Deck 17: Transformations in Europe

Question 1

Europeans viewed the natural world through two beliefs systems: belief based on Judeo-Christian scriptures and

A)folklore, including magic.
B)science and ancestor worship.
C)conflict dualism and Greek mythology.
D)militarism and socialism.
E)pacifism and egalitarianism.

Answer 1

folklore, including magic.

Question 2

Calvin went further than Lutheran in curtailing the power of the clerical hierarchy and using to regulate doctrinal issues.

A)synods
B)indulgences
C)penance
D)predestination
E)None of these is correct.

Answer 2

synods

Question 3

In response to criticisms leveled against Catholic practices, the church met from 1545 to 1564 at the

A)Council of Nicaea.
B)Council of Constance.
C)Council of Trent.
D)Council of Florence.
E)Council of Liubetch.

Answer 3

Council of Trent.

Question 4

The most significant challenge posed by early modern astronomers was that of the "heliocentric" universe, first argued by

A)Galileo Galilei.
B)Nicholas Copernicus.
C)Johannes Keppler.
D)Frances Bacon.
E)Rene Descartes.

Question 5

The Jesuits were founded as part of the

A)Protestant Reformation.
B)Catholic Reformation.
C)Holy Roman Empire.
D)None of these are correct.
E)All of these are correct.

Question 6

Which king broke with the Catholic church because it would not grant him a divorce?

A)Henry IV
B)Louis XIV
C)Leo X
D)Henry VIII
E)James I

Question 7

Many Europeans believed that natural disasters such as the earthquake that destroyed much of in 1755 were punishment from God.

A)London
B)Rome
C)Paris
D)Madrid
E)Lisbon

Question 8

The movement that began with Martin Luther's denunciation of indulgences and led to the rejection of the pope's authority was the

A)Protestant Reformation.
B)Catholic Reformation.
C)Orthodox Reformation.
D)Peasant Movement.
E)Counter-Reformation.

Question 9

Many religious and intellectual leaders viewed the new science with suspicion, as shown by the Catholic Church's trial of

A)Leopold and Loeb.
B)Newton.
C)Lavoisier.
D)Voltaire.
E)Galileo.

Question 10

In spite of opposition to new ideas, the church did embrace some findings, including

A)Copernicus' ideas of retrograde planetary motion.
B)Robert Boyle's establishment of the Royal Society to study the natural world.
C)the Gregorian calendar based on the new astronomy.
D)Galileo's explanation of the sun in the Letter to the Duchess Christina.
E)Newton's ideas of gravity and thermodynamics.

Question 11

In light of the challenges to the Catholic Church, some reforms were enacted, such as

A)mandating poverty for the Catholic institution.
B)instituting dietary restrictions to symbolize purity.
C)reforming the education of the clergy.
D)allowing priests and nuns to marry.
E)using the vernacular during mass.

Question 12

The astronomer who discovered spots on the sun and mountains on the moon and who empirically demonstrated the heliocentric theory was

A)Tycho Brahe.
B)Johannes Kepler.
C)Isaac Newton.
D)Galileo Galilei.
E)Nicholas Copernicus.

Question 13

John Calvin denied human faith could merit salvation, instead, he preached that salvation was granted by God to those

A)who are predestined.
B)who do good works.
C)who have sobriety.
D)who have good thoughts.
E)who follow the pope.

Question 14

The witch trials focused on what as the explanation of witchcraft?

A)Women were more prone to witchcraft because they were weaker than men.
B)The Devil was the source of evil as the enemy of God.
C)Secular temptations led people away from righteous behavior.
D)Petty jealousy and competition saw people use evil magic to harm others.
E)Foreign influences (such as Jews and Ottomans)led people astray.

Question 15

At the beginning of the Scientific Revolution, the greatest authority on physics was

A)the Bible.
B)Aristotle.
C)Socrates.
D)Plato.
E)Archimedes.

Question 16

Martin Luther insisted that the only way to salvation was through

A)relying on "good works."
B)religious faith.
C)loyalty to the Vatican.
D)paying money to the church.
E)None of these are correct.

Question 17

The pope who opposed Luther was

A)Medici V.
B)Leo X.
C)Francis I.
D)Gregory III.
E)Calvin IV.

