Deck 2: Brain and Behavior

Question 1

The central and peripheral are the two main divisions of the __________ system.

A) nervous
B) endocrine
C) cardiovascular
D) limbic

Answer 1

nervous

Question 2

The soma is the part of the nerve cell that

A) transmits information to the next neuron.
B) collects and combines incoming information.
C) carries nerve impulses over large distances.
D) forms branching connections at the end of each axon.

Answer 2

collects and combines incoming information.

Question 3

When the sympathetic branch is activated,

A) the pupils of one's eyes constrict.
B) one's digestion is stimulated.
C) there is a release of sugar from the liver.
D) one's blood vessels constrict.

Answer 3

there is a release of sugar from the liver.

Question 4

Floyd suffered from a neurological condition that resulted from repeated concussions he received during his career as a professional football player. He experienced memory loss, troubles spelling words, depression, and moodiness. The name for this condition in boxing is punch-drunk. What is the medical term for this condition?

A) somatic deterioration
B) chronic traumatic encephalopathy
C) parasympathetic trauma
D) sympathetic nervous aneurysm

Question 5

During a negative after-potential, there is an outward flow of which of the following from the axon?

A) negative charges
B) potassium ions
C) neurotransmitters
D) sodium ions

Question 6

Regarding ions, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Ions are found only on the outside of the neuron until it is activated.
B) Ions have a neutral charge, neither positive nor negative, until they are activated.
C) When a neuron is inactive (or resting), more "plus" charges exist outside the neuron and more "minus" charges exist inside.
D) Ions can be found only inside the neuron, which creates in your brain an electronic charge of about -10 millivolts.

Question 7

Viewed under a microscope, the nervous system is a large network of about 100 billion interlinked nerve cells, or

A) neurilemmas.
B) neuropeptides.
C) neurotransmitters.
D) neurons.

Question 8

Having an excess of norepinephrine can lead to

A) anxiety.
B) neuron death.
C) the development of Parkinson's disease.
D) the development of schizophrenia.

Question 9

Almost instantly, victims who have a stroke realize that something is wrong. However, some brain injuries are not so obvious, such as the enduring brain injury that has been found in dozens of retired NFL players, hockey players, and boxers. What is the name for this disorder, as determined by an analysis of brain tissue that is performed during an autopsy?

A) multiple sclerosis
B) schizophrenia
C) Parkinson's disease
D) chronic traumatic encephalopathy

Question 10

The whitish, fatty substance that surrounds some axons and aids conduction of a nerve impulse down the axon is called

A) myelin.
B) neurilemma.
C) synaptic vesicles.
D) neurotransmitters.

Question 11

The cell body of a neuron is also called the

A) dendrite.
B) axon.
C) myelin.
D) soma.

Question 12

When the threshold for firing within a neuron occurs, we say that which of the following is taking place?

A) volume gradient
B) myelination
C) action potential
D) resting discharge

Question 13

Motivation, reward, and the planning of behavior are influenced by this neurotransmitter with reduced feelings of pleasure as well as Parkinson's disease being linked with a deficiency of it. This excitatory neurotransmitter is

A) dopamine.
B) GABA.
C) serotonin.
D) glutamate.

Question 14

Neurotransmitters bind to which of the following located on dendrites and cell bodies?

A) synaptic vesicles
B) neurilemmas
C) receptor sites
D) myelin sheaths

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a part of a neuron?

A) axon
B) axon terminal
C) synapse
D) soma

Question 16

The fact that the inside of human neurons measures about -70 millivolts compared to the outside of the cell allows each neuron to act like a

A) tiny battery.
B) chemical reactor.
C) ion channel.
D) shock absorber.

Question 17

The action potential is an all or nothing event that

A) takes place within the synapse.
B) takes place at the dendrite receptor sites.
C) is primarily an electrical process.
D) is primarily a chemical process.

Question 18

Neurons are tiny cells that

A) cannot be seen without a microscope.
B) are made up of nerves.
C) lack a soma.
D) are also called glial cells.

Question 19

A deficiency in GABA may lead to

A) anxiety.
B) spatial neglect.
C) multiple sclerosis.
D) Parkinson's disease.

Question 20

The somatic nervous system governs

A) muscle movements.
B) involuntary activities.
C) glandular secretions.
D) heart rate and breathing.

