Deck 2: The Early History of Correctional Thought and Practice

Question 1

Public opinion about punishment has remained static over the last 200 years.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Another name for the medieval practice of banishment is "relocation."

Answer 2

False

Question 3

In England by the year 1200, a system of wergild, or payment of money as compensation, had developed as a way for the king to collect additional resources from the citizens.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Best known for his utilitarian theories, including his creation of the phrase of "hedonic calculus," Jeremy Bentham was a leading social scholar and philosopher of his time.

Question 5

Like other social institutions, corrections reflects the vision and concern of the larger community.

Question 6

Shaming is a new punishment idea that was first used during the early 1900s in both Europe and the United States.

Question 7

Jeremy Bentham was the one-time high sheriff of Bedfordshire, England, who helped spur changes that resulted in the development of the penitentiary during the late 1700s.

Question 8

The following is an example of corporal punishment:

A) ​forgiveness.
B) ​whipping.
C) ​imprisonment.
D) ​religious education.

Question 9

Political liberals and encouraged reform of the prison system during the Enlightenment period.

A) ​conservatives
B) ​religious groups
C) ​independents
D) ​wealthy businessmen

Question 10

Attempts to reform prisons began in the 1500s with the disintegration of feudalism.

Question 11

Until the late Middle Ages, prisons were used primarily for the detention of people awaiting trial.

Question 12

The purpose of punishment as a public spectacle was:

A) ​immediate deterrence.
B) ​specific deterrence.
C) ​exhibition of the sovereign's power.
D) ​both crime control and exhibition of the sovereign's power.

Question 13

Banishment can best be described as punishment inflicted on the offender's body with whips and other devices that cause physical pain and scarring.

Question 14

The founder of the Classical School of Criminology is Cesare Beccaria, who applied the rationalist philosophy of the Enlightenment to the criminal justice system.

Question 15

Under the law of retaliation, lex talionis, vengeance was a duty to be carried out by the person wronged or by a family member of the victim.

Question 16

The period known as "the Enlightenment" brought about new ideas based on rationalization, the importance of individuals, and the limitations of government.

Question 17

Major efforts began by the start of the 19th century in both Europe and the United States to devise a more severe penal sanction that focused completely on the body, rather than the mind of the offender.

Question 18

The new industrialism brought about a shift from penal to economic considerations as the basis for punishment.

Question 19

One of the major reasons England and Europe resorted to sending offenders to the "New World" was that their prisons and houses of corrections were overcrowded.

Question 20

Jeremy Bentham argued that effective punishments prevent in the future.

A) ​premeditated behavior
B) ​positive behavior
C) ​similar behavior
D) ​coerced behavior

Question 21

Lex talionis embodies which of the following principles?

A) ​Punishment should correspond in degree and kind to the offense.
B) ​An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth is legal punishment.
C) ​Punishment needs to be proportionate.
D) ​all of the above

Question 22

The Enlightenment proposed which of the following ideas for correctional reform?

A) ​a rewriting of penal codes to increase the severity of criminal sanctions
B) ​a greater belief in the application of pain as a specific and general deterrent
C) ​the invention of the penitentiary, where prisoners could be isolated from the temptations of the outside world
D) ​an increase in the number of criminal laws and, as a result, a growth in the numbers and types of prisoners

Question 23

was a leader of correctional reform in England and the developer of a utilitarian approach to crime and punishment.

A) ​Jeremy Bentham
B) ​John Howard
C) ​Cesare Beccaria
D) ​Sir Walter Crofton

Question 24

The belief that a punishment inflicted on an offender must achieve enough good to outweigh the pain inflicted is called:

A) ​utilitarianism.
B) ​positivism.
C) ​the Enlightenment.
D) ​wergild.

Question 25

The invention of the penitentiary occurred due in large part because of:

A) ​the influence of the Enlightenment thinkers and activists.
B) ​a response to negative social conditions and their influence on the rise of crime.
C) ​he growth of the surplus labor due to the Industrial Revolution.
D) ​all of these.

Question 26

As a social institution, corrections reflects the vision and concerns of the:

A) ​government.
B) ​larger community.
C) ​warden and administrators.
D) ​sentencing judges.

Question 27

By the 1900s, punishments were carried out under the supervision of:

A) ​the governor.
B) ​the king.
C) ​correctional staff.
D) ​the victim.

Question 28

The practice of removing offenders from the community to another land was known as:

A) ​benefit of clergy.
B) ​galley slavery.
C) ​wergild.
D) ​transportation.

Question 29

According to the text, certain types of legal sanctions, in the form we are familiar with today, emerged during the:

A) ​1700s.
B) ​1200s.
C) ​1500s.
D) ​1800s.

Question 30

The term wergild focuses on which of the following?

A) ​rehabilitation for offenders
B) ​money paid to relatives or victims of a crime
C) ​educational programs
D) ​vocational programs

Question 31

How was the existing system of justice altered during the Enlightenment?

