more difficult time remaining celibate than southern Europeans.

Question 29

Which of the following was not a characteristic of the English-led "financial revolution"?

A) Direct collection of taxes.
B) The creation of a central bank.
C) Taxation of landed estates and aristocrats.
D) Tax farming.
E) Funding government with long-term loans.

Question 30

The Glorious Revolution and the English Civil War both started when

A) the war between Irish Catholics and Protestants ended.
B) the monarch refused to share power with Parliament.
C) the Catholic monarchy was restored to Spain.
D) the Protestant heir to the throne, Mary, and her husband, William of Orange, were married.
E) war broke out between Sweden and England over control of the North Sea.

Question 31

To ensure that his subjects did not resist royal authority, King Philip II of Spain

A) pursued repressive policies intended to insulate the country from the Reformation and scientific revolution.
B) exiled dissidents to the American colonies.
C) forced the conversion of all Spanish Jews to Christianity.
D) sentenced all Protestants to life imprisonment.
E) assigned a secret police force to spy on all citizens.

Question 32

T he devastating wars of the early modern era in Europe resulted in

A) the destruction of the national museums.
B) more skilled European armies with better weapons.
C) gang violence in the streets of Paris and London.
D) a unified European state called the Holy Roman Empire.
E) a widespread pacifist movement in Europe.

Question 33

The thinkers of the Scientific Revolution sought to understand nature by

A) reading Aristotle.
B) reading the Bible.
C) conducting experiments that led to the development of mathematically-expressed laws.
D) intentionally undermining religious faith.
E) C and D.

Question 34

Witchcraft panics were more likely to occur in

A) Catholic countries.
B) Protestant countries.
C) German-speaking countries.
D) places where there was tension between popular beliefs and government or religious institutions.
E) communities of Puritans.

Question 35

The Netherlands revolted against Spain in the 1560s and 1570s because of

A) Spain's inattention to the needs of The Netherlands.
B) a worsening Dutch economy.
C) the imposition of the Spanish sales tax and Catholic orthodoxy.
D) an invasion by the Spanish navy.
E) a failing Spanish economy.

Question 36

How did European rulers pay their large war expenses?

A) By relying on tax farmers.
B) By engaging in financial speculation.
C) By attempting to conquer countries with large treasuries.
D) A and B.
E) B and C.

Question 37

Enlightenment thinkers believed that in the long run,

A) human society would collapse.
B) people would be doomed by their inherently sinful nature.
C) history would end with the second coming of Christ.
D) technical and intellectual progress would lead to greater human happiness.
E) t echnical and intellectual progress would cause humanity to abandon religion altogether.

Question 38

Catholic authorities condemned Copernicus' book in 1616, but twenty years before, they had used it

A) to devise horoscopes for the most important clergymen.
B) to determine the hypothetical location of the Christian heaven.
C) as the basis for a giant orrery in the Vatican library, made of gold and precious stones.
D) to develop a more accurate calendar.
E) as inspiration for a fresco in the papal apartments.

Question 39

Among other things, Galileo Galilei is famous for

A) building a telescope.
B) discovering that the earth is in orbit around the sun.
C) discovering the planet Neptune.
D) discovering that the planets move in elliptical orbits.
E) proving the literal truth of several Biblical stories.

Question 40

Charles V failed to unify all of Europe, but Spain, France, and England successfully unified their states by

A) limiting the power of the church and the nobility.
B) instituting mercantile economic policies.
C) building castles with large fortifications.
D) marrying their daughters to princes from other kingdoms.
E) using Ottoman mercenaries.

Question 41

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
indulgence

Question 42

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
witch-hunt

Question 43

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
Holy Roman Empire

Question 44

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
papacy

Question 45

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
Habsburg

Question 46

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
stock exchange

Question 47

What were the foundational ideas and at titudes of each of the following movements: Renaissance, Reformation, and Scientific Revolution? How did the Enlightenment build on these earlier movements?

Question 48

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
Enlightenment

Question 49

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
English Civil War

Question 50

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
Protestant Reformation

Question 51

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
Scientific Revolution

Question 52

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
Versailles

Question 53

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
bourgeoisie

Question 54

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
gentry

Question 55

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
Catholic Reformation

Question 56

How did the basic tenets of Lutheranism and Calvinism differ from those of Catholicism? What was the Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation?

Question 57

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
deforestation

Question 58

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
joint-stock company

Question 59

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
balance of power

Question 60

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
Little Ice Age

Question 61

How can one explain the witch-hunts that swept through Europe in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? Who were the victims? Why were so many of the accused women?

Question 62

Describe the Scientific Revolution. Why did it begin? Who were some of the n otable thinkers resp onsible for this revolution? Was there widespread acceptance of their ideas?

Question 63

Describe the experiences of women in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe.

Question 64

Warfare was nearly constant in Europe during the early modern era. Using the chronology at the beginning of the chapter, list the wars and examine their economic and human costs. Why were these wars fought, what was their outcome, and what was their significance in European history?

Question 65

Discuss the failure of Charles V to unify Europe and the ability of European monarchies to centralize state control in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Question 66

Describe the class structure of western European society bet ween the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. Who were the bourgeoisie?  How did poorer people do?