Deck 7: Attitudes, Beliefs, and Consistency

Question 1

Iris is a vegetarian, but she was forced (at gunpoint)to eat a steak last night. Research suggests that even under these highly unusual circumstances, she will still feel dissonance and try to rationalize her steak-eating to reduce this dissonance.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Jerome thinks that it is going to be crowded at the gym today. This is an example of a(n)____.

A)dual attitude
B)belief
C)implicit attitude
D)attitude

Answer 2

belief

Question 3

____ are pieces of information, facts, or opinions; ____ are broad evaluations toward some object or issue.

A)Attitudes; associations
B)Associations; beliefs
C)Attitudes; beliefs
D)Beliefs; attitudes

Answer 3

Beliefs; attitudes

Question 4

Research suggests that learning via classical conditioning is unique to humans (and that other animals cannot learn this way).

Question 5

Consumer surveys (e.g., questionnaires that ask people what products they like and use)are primarily used to measure people's implicit attitudes.

Question 6

Religious beliefs have no psychological benefit.

Question 7

The mere exposure effect occurs for stimuli that are presented at a conscious level, but it does not occur for stimuli that are presented at a nonconscious (subliminal)level.

Question 8

As discussed in the text, ____ serve interpersonal functions.

A)attitudes but not beliefs
B)beliefs but not attitudes
C)both attitudes and beliefs
D)neither attitudes nor beliefs

Question 9

As defined in the text, dual attitudes consist of ____.

A)automatic attitudes and deliberate attitudes
B)conditioned attitudes and unconditioned attitudes
C)cognitions and emotions
D)beliefs and opinions

Question 10

Research in social cognition has more or less suggested that evaluation is part of perception.

Question 11

Another term for "social learning" is "instrumental learning."

Question 12

Jeanne believes that her son is a genius. He takes multiple difference IQ tests and scores below average. He performs poorly in school and shows little creativity at home. He does not excel at anything he does. Yet Jeanne continues to belief in his superior intellect. Jeanne is illustrating belief perseverance.

Question 13

Inconsistency bothers certain animals, such as primates, dogs, and birds, as much as it bothers people.

Question 14

The so-called "A-B problem" refers to the fact that people's stated attitudes are often inconsistent with their behaviors.

Question 15

"The world is perfect" is one of the assumptive worlds identified by Janoff-Bulman (1992).

Question 16

Martin's wife died suddenly in a traumatic accident. He believes it was a senseless death with no point. Jack's wife died in a similar manner. Jack believes his wife's death has provided an opportunity for the family to develop a foundation serving others with her life insurance benefits. Jack and Martin will probably cope equally well with their tragic circumstances.

Question 17

Research indicates that men show less attitude-behavior consistency than women when it comes to sexuality.

Question 18

Research indicates that students who enter college knowing their likes and dislikes on academically relevant issues tend to experience better physical and mental health in the college setting than do other students.

Question 19

Attitude accessibility refers to how easily an attitude comes to mind.

Question 20

In distinguishing between beliefs and attitudes, it is useful to recognize that beliefs help people ____ while attitudes help people ____.

A)explain things; make choices
B)make choices; explain things
C)rationalize occurrences; explain things
D)explain things; rationalize occurrences

Question 21

Research suggests that the abstract categories "good" and "bad" are ____.

A)not acknowledged by children until they reach ages 9-10
B)not acknowledged by children until they reach ages 5-6
C)understood by children as early as age 2 1/2, if not earlier
D)understood even at birth, and certainly by 3 months after birth

Question 22

Which of the following statements is MOST accurate regarding how people form evaluations of other people and of other stimuli?

A)People form unconscious, automatic evaluations of other people within the first few microseconds of meeting them; but they do not do this for other stimuli (e.g., nonsense words).
B)People form unconscious, automatic evaluations of most stimuli (e.g., nonsense words)within the first few microseconds of experiencing them; but they do not do this when meeting new people.
C)People form unconscious, automatic evaluations of all types of stimuli (e.g., other people, animals, shoes)if they have encountered similar stimuli in the past; but they do not do this when stimuli are highly unfamiliar or unclassifiable.
D)People form unconscious, automatic evaluations of all types of stimuli, regardless of their familiarity with those stimuli.

Question 23

Deliberate attitudes can be defined as ____ evaluative responses.