Question 21

Regarding neurotransmitters, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Slight variations in neurotransmitter function may be related to temperament differences in infancy and personality differences in adulthood.
B) Too much acetylcholine may cause schizophrenia.
C) Too little serotonin may underlie depression.
D) Some neurotransmitters are used by specific "pathways" that interlink regions of the brain which prevents the intermixing of messages.

Question 22

The central nervous system is composed of the autonomic and somatic systems.

Question 23

A healthy 75-year-old brain has just as many neurons as it did when it was a healthy 25-year-old brain.

Question 24

The paralyzing effect of curare is caused by its ability to block the action of acetylcholine at neuron-muscle synapses.

Question 25

Having a deficiency in serotonin can lead to

A) the development of multiple sclerosis.
B) neuron death.
C) the development of Parkinson's disease.
D) depression.

Question 26

When you give directions and point down the street, the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls this voluntary movement of your finger is the __________ nervous system.

Question 27

The brain and spinal cord make up the __________ nervous system.

Question 28

Regarding brain cells regeneration and repair, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) The number of brain cells a person has decreases as they age.
B) Approaches involving neurogenesis are offering hope for persons suffering from a variety of disabilities, such as depression, addiction, and schizophrenia.
C) The adult brain is more difficult to change in response to the experience than a child's brain.
D)  Synaptic connections are strengthened by experience and repetitive use.

Question 29

Repeatedly practicing word pronunciations promotes which of the following processes in the damaged part of the brain?

A) ablation.
B) neurogenesis.
C) lateralization.
D) localization of function.

Question 30

Bobby suffered a stroke that damaged his brain, causing partial paralysis in his left arm. To increase the rate of neurogenesis in the damaged part of his brain and speed his recovery, Bobby should

A) learn to use his right arm more efficiently.
B) force himself to use his left arm instead of his right arm.
C) take medication that increases acetylcholine activity.
D) take medication that decreases dopamine activity.

Question 31

Studies in which patients underwent cognitive behavioral therapy for phobias produced improvements in their behaviors and also changed the patients' brain activity.

Question 32

Fallon has been diagnosed with a major depression. She is most likely deficient in which neurotransmitter?

A) acetylcholine
B) serotonin
C) GABA
D) glutamate

Question 33

Nico and Brooke are teenagers who had a large portion of their brains removed as infants. Today they are functioning well because over the years their brains have compensated for their losses through a process called

A) lateralization.
B) saltatory connection.
C) deep lesioning.
D) neuroplasticity.

Question 34

The usual flow of information in a reflex arc is

A) cranial nerve, connector neuron, spinal nerve
B) sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron
C) effector cell, interneuron, sensory neuron
D) sensory neuron, motor neuron, reflex neuron

Question 35

During an action potential, the axon's ion channels pop open to allow chlorine ions to rush into the axon.

Question 36

A barefoot child steps on a bee, then jerks his or her foot back in response to the sting. This response has likely involved all parts of the nervous system EXCEPT the brain.

Question 37

When the sympathetic nervous system is activated, one's salivation, digestion, and production of tears are inhibited.

Question 38

In which condition are the prospects for recovery poor due to the brain damage being extensive as well as a subsequent disease process being triggered that continues to damage the brain long after the original traumas have ended?

A) neoplastic autism
B) schizophrenia
C) chronic traumatic encephalopathy
D) constraint-induced movement disorder.

Question 39

According to ________, the repeated activation of synapses between two neurons strengthens the connection between them.

A) Weber-Fechner law
B) neurotransmitter theory
C) Hebb's rule
D) gate control theory

Question 40

The painkilling effect of placebos and acupuncture as well as the "runner's high" and the euphoria associated with childbirth are explained by the release of endorphins.

Question 41

You have just touched a hot stove. Describe the sequence of events that occurred within your nervous system from the point you touched the hot stove with your hand to the point you jerked your hand away from the stove. Your answer should include the name of this simple network, the types of neurons involved at each step in the sequence, and why this action would be considered a "no-brainer."

Question 42

Which technique produces the most detailed images of brain structures and allows any two-dimensional plane, or slice, of the body to be selected and displayed as an image on a computer screen?