A) ​People reconsidered the administration of law and redefined corrections.
B) ​During this period the classical school of criminology emerged, with its insistence on a rational link between the gravity of the crime and the severity of the punishment.
C) ​The social contract and utilitarianism emphasized limitations on the government and the need to erect a system of punishments so that people would be deterred from crime.
D) ​all of above

Question 32

The founder of the Classical School of Criminology was:

A) ​Cesare Beccaria.
B) ​John Howard.
C) ​Cesare Lombroso.
D) ​Jeremy Bentham.

Question 33

The Penitentiary Act was based upon core principles under which prisoners were confined in solitary cells and labored silently in common rooms and were subjected to:

A) ​secure and sanitary conditions.
B) ​nonsystematic inspections.
C) ​income for their labor.
D) ​corporal punishment for noncompliance.

Question 34

The dominant social institution during the Middle Ages in England and Europe was:

A) ​the king.
B) ​the sheriff.
C) ​the penitentiary.
D) ​the church.

Question 35

For the purpose of deterrence of future criminal acts, which principle(s) did Cesare Beccaria believe were most valuable for carrying out a punishment?

A) ​severity
B) ​swiftness
C) ​certainty
D) ​both swiftness and certainty

Question 36

Wergild developed as a:

A) ​barter system.
B) ​method for the king to bring his subjects directly under his rule.
C) ​method of treating private wrongs as public crimes.
D) ​system of compensation for private wrongs committed against another.

Question 37

The period known as the Enlightenment had what effect(s) on society?

A) ​It brought a reaction against feudal society and the monopoly of religion.
B) ​It stressed the notion of equality for all citizens.
C) ​It was largely influenced by the growth of scientific thinking.
D) ​all of the above

Question 38

The response to crime was viewed as essentially a private affair prior to the century.

A) ​13th
B) ​17th
C) ​16th
D) ​19th

Question 39

Jeremy Bentham's classic prison design known as the ______________ called for a circular building with a glass roof and cells on each story and around the circumference of the penitentiary so that the inmates could be viewed at all times to ensure they were abiding by prison rules.

A) ​Trivium
B) ​Octagon
C) ​Panopticon
D) ​Hexagon

Question 40

During the Enlightenment, advances in scientific thinking led to an inquisitive attitude that emphasized all of the following ideas except for:

A) ​observation.
B) ​experimentation.
C) ​technological development
D) ​intervention.

Question 41

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Punishment to a body inflicting pain
b.Law of civil society
c.Forced rowing
d.Detention facility
e.Pleasure over pain
f.The right to be tried in ecclesiastical court
g.Retaliation
h.Age of Reason
i.A form of banishment
j.Free will and severe punishment
Secular law

Question 42

A house of _________________________ was a detention facility that combined the major elements of a workhouse, poorhouse, and penal industry by both disciplining the inmates and setting them to work.

A) ​solitude
B) ​correction
C) ​penance
D) ​redemption

Question 43

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Punishment to a body inflicting pain
b.Law of civil society
c.Forced rowing
d.Detention facility
e.Pleasure over pain
f.The right to be tried in ecclesiastical court
g.Retaliation
h.Age of Reason
i.A form of banishment
j.Free will and severe punishment
Corporal punishment

Question 44

The emphasis of the ________________ on the importance of hard work and on the sinfulness of sloth sparked European reformers to urge that some means be used to provide work for the idle poor.

A) ​Jewish Restoration
B) ​Protestant Reformation
C) ​Catholic Crusades
D) ​Spanish Inquisition

Question 45

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Punishment to a body inflicting pain
b.Law of civil society
c.Forced rowing
d.Detention facility
e.Pleasure over pain
f.The right to be tried in ecclesiastical court
g.Retaliation
h.Age of Reason
i.A form of banishment
j.Free will and severe punishment
Benefit of clergy

Question 46

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Punishment to a body inflicting pain
b.Law of civil society
c.Forced rowing
d.Detention facility
e.Pleasure over pain
f.The right to be tried in ecclesiastical court
g.Retaliation
h.Age of Reason
i.A form of banishment
j.Free will and severe punishment
Classical criminology

Question 47

_________________ were abandoned ships that the English converted to hold convicts during a period of prison crowding between 1776 and 1790.

A) ​Hulks
B) ​Galleys
C) ​Cells
D) ​Workships

Question 48

Which of the following was NOT a medieval form of capital punishment?

A) ​flayed alive
B) ​broken on the wheel
C) ​the rack
D) ​fed to lions

Question 49

The law of the civil society as distinguished from church law is known as:

A) ​natural law
B) ​lex talionis.
C) ​secular law.
D) ​benefit of clergy.

Question 50

Which of the following offender types were not considered to comprise a large portion of those who were sentenced to early English Bridewell houses?