A)controlled, conscious
B)controlled, unconscious
C)automatic, conscious
D)automatic, unconscious

Question 24

Suppose that you show your uncle an abstract painting that you have made, and ask for his immediate, unedited reaction. Your uncle says he has no opinion about it. "I am not familiar with abstract art," he tells you, "therefore I don't know how to evaluate it; and I have no intuitive feeling about it." Could this be possible?

A)No. Research suggests that he will have made an automatic evaluation of your painting even though he is unfamiliar with abstract art. (He may be out of touch with this automatic evaluation, however.)
B)Yes. Research suggests that people only make automatic evaluations when they are highly familiar with the stimulus category; your uncle will probably need more time to make a conscious opinion.
C)Yes. Research suggests that people only make automatic evaluations of other people-not of stimuli such as paintings. Your uncle will probably need more time to form a conscious opinion of your painting.
D)It is impossible to say; some people form automatic evaluations about everything (and if your uncle is one of these people, then he is lying when he says he has no opinion), but other people form automatic evaluations only sometimes.

Question 25

In general, beliefs are used for ____.

A)choosing
B)explaining
C)identifying
D)motivating

Question 26

Social media research has found that about ____ of job applicants are rejected because of what a prospective employer found on their Facebook page.

A)15%
B)25%
C)35%
D)45%

Question 27

Which of the following is the best example of a positive deliberate attitude toward snakes?

A)John doesn't get tense when he sees snakes.
B)John would probably watch a TV about snakes.
C)John says that he adores snakes.
D)John is reading a book right now about snakes and other reptiles.

Question 28

Social psychologist John Bargh has stated that "we have yet to find something the mind regards with complete impartiality, without at least a mild judgment of liking or disliking." He was referring to ____.

A)the fact that people tend to automatically categorize others as "in-group" members or "outgroup" members
B)the mere exposure effect
C)the fact that people make unconscious, immediate evaluations of virtually everything they encounter
D)belief perseverance

Question 29

Research on racism has indicated that ____.

A)people who sincerely espouse racial equality may have negative automatic attitudes towards individuals of different races
B)at least where racism is concerned, people's automatic and deliberate attitudes are consistent with each other
C)individuals who espouse racist beliefs often have non-racist automatic attitudes
D)it is virtually impossible to determine deliberate attitudes based on automatic attitudes

Question 30

In general, attitudes are used for ____.

A)choosing
B)identifying
C)motivating
D)explaining

Question 31

Research on the spread of attitudes on Facebook indicates that a(n)____ fits the pattern.

A)flood
B)contagious disease
C)fundamentally random
D)landslide

Question 32

As discussed in the textbook, people's deliberate attitudes are not always consistent with their automatic attitudes. This can occur as a result of ____.

A)self-presentation
B)lack of awareness
C)both self-presentation and lack of awareness
D)neither self-presentation nor lack of awareness

Question 33

Research indicates that Facebook users tend to be ____ than nonusers.

A)more narcissistic
B)more conscientious
C)less extraverted
D)more socially lonely

Question 34

When one Facebook user reads an article and likes it, ____.

A)the odds of others liking it are only modestly increased, by about 8%
B)someone else who reads it is 32% more likely to also "like" it
C)the odds of others liking it are increased, but only when there are relatively few likes, generally less than 15,000
D)it can paradoxically decrease the likelihood that others will like it, because they do not want to be just one of the masses

Question 35

Which statement best explains why humans have attitudes?

A)Attitudes are an evolutionary artifact that were useful a long time ago.
B)Attitudes increase the complexity in making decisions.
C)Attitudes make it harder for people to adapt and adjust to new situations.
D)Attitudes aid humans in making decisions and choices.

Question 36

Automatic attitudes can be defined as ____ evaluative responses.

A)controlled, conscious
B)controlled, unconscious
C)slow, conscious
D)fast, unconscious

Question 37

People often have inconsistent automatic and deliberate attitudes but do not realize it. How is this possible?

A)People are consciously aware only of their deliberate attitudes.
B)People are consciously aware only of their automatic attitudes.
C)People are consciously aware of both their deliberate attitudes and their automatic attitudes, but use them at different times.
D)People are consciously aware of neither their deliberate attitudes nor their automatic attitudes.

Question 38

Zelda says that she likes dogs and that she is not afraid of them. But she gets visibly tense whenever a dog approaches, and refuses to visit any of her dog-owning friends at their homes. It appears that even though she says she likes dogs, Zelda has a negative ____ attitude toward them.

A)deliberate
B)automatic
C)conditioned
D)unconditioned

Question 39

Which statement best describes the influence of attitudes?

