Deck 14: Making Ethical Choices

Question 1

In the case of Hamdan v. Rumsfeld , the U.S. Supreme Court held that the ________________ were outside the President's power to create and were, therefore, invalid.

A)fusion centers
B)foreign detention centers ​
C)rendition teams ​
D)military commissions

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following statements about Abu Ghraib is false?

A)Soldiers guarding prisoners were not given clear directions from commanding officers regarding the treatment of prisoners.
B)The newest version of the Army Field Manual specifically prohibits waterboarding.
C)Soldiers tasked with running Abu Ghraib had not been trained in the Geneva Conventions.
D)Soldiers responsible for the abuses successfully used the "superior orders" defense to escape prosecution.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

"Means-end" ethical analysis is consistent with:

A)religious ethics.
B)deontological ethics.
C)teleological ethics.
D)ethics of care.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

In the case of Rasul v. Bush , the U.S. Supreme Court held that detainees in Guantanamo could challenge their detention in U.S. federal courts, a petition known as ________________.

A)habeas corpus
B)a FISA petition
C)due process
D)rendition

Question 5

The deliberate, negligent, or reckless use of force against noncombatants, by state or non-state actors for ideological ends and in the absence of a substantively just legal process is called:

A)war.
B)civil unrest.
C)terrorism.
D)self-defense.

Question 6

"National security letters" are letters issued by the ____________ to access private information without a warrant.

A)CIA
B)FBI
C)NCIS
D)NSA

Question 7

According to the text, which of the following is not true about information obtained through torture ?

A)Information obtained via torture is not admissible in criminal proceedings.
B)Torture victims are likely to offer additional information in an attempt to win favor from their interrogators.
C)Department of Justice lawyers provided Guantanamo interrogators with a legal opinion allowing them to use "enhanced interrogation."
D)Torture victims are more likely to lie in order to stop the torture.

Question 8

The "just war" arguments are primarily based on:

A)ethical formalism.
B)natural law.
C)ethics of virtue.
D)ethics of necessity.

Question 9

A central theme of the text is the importance of  ________________  leadership.

A)educated
B)decisive
C)popularly-supported
D)ethical

Question 10

"Waterboarding" is also known as:

A)"water interrogation."
B)the "water cure."
C)the "aquatic interrogation."
D)"aquatic policing."

Question 11

In ________________  the U.S. Supreme Court held that the government may not indefinitely detain even illegal immigrants without some due process.

A)Hamdi v. Rumsfeld
B)Rasul v. Bush
C)Clark v. Martinez
D)Hamdan v. Rumsfeld

Question 12

The concept of a "torture warrant" is most closely associated with the work of:

A)Jethro Eisenstein.
B)George McCready.
C)Alan Dershowitz.
D)Hugo Grotius.

Question 13

Bagram prison is in:

A)Iraq.
B)Afghanistan.
C)Iran.
D)Cuba.

Question 14

Soldiers and law enforcement officers face similar ethical challenges in that both the military and police place great emphasis on ________________ and loyalty.

A)seniority
B)formal ethical training
C)chain of command
D)social service

Question 15

The principle of double effect :

A)justifies a means that results in an unintended negative end.
B)justifies a harmful act if it benefits the greater community.
C)justifies doubling one's efforts if the first attempt did not produce the desired outcome.
D)justifies any means that results in a good end. ​

Question 16

The case that dealt with a U.S. citizen held without due process protections as an enemy combatant was:

A)Clark v. Martinez .
B)Hamdi v. Rumsfeld .
C)Hamdan v. Rumsfeld .
D)Moussaki v. Bush .

Question 17

Renditions are:

A)interrogations.
B)court hearings.
C)k idnappings.
D)treaty agreements.

Question 18

The "doctrine of necessity" argues that: 

A)there must be secrecy concerning interrogation tactics so they can be more effective.
B)war, while regrettable, is sometimes necessary.
C)police power must arise from the consent of the people.
D)all accused offenders must be given legal representation.

Question 19

________________ i s the ethical justification for all the counter-terrorism measures discussed in the text.

A)Retribution
B)Utilitarianism ​
C)Distributive justice
D)Libertarianism

Question 20

Which of the following statements about the Patriot Act is false?

A)When first enacted, the Patriot Act required all individuals on visas report to immigration offices.
B)When first enacted, the Patriot Act included provisions that allowed federal agents to "sneak and peek."
C)When first enacted, the Patriot Act included provisions that allowed federal agents to utilize national security letters to circumvent warrant requirements.
D)The Patriot Act has remained unchanged since it was first passed.