A) MRI scan
B) ESB
C) CT scan
D) EEG

Question 43

The process by which nerve impulses conducted down the axons of neurons coated with myelin jump from gap to gap in the myelin layer is called a(n) __________ conduction.

Question 44

CT scans and MRI scans are considered __________ imaging techniques.

A) structural
B) functional
C) subcortical
D) hemispheric

Question 45

Select three of the six neurotransmitters listed below, and describe the functions of these neurotransmitters, whether the neurotransmitter is an excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmitter, and what effect(s) would occur from having a deficiency and\or excess of each chemical.
acetylcholine, serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, GABA, glutamate

Question 46

The MRI scan obtains an image of the brain by using

A) electrode patches placed on the skull.
B) magnetic fields.
C) x-rays.
D) radioactive glucose.

Question 47

Anatomists learned that the brain is made up of many distinct areas or "parts" by cutting apart autopsied human and animal brains and then examining them under a microscope. This procedure being used is known as

A) laterization.
B) neural induction.
C) corticalization.
D) dissection.

Question 48

Each day, thousands of new cells originate deep within the brain, move to the surface, and link up with other neurons to become part of the brain's circuitry. This is known as __________.

Question 49

Jessie is a psychologist who specializes in how a person's biological processes, brain, and nervous system are related to behavior. Jessie would be referred to as a

A) neurogenic psychologist.
B) biopsychologist.
C) physiological behaviorist.
D) cranial behaviorist.

Question 50

If damage to a specific part of the brain consistently leads to a specific loss of function, then we say that the function is

A) localized in that structure.
B) generalized for that structure.
C) ablated within that structure.
D) constrained to that structure.

Question 51

Dr. Amad is a psychologist who uses an fMRI scanner to identify brain regions that are involved in the perception of optical illusions. Dr. Amad would be referred to as a(n)

A) applied cognitive psychologist.
B) biopsychologist.
C) neurological behaviorist.
D) developmental psychobiologist

Question 52

The technique that uses a magnetic field to develop an image of the brain is called the

A) ESB.
B) ablation technique.
C) MRI scan.
D) EEG.

Question 53

The branch of the autonomic nervous system that is called the "fight-or-flight" system because of its importance in responding to emotional events is the __________ branch.

Question 54

Dissection revealed that the brain was made up of many anatomically distinct areas or "parts." This technique involves

A) linking specific structures in the brain with specific psychological or behavioral functions.
B) direct electrical stimulation and activation of brain tissue.
C) cutting apart autopsied human and animal brains and examining them under a microscope.
D) studying subtle behavioral signs of nervous system dysfunction, including clumsiness, an awkward gait, poor hand-eye coordination, and other perceptual and motor problems.

Question 55

An excess of dopamine has been linked to the development of the psychotic mental disorder called __________.

Question 56

A nerve cell carrying information from your eyes, ears, fingers, etc. toward the central nervous system is called a(n) __________neuron.

Question 57

During practice, a football player experiences symptoms commonly associated with having a stroke. The coaches rush him to the hospital so that the doctors can view the structure of this player's brain using a specialized X-ray technique known as a(n)

A) ESB.
B) CT scan.
C) PET scan.
D) ablation.

Question 58

The capacity of our brains to change in response to experience is referred to as __________.

Question 59

Brain chemicals, such as enkephalins and endorphins, which regulate the activity of neurons are called __________.

Question 60

List the divisions and subdivisions of the nervous system and then describe the general functions of each division and subdivision.

Question 61

Which of the following are not direct tests of the brain, but are s ubtle outward behavioral signs of nervous system dysfunction that have been used to diagnose problems ranging from childhood learning disorders to psychosis?

A) confabulations
B) neurological soft signs
C) neural inductions
D) brain embolisms

Question 62

Jacob suspects he may have had a stroke because he is having some difficulty in controlling his right hand and feels numbness on the right side of his face. This behavioral evidence of possible brain damage is called

A) neurological soft signs.
B) spatial neglect.
C) neurogenesis.
D) virilism.

Question 63

Which of the following is most closely associated with surgical removal of parts of the brain?

A) clinical studies
B) ablation
C) MRI scan
D) electroencephalography

Question 64

An extremely thin glass tube filled with a salty fluid with its tip being small enough to detect the electrical activity of a single neuron would be referred to as a

A) pixel.
B) microelectrode.
C) PET scan.
D) fMRI

Question 65

A device that detects, amplifies, and records electrical activity in the brain is called

A) electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB).
B) functional MRI (fMRI).
C) electroencephalography (EEG).
D) positron emission tomography (PET).