A)Attitudes impede decision-making processes.
B)Attitudes make it more difficult to adjust to new situations.
C)Attitudes require more than a "gut-level" response.
D)Attitudes help us adapt.

Question 40

Research has shown children can identify good and bad categories, and especially the "bad", very early in life. This highlights which psychological principle?

A)Good and bad are innate categories.
B)Good and bad are arbitrary categories.
C)Bad is stronger than good.
D)Good is stronger than good.

Question 41

Dr. Cross conducts a study in which she repeatedly exposes Lucy to a neutral object (a small painting). The study is neither enjoyable nor painful for Lucy. Assuming that Lucy had a neutral attitude toward the painting at the beginning of the study, how should we expect her to feel about the painting by the end of the study?

A)She will probably hate it.
B)She will probably dislike it a little.
C)She will probably like it a little.
D)There will probably be no change in her attitude at all.

Question 42

In 1968, social psychologist Robert Zajonc proposed that "____ of the individual to a stimulus is a sufficient condition for the enhancement of his attitude toward it."

A)mere repeated exposure
B)affective forecasting
C)excitation transfer
D)attitude polarization

Question 43

Suppose that Dylan has a new girlfriend whom he really likes. He programs his cell phone so that every time his new girlfriend calls, his phone plays the new Justin Timberlake single. After he has had his phone programmed this way for a little while, he notices that he feels happy whenever he hears the Justin Timberlake song. This most clearly illustrates ____.

A)classical conditioning
B)operant conditioning
C)the mere exposure effect
D)social learning

Question 44

Suppose that Dylan has a new girlfriend whom he really likes. He programs his cell phone so that every time his new girlfriend calls, his phone plays the new Justin Timberlake single. After he has had his phone programmed this way for a little while, he notices that he feels happy whenever he hears the Justin Timberlake song. What is the best term for the role of the Justin Timberlake song?

A)cognitive inference
B)behavioral reward
C)generalization
D)conditioned stimulus

Question 45

According to the text, what might best explain the development of prejudice against social groups that are frequently associated with negative information in the media, such as Muslims being associated with terrorism?

A)operant conditioning
B)classical conditioning
C)vicarious learning
D)observational learning

Question 46

In a classic study, the word Dutch was systematically paired with positive words (e.g., vacation, gift ), whereas the word Swedish was paired with negative words (e.g., bitter, failure ). When tested afterward, participants ____.

A)tended to maintain their rating of the words Dutch and Swedish the same as before the test
B)rated the word Dutch more positively than the word Swedish
C)associated the word Dutch with the positive words but did not associate the word Swedish with the negative words
D)associated the word Swedish with the negative words but did not associate the word Dutch with the positive words

Question 47

Classical conditioning can be thought of as a type of ____.

A)associative learning
B)imitation
C)instrumental learning
D)vicarious learning

Question 48

Research on embodied attitudes suggests that ____.

A)randomly assigned body movements can shape attitudes toward what we hear
B)attitudes are embodied in beliefs and emotions
C)body movement is unrelated to attitudes
D)leaning forward promotes negative attitudes

Question 49

Research suggests that the mere exposure effect ____.

A)is unique to humans (does not occur among other animals)
B)occurs via the conscious system only
C)is unique to humans (does not occur among other animals)AND occurs via the conscious system only
D)is NOT unique to humans and does NOT occur via the conscious system

Question 50

Research suggests that the idea that "familiarity breeds liking" ____.

A)is generally true
B)is generally false
C)is generally true, unless people initially have a very favorable attitude
D)is generally false, unless people initially have an unfavorable attitude

Question 51

In Aldous Huxley's book Brave New World , infants develop a fear of books after books are repeatedly presented with a scary loud noise. In this fictional example, the loud noise is a(n)____.

A)conditioned stimulus
B)conditioned response
C)unconditioned stimulus
D)unconditioned response

Question 52

The mere exposure effect refers to the tendency for people to ____.

A)come to like something simply because other people like it
B)come to like something simply because they see or encounter it repeatedly
C)come to think that something is common, or prevalent, simply because they like it
D)come to think that something is common, or prevalent, simply because they see or encounter it repeatedly

Question 53

Early research on classical conditioning was performed with dogs. In certain variations of this research, experimenters repeatedly presented dogs with meat powder just after ringing a bell. The dogs (who would naturally salivate after being exposed to meat powder)learned to associate the bell with the meat powder, and began to salivate as soon as they heard the bell. In this research, the bell served as a(n)____.