A) ​orphans
B) ​the poor
C) ​prostitutes
D) ​violent repeat offenders

Question 51

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Punishment to a body inflicting pain
b.Law of civil society
c.Forced rowing
d.Detention facility
e.Pleasure over pain
f.The right to be tried in ecclesiastical court
g.Retaliation
h.Age of Reason
i.A form of banishment
j.Free will and severe punishment
Lex talionis

Question 52

The was born out of concern for the sinfulness of sloth.

A) ​wergild
B) ​workhouse
C) ​penitentiary
D) ​bridewell

Question 53

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Punishment to a body inflicting pain
b.Law of civil society
c.Forced rowing
d.Detention facility
e.Pleasure over pain
f.The right to be tried in ecclesiastical court
g.Retaliation
h.Age of Reason
i.A form of banishment
j.Free will and severe punishment
House of corrections

Question 54

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Punishment to a body inflicting pain
b.Law of civil society
c.Forced rowing
d.Detention facility
e.Pleasure over pain
f.The right to be tried in ecclesiastical court
g.Retaliation
h.Age of Reason
i.A form of banishment
j.Free will and severe punishment
Utilitarianism

Question 55

Benefit of clergy was extended to:

A) ​all men deemed worthy by the kind.
B) ​all wealthy aristocrats of the realm.
C) ​monks and nuns only.
D) ​all literate persons.

Question 56

________________ was an English prison reformer whose research and writing led to the passage of the Penitentiary Act of 1779 by the House of Commons.

A) ​Franklin Shepard
B) ​Jeremy Bentham
C) ​Michael Rourke
D) ​John Howard

Question 57

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Punishment to a body inflicting pain
b.Law of civil society
c.Forced rowing
d.Detention facility
e.Pleasure over pain
f.The right to be tried in ecclesiastical court
g.Retaliation
h.Age of Reason
i.A form of banishment
j.Free will and severe punishment
Galley slavery

Question 58

Scholars point to the as the first comprehensive statement of prohibited behavior.

Question 59

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Punishment to a body inflicting pain
b.Law of civil society
c.Forced rowing
d.Detention facility
e.Pleasure over pain
f.The right to be tried in ecclesiastical court
g.Retaliation
h.Age of Reason
i.A form of banishment
j.Free will and severe punishment
Hulk

Question 60

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Punishment to a body inflicting pain
b.Law of civil society
c.Forced rowing
d.Detention facility
e.Pleasure over pain
f.The right to be tried in ecclesiastical court
g.Retaliation
h.Age of Reason
i.A form of banishment
j.Free will and severe punishment
Enlightenment

Question 61

The term _____________________ was used to describe a house of correction that was first used during the 16th century in England.

Question 62

Who was John Howard and what significance did he have in regard to correctional reform? Be sure to list and explain his major accomplishments.

Question 63

Secular law is often referred to as the __________ law of society.

Question 64

Because punishment was considered a powerful general , authorities from the 16th to the 18th centuries in Europe carried out sanctions in the market square for all to see.

Question 65

_____________________ has been credited as being the founder of the Classical School of Criminology.

Question 66

Shaming is not a new practice; in fact, it has been making a resurgence in the realm of punishment in certain arenas. Please provide early historical examples of shaming and discuss whether you think it is a useful tool of social control. Be sure to fully explain your answer. In your opinion, are there any possible negative outcomes of shaming?

Question 67

________________________ was an early English correctional reformer who advocated for the utility of prison confinement to treat and reform criminals' thought processes that he deemed a "hedonistic calculus."

Question 68

Until the 1800s, ______________ were authorized only to house pretrial detainees, debtors, and vagrants.

Question 69

Briefly summarize the social, political, and scientific ideas advocated during the Enlightenment and the lasting effect they had on correctional thinking and practices.

Question 70

According to scholars, the Enlightenment was a reaction against feudal and traditions.

Question 71

The period known as the ______________________ was a cultural movement in England and France during the 1700s, when concepts of liberalism, rationality, equality, and individualism dominated social and political thinking.

Question 72

The doctrine that the aim of all action should be the greatest balance of pleasure over pain and that a punishment inflicted on an offender must achieve enough good to outweigh the pain is called .

Question 73

In your own opinion, should the United States look to incorporate punishments that they once used, but later outlawed to due to the cruel and harmful nature of such acts (e.g., corporal punishment, transportation)? Be sure to fully explain and defend your answer.

Question 74

A school of criminology that views behavior as stemming from free will is known as ____________.

Question 75

__________________ refers to punishment inflicted on the offender's body with whips or other devices that cause pain.

Question 76

The forced rowing of large ships as a form of early punishment was known as _______________.

Question 77

___________________ refers to the practice of transplanting offenders from the community to another region or land, often a penal colony.

Question 78

A leading 18th-century English correctional reformer who was responsible for the creation and later implementation of the Penitentiary Act of 1779 was .