Question 66

Ray awoke one morning to find that he could not see anything in the upper right side of his visual field, his right eye and the right side of his mouth looked different in the mirror, his gait when walking was a bit awkward, and he felt generally "clumsy." Ray is exhibiting

A) neurological soft signs of a stroke.
B) the initial onset of spatial neglect.
C) hard neurological signs of facial agnosia.
D) the initial onset of Alzheimer's disease.

Question 67

A doctor activates the surface of a patient's brain by touching it with a small electrified wire and the patient tells the doctor what effect the stimulation had. Regarding this procedure, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) This procedure is impossible because patients cannot be awake during brain procedures.
B) The doctor is performing an ablation.
C) The doctor is using an electrode to "turn on" brain structures.
D) The doctor is using an EEG to "turn on" brain structures.

Question 68

Biopsychologists can pinpoint areas in the brain responsible for thoughts, feelings, and actions using all of the following EXCEPT for the

A) EEG.
B) fMRI.
C) PET scan.
D) CT scan.

Question 69

Many techniques have been developed to help identify specific brain structures and the functions they control. These research techniques are part of the basic research strategy known as

A) constraint-induced analysis.
B) localization of function.
C) neuroplastic analysis.
D) functional lateralization.

Question 70

By detecting the subatomic particles emitted by weakly radioactive glucose as it is consumed by the brain, researchers can obtain detailed images of activity both near the surface and below the surface of the brain. This technique is called a(n)

A) ablation.
B) PET scan.
C) MRI scan.
D) CT scan.

Question 71

Brain wave activity during sleep, daydreaming, hypnosis, and other mental states is likely to be studied using a(n)

A) CT scan.
B) MRI scan.
C) electroencephalograph.
D) implanted microelectrode.

Question 72

Scientists implanted an electrode into a specific area of a rat's brain. When the electrode was activated, which in turn activated the target area, the rat aggressively attacked a cat within the same cage. The technique being utilized by the scientists is known as

A) ESB.
B) ablation.
C) deep lesioning.
D) PET.

Question 73

Greg is participating in a sleep lab experiment. Electrodes are affixed to his scalp to measure the beta, alpha, theta, and delta waves Greg exhibits as he goes through the various stages of sleep. What technique is being utilized?

A) EEG
B) MRI
C) PET scan
D) CT scan

Question 74

Regarding the use of brain stimulation research, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Brain research is often based on electrical stimulation, but chemical stimulation is also used at times.
B) Electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) has been used to instantly call forth euphoria, aggression, or tears in a person.
C) Electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) has been used to control a person's actions and personality, like a robot.
D) Electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) is sometimes performed during brain surgery while a person is awake.

Question 75

A detailed investigation of a single person, especially one suffering from some injury or disease is known as a(n)

A) ablation.
B) functional analysis.
C) clinical case study.
D) clinical dissection.

Question 76

Any device, such as a wire, needle, or metal plate, used to electrically stimulate or destroy nerve tissue or to record its activity is called a(n)

A) electrode.
B) inductor.
C) neuralizer.
D) telemetry instrument.

Question 77

The symptoms of memory loss, trouble spelling words, depression, and moodiness exhibited by some boxers, hockey players, and NFL football players who had suffered concussions would be considered

A) neurological soft signs.
B) symptoms of spatial neglect.
C) functional lateralizations.
D) confabulations.

Question 78

Dr. Anton removed a tumor from the back area of a man's brain. After removal of this portion of the brain, the man had visual problems. This surgical removal of brain tissue is called

A) deep lesioning.
B) ablation.
C) ESB.
D) fMRI.

Question 79

Scientists destroyed a tiny area of a cat's limbic system by inserting a tiny electrode into this target area and then passing an electric current through the electrode. The technique used is known as

A) ESB.
B) neural induction.
C) deep lesioning.
D) fMRI.

Question 80

Which of the following techniques provides a fascinating glimpse into the true origins of behavior by allowing scientists to view the action potentials of a single neuron?

A) ablation
B) deep lesioning
C) PET scans
D) microelectrode recording