Question 18

The challenge to the church and its supporters was intense and emotional, resulting in

A)a compromise representing theological common ground.
B)bitter "wars of religion."
C)the election of Pope Leo X.
D)European monarchs begging the pope for forgiveness.
E)All of these are correct.

Question 19

The scientist who asserted that mathematical laws governed the universe was

A)Isaac Newton.
B)Boethius.
C)Virgil.
D)John Harvey.
E)Henry the Navigator.

Question 20

Roughly how many people were executed for witchcraft in Europe in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

A)10,000
B)30,000
C)60,000
D)100,000
E)500,000

Question 21

Despite the fact that privileged families were still likely to arrange marriages, marriage patterns for the rest of the population in early modern Europe reflected

A)marrying younger and having larger families.
B)marrying younger and having smaller families.
C)a freer choice of one's marriage partner instead of an arranged marriage.
D)a high rate of infant mortality.
E)a celibate religious lifestyle.

Question 22

The gentry were a class of landholding families just above the

A)bourgeoisie.
B)peasants.
C)military.
D)aristocracy.
E)clerics.

Question 23

What was the overarching significance of the Versailles palace?

A)There were many exciting rides and attractions for foreign tourists.
B)It had a constantly changing theme.
C)Each year the national anthem was played to set the theme of the holiday season.
D)There was an annual contest to select the theme of the palace.
E)The gigantic palace symbolized the French monarch's triumph over the rights of the nobility.

Question 24

Which of the following was the most egalitarian European country in the early modern period?

A)England
B)France
C)Portugal
D)The Netherlands
E)Italy

Question 25

The poor participated in roughly how many uprisings in southwestern France alone between 1590 and 1715?

A)10
B)100
C)250
D)450
E)1,000

Question 26

At the end of the English Civil War, the monarch was executed and replaced by

A)John Calvin.
B)John Smith.
C)Oliver Cromwell.
D)Thomas Becket.
E)Samuel Adams.

Question 27

In 1555, by the Peace of Augsburg, Charles V allowed German princes to choose

A)Catholicism or Calvinism.
B)Catholicism or Lutheranism.
C)Calvinism or Lutheranism.
D)a new emperor.
E)Islam or Christianity.

Question 28

The Dutch East and West India Companies gained financial supremacy in all Europe by

A)establishing a monopoly on products from the Indies.
B)forming themselves as a joint-stock company.
C)reducing the risk of overseas cargo trade by attracting many investors, thus spreading out the financial burden.
D)allowing trade of stocks in the market in Amsterdam.
E)All of these are correct.

Question 29

The English managed to overcome the Dutch trade monopolies by what means?

A)establishing more overseas colonies
B)maintaining religious conformity among British colonies.
C)keeping business ventures solely under royal warrant
D)outlawing joint stock companies
E)building a larger navy to challenge overseas trade

Question 30

The Enlightenment was termed such because it

A)embraced the idea of a heliocentric universe in a society of devoted intellectuals.
B)was carried out by only a few "enlightened" thinkers who were often opposed by political and religious leaders.
C)proposed a fusion of religious ideas of Christianity and Buddhism.
D)suggested that open criticism and change of society would lighten the oppression of absolutist leaders.
E)provided that new science would "light" the way to a better society.

Question 31

What new crops helped the rural poor of Europe avoid starvation?

A)manioc and peas
B)cassava and rice
C)blueberries and cranberries
D)potatoes and corn
E)wheat and millet

Question 32

Charles V ruled the during the Counter Reformation.

A)House of Windsor
B)Ottoman Empire
C)Russian Republics
D)Holy Roman Empire
E)None of these are correct.

Question 33

The Glorious Revolution of 1688 brought about what in England?

A)a bill of rights limiting royal power
B)a Puritan dominated church
C)a House of Commons in parliament
D)an empire more expansive than any other European power
E)the Royal Scientific Society as a result of the Scientific Revolutionaries "winning" over the Church authorities

Question 34

Bourgeoisie means

A)wealthy urban class.
B)lower middle class.
C)nobility.
D)clergy.
E)royalty.

Question 35

The business practice of selling shares to individuals to raise money for trading enterprises and to share the risk and profits was termed

A)initial public offering.
B)joint stock company.
C)royal charter.
D)artisanal guildship.
E)mercantilism.