Question 21

A basic premise of rights-based law enforcement is that:

A)the end justify the means.
B)the rights of the state supersede all other rights.
C)some acts are never justified.
D)compared to the government, the individual has no rights.

Question 22

You are a colonel in the U.S. Army, responsible for running an Afghanistan prison that houses captured Taliban and al-Qaeda soldiers.
Under the doctrine of "command responsibility,":

A)you are responsible for making decisions that meet strict ethical standards.
B)you are responsible for training the soldiers under your command in the subject of ethics.
C)you are responsible for war crimes committed by your soldiers.
D)you are required to receive written approval from your superiors before engaging the enemy.

Question 23

The rights-based approach would be consistent with recognizing human rights, and the crime control approach would be consistent with:

A)utilitarianism.
B)widespread government surveillance. ​
C)reduction of civil liberties.
D)all of these are correct.

Question 24

You are the police chief in a large American city. Prior to 9/11, your city's crime rates had been declining steadily, due in part to a commitment to community-oriented policing.
In order to gather intelligence, you consider utilizing so-called mosque crawlers, which are:

A)remote-controlled surveillance devices.
B)computer programs that automatically search web sites for certain keywords.
C)agents who infiltrate mosques and Muslim neighborhoods to gather intelligence.
D)pamphlets distributed in Muslim neighborhoods offering rewards for tips.

Question 25

In 2003, President Bush determined that it was vital to the national security of the United States to invade Iraq and force the removal of Saddam Hussein's government. In addition to the brutality Hussein inflicted on his people, including the use of chemical weapons, the Bush Administration believed Hussein was in possession of weapons of mass destruction. Colin Powell appeared before the United Nations to show aerial photographs that were interpreted as proof that Iraq was pursuing a nuclear weapon. Hussein's refusal to cooperate with international inspectors lent credence to this belief. Further, the President accused Hussein of cooperating with al- Qaeda.
The pursuit of Saddam Hussein caused many civilian casualties among the Iraqi people. The civilian casualties were not intended; in fact, great care was taken to keep the civilian casualties to a minimum. According to the ________________ , then, the act of toppling Hussein was considered a good act.

A)categorical imperative
B)Dirty Harry dilemma
C)natural law
D)principle of double effect

Question 26

The major problem with the utilitarian approach to law enforcement is that:

A)we can't know what the ultimate outcome of our actions will be.
B)it is more expensive than other approaches.
C)some people refuse to be helped. ​
D)there is disagreement on how best to train officers on the approach.

Question 27

The Protect America Act was passed in 2007, allowing the government:

A)to interrogate , without counsel present, anyone suspected of being linked to a terrorist group.
B)to wiretap, without a warrant, anyone suspected of being linked to a terrorist group.
C)to detain indefinitely anyone suspected of being linked to a terrorist group.
D)to arrest anyone suspected of being linked to a terrorist group.

Question 28

Which of the following approaches to policing is considered utilitarian?

A)crime control approach
B)rights-based approach
C)public service approach
D)deontological service

Question 29

Babak Pasdar was a whistleblower who discovered and revealed what is commonly known as the:

A)"Quantico Circuit."
B)"Abu Ghraib" scandal.
C)"1-800-FBI."
D)Pasdar was not a whistleblower.

Question 30

A secret court that consisted of seven federal district court judges appointed by the Supreme Court's Chief  Justice was created by the passing of the ________________ Act in 1978.

A)Patriot
B)Protect America
C)Foreign Intelligence Surveillance
D)National Security

Question 31

The values and ethics associated with the  ________________  approach focus on human rights and the fundamental duty of all public servants to protect those rights.

A)crime control
B)rights-based
C)due process model
D)public control

Question 32

In 2003, President Bush determined that it was vital to the national security of the United States to invade Iraq and force the removal of Saddam Hussein's government. In addition to the brutality Hussein inflicted on his people, including the use of chemical weapons, the Bush Administration believed Hussein was in possession of weapons of mass destruction. Colin Powell appeared before the United Nations to show aerial photographs that were interpreted as proof that Iraq was pursuing a nuclear weapon. Hussein's refusal to cooperate with international inspectors lent credence to this belief. Further, the President accused Hussein of cooperating with al- Qaeda.
Prior to beginning the invasion, the Bush Administration presented justification to the United Nations, and also attempted to resolve the nuclear weapon issue by working with the International Atomic Energy Agency. The United Nations issued numerous sanctions against Iraq. Seeking approval and cooperation from these international bodies before beginning the invasion is consistent with:

A)positivist law.
B)natural law.
C)the principle of double effect.
D)the "front page" test.

