Deck 1: Introduction to I/O Psychology

Question 1

The greatest number of Ph.D. I/O psychologists work in:

A) universities
B) consulting firms
C) private industry
D) the public sector

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Regardless of the official start date, I/O psychology was born in the:

A) mid 1800s
B) late 1800s
C) early 1900s
D) mid 1900s

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Psychologists involved in _______ study leadership, job satisfaction, and employee motivation.

A) personnel psychology
B) organizational psychology
C) training and development
D) human factors

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following is the reason for WHY a study obtains certain results?

A) Hypothesis
B) Idea
C) Postulation
D) Theory

Question 5

Which of the following would a student in a doctoral program usually have to complete but a student in a master's program would not?

A) Thesis
B) Dissertation
C) Internship
D) A statistics course

Question 6

I/O Psychology is a branch of psychology that _____ in the workplace.

A) treats psychological disorders
B) applies the principles of psychology
C) provides therapy to employees
D) all of these equally define I/O psychology

Question 7

I/O psychologists who are involved in ________ study and practice in such areas as employee selection, job analysis, and job evaluation.

A) personnel psychology
B) organizational psychology
C) training and development
D) human factors

Question 8

I/O psychology examines factors that affect the _______ in an organization, whereas business fields examine the broader aspects of running an organization.

A) people
B) machines
C) stock performance
D) I/O psychology examines all three factors

Question 9

Changes in employee behavior that result from an employee being studied or receiving increased attention from mangers is called the:

A) Hawthorne effect
B) Premack principle
C) Pygmalion effect
D) Peter principle

Question 10

The ____ were characterized by passage of several major pieces of civil rights legislation.

A) 1930s
B) 1960s
C) 1970s
D) 1980s

Question 11

The study of leadership is part of:

A) personnel psychology
B) training and development
C) human factors
D) organizational psychology

Question 12

I/O Psychology first started about:

A) 1840
B) 1938
C) 1903
D) 1957

Question 13

Hypotheses are based on:

A) previous research
B) logic
C) theories
D) all three of these

Question 14

Compared to Ph.D.'s, master's level graduates are less often employed by:

A) universities
B) consulting firms
C) the private industry
D) the public sector

Question 15

To get accepted into a graduate program in I/O psychology, a student usually must take which of the following standardized tests?

A) LSAT
B) MCAT
C) SAT
D) GRE

Question 16

The use of more sophisticated statistical techniques, a more aggressive approach in developing methods to select employees, and an increased interest in the application of cognitive psychology to industry took place in the:

A) 1920s and 30s
B) 1940s and 50s
C) 1960s and 70s
D) 1980s and 90s

Question 17

The _____ were a husband and wife team who were among the first scientists to improve productivity and reduce fatigue by studying the motions used by workers.

A) Watsons
B) Scotts
C) Binghams
D) Gilbreths

Question 18

In which decade were the Hawthorne studies published.

A) 1920s
B) 1930s
C) 1960s
D) 1980s

Question 19

Which of the following was NOT a reason why you should understand research and statistics?

A) answering questions
B) research is part of everyday life
C) common sense is often wrong
D) all of these are reasons

Question 20

According to your text, the most important reason for the reliance on research is that it ultimately:

A) reduces accidents
B) saves an organization money
C) increases employee satisfaction
D) reduces turnover

Question 21

Even though they lack control, ____ are used due to ____ reasons.

A) experiments / ethical
B) correlational designs / historical
C) archival methods / statistical
D) quasi-experiments/ethical & practical

Question 22

The variable that is manipulated in an experiment is the ________ variable.

A) independent
B) dependent
C) intervening
D) control

Question 23

Which of the following research methods can determine a cause and effect relationship?

A) Correlational method
B) Quasi-experimental method
C) Archival method
D) Experimental method

Question 24

The most powerful research method is the:

A) correlational method
B) quasi-experimental method
C) archival method
D) experimental method

Question 25

What field research gains in _______ it loses in _______.

