Deck 6: Conditioning and Learning

Question 1

The most complex serious games allow students to explore an imaginary situation or "microworld" to learn to solve real-world problems. By seeing the effects of their choices, students discover basic principles in a variety of subjects. These complex serious games are called

A) token economies.
B) educational simulations.
C) latent learning exercises.
D) educational feedback loops.

Answer 1

educational simulations.

Question 2

Which of the following is a real world example of using positive reinforcement to change people's behaviors so that they would increase their conservation efforts?

A) providing information regarding the number of gallons of water consumed that week
B) providing rebates for buying energy-efficient appliances or cars
C) placing an energy tax on gasoline
D) none of these

Answer 2

providing rebates for buying energy-efficient appliances or cars

Question 3

A salesman records his sales presentation and then plays it back so he can critique this presentation for voice level, speed of speech, and understandability. This salesman is making use of

A) knowledge of results (KR).
B) computer-assisted instruction (CAI).
C) positive punishment.
D) two-factor learning.

Answer 3

knowledge of results (KR).

Question 4

Feedback is most effective when it is frequent, immediate, and

A) positive.
B) negative.
C) detailed.
D) anonymous.

Question 5

Every time a video game player moves, the game instantly provides sounds, animated actions, and a higher or lower score. This situation illustrates the use of

A) primary reinforcers.
B) feedback.
C) training trials.
D) motivational skill-building.

Question 6

Regarding associative and cognitive learning, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Learning from written language is considered a complex form of associative learning.
B) Some animals besides humans do engage in simpler forms of cognitive learning.
C) Associative learning requires relatively little awareness or thought .
D) Humans share the important capacity for associative learning with many other species.

Question 7

Which of the following occurs whenever a person or animal forms a simple connection among various stimuli and\or responses?

A) associative learning
B) insight learning
C) vicarious learning
D) cognitive learning

Question 8

A core assumption of early theories of associative learning was that learning did not require any thinking, or cognition. Animals, it was widely assumed, did not have "minds" and certainly could not "think" in anyway like humans do. A classic series of studies conducted in the 1930s at the University of California at Berkeley, began to challenge this assumption. These experiments that involved rats finding their way through mazes and which demonstrated latent learning were conducted by psychologist

A) Edward Tolman.
B) B. F. Skinner.
C) John B. Watson.
D) Albert Bandura.

Question 9

When three-year-old Ashley hears her father at the door, she runs to the front door to greet him and receives a hug from her father. This hug is considered a consequence that has what effect on Ashley's response of running to the door?

A) strengthens it
B) neutralizes it
C) vicariously conditions it
D) extinguishes it

Question 10

Unlocking the secrets of which type of learning begins with noting what happens before and after a particular behavior?

A) associative learning
B) insight learning
C) cognitive learning
D) vicarious learning

Question 11

Which of the following types of learning extends beyond basic conditioning into the realms of memory, thinking, problem solving, and language?

A) operant learning
B) instrumental learning
C) cognitive learning
D) Pavlovian cognition

Question 12

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are two types of __________ learning.

A) insight
B) associative
C) vicarious
D) cognitive

Question 13

In classical conditioning, the most important aspects for the learning to take place are the

A) antecedents.
B) consequences.
C) latent reflexes.
D) punishers.

Question 14

An internal representation of relationships that acts as a guide is referred to as a(n)

A) cognitive map.
B) cognitive antecedent.
C) eidetic image.
D) non-operant response.

Question 15

Learning that involves mechanical repetition and memorization is known as __________ learning.

A) rote
B) discovery
C) antecedent
D) respondent

Question 16

A behavior may be followed by a positive consequence, or reinforcer, such as food; or by a negative consequence, or punisher, such as a slap; or by nothing w ith these results determining whether a response is likely to be made again. The type of learning just described is

A) classical conditioning.
B) operant conditioning.
C) respondent conditioning.
D) insight learning.

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of latent learning?

A) knowing where the emergency exits are in a theater even though you have never used them
B) becoming emotional in the presence of bees after you receive a bee sting
C) Pavlov's dogs learning to salivate to a bell
D) a person in an institution being rewarded for exhibiting healthy behavior with tokens

Question 18

Programmed learning can be effective in book form or in

A) a fixed ratio or fixed interval form.
B) a computerized form.
C) a latent or insight learning format.
D) all of these.