Question 33

In which of the following whistle-blowing incidents was General Taguba involved?

A)the "Quantico Circuit"
B)"Abu Ghraib"
C)the exposure of secret prisons in the Pentagon
D)Taguba was not involved in any of these events

Question 34

Which of the following statements about human rights-based policing is false?

A)Human rights-based policing standards are monitored by the United Nations.
B)Proponents of human rights-based policing fear police oppression of the powerless.
C)Human rights-based policing recognizes that some acts are never justified.
D)Human r ights-based policing is not utilitarian.

Question 35

You are the police chief in a large American city. Prior to 9/11, your city's crime rates had been declining steadily, due in part to a commitment to community-oriented policing.
Your department discovered a local resident meeting with a suspected intelligence officer from a foreign nation operating in your city. Your department is planning a joint operation with the FBI to investigate, and it is decided that a wiretap would be appropriate. Because the resident is a U.S. citizen, the wiretap must be approved by:

A)the Supreme Court.
B)the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court.
C)the Federal Circuit Court with jurisdiction over your city.
D)no court approval is needed, as long as the FBI is officially part of the investigation.

Question 36

You are a colonel in the U.S. Army, responsible for running an Afghanistan prison that houses captured Taliban and al-Qaeda soldiers.
If you approve the use of interrogation techniques that America has found objectionable when used against U.S. soldiers, your decision fails the ________________  test.

A)universalism
B)double-effect
C)natural law
D)positivist law

Question 37

You are the police chief in a large American city. Prior to 9/11, your city's crime rates had been declining steadily, due in part to a commitment to community-oriented policing.
All of the following changes likely took place in your city and department in the years following 9/11 except:

A)a reduction of civil liberties.
B)a merging of immigration control and traditional law enforcement.
C)federal funding for community-policing projects doubled or tripled.
D)patrol officers received training regarding the prevention of and response to terrorist incidents.

Question 38

You are a colonel in the U.S. Army, responsible for running an Afghanistan prison that houses captured Taliban and al-Qaeda soldiers.
A newly captured soldier is found to be in possession of documents that indicate an imminent operation targeting American soldiers. Traditional interrogation of the soldier has not yielded any results, and you are concerned that lives will be lost if the captive soldier cannot be made to reveal what he knows about the imminent  attack. Believing that time is running out, you consider authorizing the use of brutality in order to hopefully extract the information before lives are lost. Your dilemma is known as:

A)the principle of double effect.
B)the Dirty Harry problem.
C)"just means."
D)  the Jack Bauer solution.

Question 39

In 2003, President Bush determined that it was vital to the national security of the United States to invade Iraq and force the removal of Saddam Hussein's government. In addition to the brutality Hussein inflicted on his people, including the use of chemical weapons, the Bush Administration believed Hussein was in possession of weapons of mass destruction. Colin Powell appeared before the United Nations to show aerial photographs that were interpreted as proof that Iraq was pursuing a nuclear weapon. Hussein's refusal to cooperate with international inspectors lent credence to this belief. Further, the President accused Hussein of cooperating with al- Qaeda.
According to "just war" theorists, the belief that a nation is justified in going to war when they have suffered unjust injuries (such as 9/11)and to protect the state (such as against a nuclear weapon)is rooted in:

A)positivist law.
B)natural law.
C)the principle of double effect.
D)the "front page" test.

Question 40

In 2003, President Bush determined that it was vital to the national security of the United States to invade Iraq and force the removal of Saddam Hussein's government. In addition to the brutality Hussein inflicted on his people, including the use of chemical weapons, the Bush Administration believed Hussein was in possession of weapons of mass destruction. Colin Powell appeared before the United Nations to show aerial photographs that were interpreted as proof that Iraq was pursuing a nuclear weapon. Hussein's refusal to cooperate with international inspectors lent credence to this belief. Further, the President accused Hussein of cooperating with al- Qaeda.
Which of the following conditions is not required to justify war, according to Bellamy?

A)The violations must be knowable to all.
B)The violations must be widespread and systematic.
C)Approval to move forward must be unanimous among other nations.
D)The force used must save more lives than it injures.