A) control / external validity
B) power / control
C) internal validity / power
D) external validity / control

Question 26

Which of the following contain articles usually written by professional writers who have little expertise in a given field?

A) Journals
B) Magazines and journals
C) Magazines
D) None of these is correct

Question 27

Which of the following is a leading journal in I/O psychology?

A) Journal of Applied Psychology
B) Research in the Study of Work
C) I/O Psychology review
D) None of these is the leading journal

Question 28

Researchers at IBM think that employees who get to chose their own working hours will be more satisfied than those who do not. To test this idea, IBM employees at the Dallas facility are told that they can chose their own hours. Six months later, the satisfaction level of employees in the Dallas facility is compared to employees in the Knoxville facility. The employees in the Knoxville facility are considered the:

A) dependent variable
B) control group
C) experimental group
D) independent variable

Question 29

The Harvard Business Review is an example of a:

A) journal
B) trade magazine
C) magazine
D) bridge publication

Question 30

To ensure ethical treatment of subjects, universities have:

A) institutional review boards
B) the APA closely monitor every study
C) witnesses during experiments
D) All of these are true

Question 31

_____ research sacrifices external validity for control of extraneous variables whereas_____ research sacrifices the control of extraneous variables for external validity.

A) Laboratory / field
B) Field / laboratory
C) Archival / quasi-experimental
D) Quasi-experimental /archival

Question 32

Conducting a literature review means:

A) reading the classics
B) seeing if similar research has been conducted
C) assessing a study's reading level
D) calling other researchers for their opinion

Question 33

The variable that we expect to change as a result of our manipulation is called the:

A) independent variable
B) dependent variable
C) intervening variable
D) control variable

Question 34

If I went through my employee files to determine what type of person makes the best employee, I would probably be conducting:

A) archival research
B) a meta-analysis
C) a field study
D) an experiment

Question 35

In an experiment designed to test the effect of noise on employee performance, noise is the ______ and employee performance is the ______.

A) dependent variable/independent variable
B) dependent variable / control variable
C) independent variable/dependent variable
D) control variable / dependent variable

Question 36

Manipulating the _____ best distinguishes experimental research methods from other research methods.

A) dependent variable
B) intervening variable
C) statistical results
D) independent variable

Question 37

To ensure that subjects are participating in a study of their own free will, researchers must obtain :

A) permission from the APA
B) a writ of mandamus from the participant
C) informed consent from the participant
D) a valid control group

Question 38

If researchers have trouble forming a hypothesis, they:

A) can't conduct their study
B) wait until more research is available
C) conduct an exploratory study
D) guess about the outcome of a study

Question 39

The main difference between a quasi-experiment and an experiment is that the independent variable:

A) is manipulated in an experiment
B) is manipulated in a quasi-experiment
C) has 3 levels in an experiment
D) cannot be measured in a quasi-experiment

Question 40

Which of the following research methods uses previously collected company records?

A) Experimental
B) Survey
C) Archival
D) Meta-analysis

Question 41

Meta-analyses looking at the difference between two groups would use ___ as the effect size whereas meta-analyses looking at the relationship between two variables would use ___ as the effect size.

A) d / r
B) r / d
C) t / d
D) t / F

Question 42

The majority of research in the field of I/O psychology is conducted at universities using students as subjects rather than employees. In fact, college students serve as subjects in approximately ____ percent of all published I/O research.

A) 5%
B) 50%
C) 85%
D) 99%

Question 43

An effect size (d) of .20 is considered:

A) small
B) large
C) moderate
D) significant

Question 44

A large research sample is nice to have, however, it may not be necessary if the experimenter can choose a ______ sample and control for many of the ______ variables.

A) random / extraneous
B) extraneous / random
C) representative / nuisance
D) homogeneous / confounding

Question 45

Significance levels tell us the ______ significance of a study and effect size tells us the _______ of a study.