Question 36

Charles V's son, Phillip II, inherited which of these states?

A)Germany
B)Italy
C)Portugal
D)Spain
E)All of these are correct.

Question 37

Who were considered part of the "unworthy poor" in the Netherlands?

A)recent migrants from impoverished rural areas
B)itinerant peddlers
C)beggars
D)None of these are correct.
E)All of these are correct.

Question 38

The English Civil War started when

A)Charles II died without an heir and his Catholic brother James II took the throne.
B)James I inherited the throne after Elizabeth died, despite being an absolutist.
C)Charles I arrested his parliamentary critics.
D)Oliver Cromwell executed the king.
E)England attempted to impose its authority on Ireland and Scotland.

Question 39

Although European peasants were free during the early modern era,

A)they were obliged to provide ten years of military service.
B)they were forced to head the decision-making offices of the government.
C)their standards of living may have declined between 1500 and 1750.
D)they rarely lived to age thirty.
E)they were forced into overseas service as missionaries.

Question 40

As the iron industry expanded, the consumption of fuel caused

A)a reduction in the use of iron and copper.
B)less destruction of forest woodlands because iron was used instead of wood.
C)deforestation.
D)the rise of a wealthy class of timber industrialists.
E)little to no change in the consumption of resources.

Question 41

Describe the disparities among the various social classes in European urban society between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. Who were the bourgeoisie? What conditions did the poorer classes endure?

Question 42

Payments to forgive the punishments ordinarily due sins were knows as

Question 43

How role did the papacy and the Renaissance play in the advent of the Protestant Reformation?

Question 44

English political philosopher John Locke disputed the absolute authority of the monarch and claimed that if he

A)was elected by the people, he could rule forever.
B)fed the people, the people should be loyal.
C)abused his or her power, the people had the right and the duty to rebel.
D)ruled absolutely without controls, harmony would ensue.
E)ruled with morality, society would be moral as well.

Question 45

The death toll from convictions for witchcraft was highest in

Question 46

Instructions: Answer the following question(s).
How did the ideas of the Renaissance, Reformation, and Scientific Revolution affect the Enlightenment? Was the Enlightenment only an intellectual concept?

Question 47

What was the policy through which European states acted jointly to make sure none of them became too mighty?

A)Detente
B)The Inquisition
C)Appeasement
D)Balance of Power
E)Armada

Question 48

Discuss the failure of Charles V to unify Europe and the ability of European monarchies to centralize state control in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Question 49

The period of cooling in the seventeenth century in Northern Europe was known as the

Question 50

The Netherlands revolted against Spain in the 1560s and 1570s because of

A)the Spanish military presence.
B)a worsening Dutch economy.
C)the imposition of the Spanish sales tax and Catholic orthodoxy.
D)an invasion by the Spanish navy.
E)a failing Spanish economy.

Question 51

How did European rulers collect taxes?

A)directly from the church
B)directly by making loans and charging interest
C)indirectly by employing tax farmers
D)indirectly by taxing only religious dissidents
E)directly by selling confiscated lands

Question 52

Describe the Scientific Revolution. Why did it begin? Who were some of the notable minds responsible for this revolution? Was there widespread acceptance of their ideas?

Question 53

Describe the experiences of women in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe.

Question 54

What was the purpose of the "balance of power" and how did it play out in practice?

Question 55

Where did Martin Luther and John Calvin agree and disagree in their reform efforts?

Question 56

The wars and devastation of the early modern era in Europe, especially the Thirty Years' War, resulted in

A)the destruction of the national museums.
B)better European armies, weapons, and maneuvers.
C)gang violence in the streets of Paris and London.
D)a unified European state called the Holy Roman Empire.
E)a widespread pacifist movement in Europe.

Question 57

What changes to military forces the constant wars in Europe produce during this period?

Question 58

The fundamental approach to rational inquiry epitomized during the Scientific Revolution was

Question 59

How can one explain the witch-hunts that swept through Europe in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? Who were the victims? Why were so many of the accused women?

Question 60

The economic prosperity of the papacy allowed the popes to

Question 61

Trace the connection between the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution of 1688. What was the significance of the end result of this period of history?