Question 41

In Boumediene v. Bush , the Supreme Court ruled that the military commissions established by Congress were not sufficient to ensure due process.

Question 42

The major problem in the utilitarian ethical system is that at the time we make the decision, we are unable to know what the outcome of our actions will be.

Question 43

European law enforcement seems to be more committed to a rights-based policing model even though they have been dealing with terrorism longer than the United States.

Question 44

According to the text, utilitarianism is the most pervasive ethical system used in the war on terror.

Question 45

The FISA court was in response to government operations that spied on citizens in the 1970s.

Question 46

"Means-end thinking" is the idea that what would usually be wrong can sometimes be justified to achieve a good  end.

Question 47

If one undertakes an action that is a good but that also results in a negative end, as long as the negative end was not the intent of the actor, then the good action and good end can be considered a good. This is called the _______________________ .

Question 48

Each of the criminal justice subsystems examined in this book have in common the presence of authority, power, ________________  , and force.

Question 49

Under rights-based law enforcement, any act might be justified, depending on the situation.

Question 50

The concept of  ____________________  says an officer is responsible for war crimes committed by his subordinates.

Question 51

The principle of double effect would justify a bombing that resulted in the death of civilians if the target was a legitimate military target.

Question 52

Renditions are always done with the host country's knowledge.

Question 53

According to the text, ultimately ethics is about facing a(n)_______________  and making a decision.

Question 54

The "front page test" suggests that some ethical systems rank higher than others, depending on the situation, and one should follow whichever is on the "front page" at that time.

Question 55

The CIA agent who was fired after exposing the existence of secret prisons was Coleen Rowley.

Question 56

The name of the Iraqi prison that was the site of pictures taken of extreme torture-tactics by Americans against Iraqi citizens was ________________ .

Question 57

Military interrogators were trained with materials derived from descriptions of techniques used by the Chinese against American soldiers in the Korean War.

Question 58

In Clark v. Martinez , the Supreme Court held that the United States could not indefinitely hold illegal aliens without some form of due process.

Question 59

The Supreme Court based its rulings on the rationale that Guantanamo is considered to be a legal territory of the United States and therefore is subject to U.S. law.

Question 60

The just war debate is concerned with the inevitability of war.

Question 61

Explain how the nation's response to 9/11 has impacted local law enforcement.

Question 62

The "secret" courts called the _____________________  evaluated government agents' requests to search or conduct wiretaps of those suspected of being involved in threats to national security.

Question 63

Individuals, usually employees, who expose corruption or illegal behavior within a government or organization are known as                                                 .

Question 64

The term                    is used to describe a utilitarian principle that justifies a bad action if it produces a good result.

Question 65

The ____________________  was passed in response to 9/11, and created greater investigative powers for law enforcement and government agencies.

Question 66

The policing approach called the ____________________ model recognizes the police as servants of the public good and states that although crime control is important, protection of civil liberties should be the fundamental mission.

Question 67

Briefly describe how utilitarianism can be used to both support and reject the use of torture in interrogations.

Question 68

Briefly explain why utilitarianism can be considered the most pervasive ethical system used in the war on terror.

Question 69

Compare and contrast the crime control approach and the rights-based approach of law enforcement. Explain which is more effective.

Question 70

When faced with a dilemma, one should consider the applicable law or policy, then consider the ____________________ .

Question 71

What is the argument in support of torture? What is the argument against it? Be sure to refer to the applicable ethical systems.

Question 72

Review the steps involved in ethical decision-making, and show how these steps may differ depending on one's ethical system.

Question 73

Discuss the two justifications for a "just war."

Question 74

Government agents could demand citizens relinquish information not supported by subpoena or warrant by the use of ________________________ in an effort to investigate threats of national security.

Question 75

Discuss the various ways in which the federal government has responded to terrorism.

Question 76

In Riley v. California , the Supreme Court unanimously decided that police must obtain a warrant in order to search an arrestee ' s                     .

Question 77

Explain why "means-end" thinking can lead to criminal or corrupt acts.

Question 78

A(n)____________________  is a facility that gathers and analyzes intelligence collected by law enforcement agencies.

Question 79

Explain the impacts of the cases known as Hamdi v. Rumsfeld , Rasul v. Bush , and Clark v. Martinez .

Question 80

In the case of ________________________ , the Supreme Court held that U.S. citizens could not be held indefinitely without charges even if they were labeled enemy combatants.