A) statistical / alpha level
B) practical / beta level
C) practical / statistical significance
D) statistical / practical significance

Question 46

The level of statistical significance that we use in psychology is:

A) .01
B) .05
C) .10
D) .50

Question 47

you used an email survey, your results would be representative of the population in terms of:

A) sex
B) race
C) both sex and race
D) neither sex nor race

Question 48

A teacher wants to see if there are any differences in the test scores of students who take her exam on the computer and those who take her exam the traditional paper and pencil way. Students with an odd digit at the end of their student ID number are required to take her midterm exam on the computer and those with an even digit are required to take a paper and pencil exam. Her study has a _____ sample with _____.

A) random / random assignment
B) convenience / random assignment
C) convenience / nonrandom assignment
D) random / nonrandom

Question 49

_______ is a method of reaching conclusions based on the statistical combination of several previous research studies.

A) The experimental method
B) Quasi-experimental analysis
C) Archival research
D) Meta-analysis

Question 50

Most research in industry uses a ________ sample.

A) random
B) convenience sample
C) free sample
D) stratified sample

Question 51

A _____ implies that each person in the population has an equal chance of being selected.

A) random sample
B) convenience sample
C) random assignment
D) convenience assignment

Question 52

A researcher sent a survey containing 5 questions to a sample of 500 employees. The wording was easy to understand and the researcher offered a financial incentive yet few employees returned the survey. What might be the reason for this low response?

A) The number of questions
B) The use of a financial incentive
C) The easy-to-understand wording
D) None of the three is a reasonable explanation

Question 53

In a meta-analysis conducted to see if a particular training method is better than another, the proper effect size to use would be:

A) d
B) r
C) Z
D) t

Question 54

The statistical significance of research results tell us the probability that:

A) our results were due to chance
B) our results are useful
C) our results are biased
D) all of these are true

Question 55

After all the data have been collected, the results are then:

A) filed for future use
B) shared between colleagues
C) statistically analyzed
D) data collection never ends

Question 56

Which of the following will increase the response rates to mailed surveys?

A) Include a monetary incentive
B) Keep the survey under 4 pages
C) Have a university sponsor the survey
D) All will increase response rates

Question 57

In general, the majority of the research comparing college student samples with actual employee samples conclude that college students behave _______ real world samples.

A) similar to
B) different than
C) No research is available
D) The research results are inconsistent

Question 58

The statistical "averaging" of effect sizes across previous empirical studies defines:

A) experimental research
B) meta-analysis
C) correlational research
D) archival research

Question 59

Which of the following represents the strongest correlation?

A) - .05
B) +.45
C) +.10
D) - .47

Question 60

Which of the following survey methods has the lowest response rate?

A) Interview
B) Email
C) Mail
D) The three have equal response rates

Question 61

The use of correlational analysis does not allow you to infer a cause and effect relationship. This is because a third variable, a(n) ______ variable, often accounts for the relationship between the two variables.

A) intervening
B) nuisance
C) confounding
D) dependent

Question 62

What are important considerations when choosing a research sample?

Question 63

What are the three reasons your book listed for why you should be interested in research?

Question 64

What are the three major fields of I/O psychology?

Question 65

What are the differences between ideas, hypotheses, and theories?

Question 66

In a ______ ethical dilemma, there is a high level of uncertainty as to what is right or wrong.

A) rationalizing
B) Type A
C) type B
D) deconstructive

Question 67

What are the three sampling methods listed in the text?

Question 68

If a researcher calculated a correlation coefficient of r = 1.27 between two variables, you would conclude that there is a(n):

A) high correlation
B) very low correlation
C) error in the calculation
D) moderately low positive correlation

Question 69

A researcher finds a strong correlation between job satisfaction and performance. What can he conclude from this correlation?

A) Satisfaction causes good performance
B) Good performance causes job satisfaction
C) Satisfaction and performance are related
D) He can conclude all three