A)unconditioned stimulus that became a conditioned stimulus
B)conditioned stimulus that became an unconditioned stimulus
C)neutral stimulus that became a conditioned stimulus
D)unconditioned stimulus that became a neutral stimulus

Question 54

According to the text, possessing an attitude about something increases ____ of decision-making.

A)the speed and the quality
B)the speed but not the quality
C)the quality but not the speed
D)neither the speed nor the quality

Question 55

Research suggests that the idea that "familiarity breeds contempt" ____.

A)is almost always true, regardless of the circumstances
B)is almost always false, regardless of the circumstances
C)is almost always true, unless people initially have a very favorable attitude
D)is almost always false, unless people initially have an unfavorable attitude

Question 56

Which scientist proposed the notion of embodied attitudes?

A)Charles Darwin
B)Leon Festinger
C)Robert Zajonc
D)Ivan Pavlov

Question 57

Early research on classical conditioning was performed with dogs. In certain variations of this research, experimenters repeatedly presented dogs with meat powder just after ringing a bell. The dogs (who would naturally salivate after being exposed to meat powder)learned to associate the bell with the meat powder, and began to salivate as soon as they heard the bell. In this research, the dogs' salivation was ____.

A)a conditioned response
B)an unconditioned response
C)a neutral stimulus
D)both an unconditioned response and a conditioned response

Question 58

Suppose that Sam disliked reggaeton the very first time he heard it. How should we expect his attitude to change (if at all)if he hears it several more times?

A)He will begin to dislike reggaeton less and less.
B)He will begin to dislike reggaeton more and more.
C)It is impossible to say; first impressions are fundamentally different from (and not always similar to)later attitudes.
D)His attitude is likely to stay exactly the same across repeated exposure.

Question 59

Which of the following is the best example of the mere exposure effect?

A)Eduardo starts to think that a new band is cool simply because other people around him think it is cool.
B)Keisha starts to like a girl at school simply because she has seen her, semester after semester, in so many of her classes.
C)Michael loves hip hop music. As a result, he tends to overestimate how much other people like to hip hop.
D)Frances works in a hospital, and encounters doctors and nurses all day long. As a result, she tends to overestimate how many people work in the medical industry; to her, it seems as if almost everyone does!

Question 60

In the process of classical conditioning, a(n)____.

A)neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus
B)unconditioned stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus
C)unconditioned response becomes a conditioned response
D)conditioned stimulus becomes an unconditioned stimulus

Question 61

In a study conducted in Mauritius, young men participated in a painful religious ritual, watched other young men participate in the ritual, or sang and prayed. The young men who ____ donated the least amount to the temple.

A)performed the painful ritual
B)watched others perform the painful ritual
C)sang and prayed as their part in the ritual
D)performed the painful ritual or watched others perform it

Question 62

According to the principles of ____ people are relatively likely to repeat behaviors that have been rewarded and relatively unlikely to repeat behaviors that have been punished.

A)classical conditioning
B)operant conditioning
C)vicarious learning
D)effort justification

Question 63

If the idea of effort justification is to be believed, the best way to get people to commit to a particular group is to ____.

A)make it somewhat difficult to join the group
B)let everyone join, since only the dedicated will stay
C)provide special benefits to those who join
D)make it clear that joining carries responsibilities

Question 64

One of the reasons university officials have so much difficulty in eliminating hazing rituals is that ____.

A)group members believe they increase the strength of ties to the group
B)the secrecy surrounding the rituals makes them difficult to eliminate
C)group members believe they are entitled to set their own rules
D)the rituals are really not that dangerous or humiliating anymore

Question 65

Attitude polarization refers to the finding that ____.

A)when people reflect on a given attitude, their position on that attitude tends to become more extreme
B)when people reflect on a given attitude, they tend to become more open-minded with respect to that attitude
C)people are more likely to spend time reflecting on issues that they have extreme views about than issues that they have moderate views about
D)people are more likely to spend time reflecting on issues that they have moderate views about than issues that they have extreme views about

Question 66

Research suggests that the more people think about their attitudes, the stronger their attitudes tend to become. For example, the more a Lakers fan thinks about how much she likes the Lakers, the more of a die-hard fan she is likely to become. This effect is called ____.

A)attitude polarization
B)the sentiment effect
C)the mere exposure effect
D)belief perseverance

Question 67

Beth and Jean are talking about welfare reform in America. Beth is very passionate about the issue, and makes strong statements about her views. Jean later e-mails Beth an article which contains some information that is consistent with Beth's views, as well as some information that is inconsistent with Beth's views. Beth chooses to believe the consistent information but discounts the inconsistent information. As a matter of fact, after reading the article and thinking about the data it contained-even though these data were mixed-Beth actually feels even more passionate and more strongly about her position. This is an example of ____.

A)anchoring and adjustment
B)informational influence
C)attitude polarization
D)cognitive coping

Question 68

Paul is trying to train his puppy, Cupcake. He yells "Bad dog!" whenever Cupcake fails to do what he wants. Paul seems to be using ____.

A)operant conditioning
B)classical conditioning
C)social learning
D)attitude polarization

Question 69

In a study conducted in Mauritius, young men who participated in the Kavadi, a painful religious ritual requiring piercing the skin with needles, dragging a cart attached by hooks to the skin, and climbing a mountain barefoot, ____.

A)reduced identification with the larger social group
B)increased prosocial behavior
C)increased bias against the outgroup
D)decreased donations to the temple

Question 70

Research has demonstrated that people are more likely to imitate behaviors if they have seen others rewarded for performing those behaviors, and less likely to imitate behaviors if they have seen others punished for performing those behaviors. This type of learning is known as ____.

A)instrumental learning
B)social learning
C)classical conditioning
D)operant conditioning

Question 71

According to research studies, people who hold strong attitudes toward an issue are least likely to do which of the following?

A)Show attitude polarization if they think about the issue.
B)Evaluate relevant information in a biased manner.
C)Seek out relevant information from outgroup members.
D)Seek out information that supports their initial view.

Question 72

Hazing rituals make use of the idea of ____.

A)effort justification
B)cognitive coping
C)social learning
D)dual attitudes

Question 73

Social learning is also sometimes referred to as observational learning or ____.

A)instrumental learning
B)justified learning
C)vicarious conditioning
D)conditional learning

Question 74

Which of the following is the best example of social learning?

A)You notice that many of your classmates are comfortable speaking with professors after class. Even though you are usually shy, you therefore decide that you will try to speak with professors after class too.
B)Every time you wear the poncho you purchased in Mexico, you think fondly about the time that you spent there.
C)You ask for an extension on a paper that is due for class, your teacher says yes, and you still end up with a really good grade. This leads you to ask other teachers for extensions as well.
D)After going to the same dentist for many years, you develop a fondness for your dentist and for the other people who work in her office.

Question 75

Kevin has just moved to a new neighborhood. In his old neighborhood, everyone wore Vans and board shorts, but he notices that the kids on his new block are wearing Nikes and basketball shorts. He also notices that they tease people who are not dressed this way. Kevin immediately asks his mom to take him to the store to buy new clothes. What has taken place here?

A)attitude polarization
B)the mere exposure effect
C)observational learning
D)operant conditioning

Question 76

Henry's mother always praises him when he practices the piano and denies him dessert when he doesn't. Henry's mother is apparently employing techniques based on ____ in order to encourage her son to practice more.

A)operant conditioning
B)classical conditioning
C)social learning
D)attitude polarization

Question 77

One technique that advertisers often use to influence consumers is celebrity endorsement. The logic works like this: If people like Catherine Zeta-Jones and repeatedly see T-Mobile products together with Catherine Zeta-Jones, then people will learn to associate T-Mobile with her and will in turn like T-Mobile more. That is, celebrity endorsement is expected to lead to ____.

A)operant conditioning
B)classical conditioning
C)vicarious learning
D)observational learning

Question 78

Operant conditioning is also sometimes referred to as ____.

A)instrumental learning
B)effort justification
C)vicarious learning
D)learning by example

Question 79

Which of the following is the best example of operant conditioning?

A)You notice that many of your classmates are comfortable speaking with professors after class. Even though you are usually shy, you therefore decide that you will try to speak with professors after class too.
B)Every time you wear the poncho you purchased in Mexico, you think fondly about the time that you spent there.
C)You ask for an extension on a paper that is due for class, your teacher says yes, and you still end up with a really good grade. This leads you to ask other teachers for extensions as well.
D)After going to the same dentist for many years, you develop a fondness for your dentist and for the other people who work in her office.

Question 80

In a study conducted in Mauritius, young men participated in a painful religious ritual, watched other young men participate in the ritual, or sang and prayed. The young men who ____ identified more with the larger social group as a result of their participation.

A)performed the painful ritual but did not watch it
B)watched others perform the painful ritual but did not perform it
C)sang and prayed as their part in the ritual
D)performed or watched others perform the painful ritual