Question 19

In classical conditioning, learning is evident when a

A) stimulus automatically elicits a consequence.
B) stimulus, which did not initially produce a response, now elicits that response.
C) spontaneously emitted response increases in frequency because of its consequences.
D) subject repeats an action he or she has observed another person perform.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of effective feedback?

A) frequent
B) immediate
C) positive
D) detailed

Question 21

Persons learn new responses, carry out or avoid previously learned responses, and learn the general rules that can be applied in various situations by observing a(n)

A) respondent.
B) model.
C) operant.
D) mnemonic.

Question 22

The type of learning that involves higher mental processes, such as understanding, knowing, or anticipating is called __________ learning.

Question 23

Internal images or other mental representations of an area (maze, city, campus, etc.) that underlie an ability to choose alternative paths to the same goal is a(n) __________.

Question 24

Ashleigh, who is three, has learned that when she hears a truck pull into the driveway, it means that Daddy is home. This event of hearing the truck precedes Ashleigh's response of running to the door to see her Daddy and would be considered a(n) __________.

Question 25

If you have ever learned your way through the various levels found in many video games, you have developed a cognitive map of the video game.

Question 26

In recent years, the violent crime rate among youth has risen even as sales of violent video games have declined.

Question 27

Classical and operant conditioning are the two types of __________ learning.

Question 28

During modeling, once a new response is tried, normal reinforcement or feedback determines whether it will be repeated thereafter.

Question 29

Regarding televised violence, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) In recent years, the violent crime rate among youth has significantly increased, even as the sale of violent video games has decreased.
B) Younger children are more likely to be influenced by televised violence because they do not fully recognize that media characters and stories are fantasies.
C) Experiencing media violence does not invariably "cause" any given person to become more aggressive but makes aggression more likely.
D) Personality characteristics, family conflict, depression, and negative peer influences are factors that affect the chances that hostile thoughts will be turned into actions.

Question 30

Just satisfying curiosity can be enough to reward latent learning.

Question 31

Concerning the effects of video game and television on aggression, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) The more personalized, intimate experience of video games may heighten the impact of the violence.
B) By practicing violence against other people, video game players may learn to be aggressive in real life.
C) The repeated exposure to violence in video games and television desensitizes viewers, making them less likely to react negatively to violence and, hence, more prone to engage in it.
D) After watching television or playing a violent video game, only young children show an increase in aggression, not adolescents nor adults.

Question 32

Earlier studies of modeled aggression suggest that

A) the viewing of TV aggression does not have any significant effect on children's behavior.
B) children tend to be calmer after observing aggression on television due to the cathartic effect.
C) children and young adults actually spend more time in the classroom than they do engaged with various media.
D) children who watch a great deal of televised violence will be more prone to behave aggressively.

Question 33

One of the reasons you had labs in your science courses in high school was to allow you to perform experiments that fostered your understanding of the scientific principles. The use of these science labs to gain understanding and insight of various scientific principles is an example of

A) latent learning.
B) discovery learning.
C) observational learning.
D) cognitive mapping.

Question 34

Watching and imitating the actions of another person or noting the consequences of those actions is called observational learning, or

A) respondent conditioning.
B) insight learning.
C) modeling.
D) rote rehearsal.

Question 35

While Gabe was growing up, his father would get angry and yell and throw objects at the wall. As an adult now, Gabe also yells and throws objects when he gets angry. Gabe learned these behaviors through

A) associative learning.
B) respondent conditioning.
C) instrumental learning.
D) modeling.

Question 36

In one classic experiment, children learned to hit a "Bo-Bo Clown" doll

A) through operant conditioning.
B) by watching an adult model.
C) through classical conditioning.
D) in order to release anxiety and tension and become calmer.

Question 37

Compared to discovery learning, learning by rote tends to produce a better understanding of new problems.

Question 38

In Bandura's classic Bo-Bo doll experiment, most of the children imitated all of the models, whether live, filmed, or cartoon.

Question 39

Six-year-old Mark watches his older brother doing his algebra homework. The main reason that Mark will be unable to model his brother's mathematical calculations will be because

A) Mark does not admire his older brother enough.
B) Mark will not be reinforced by anyone if he works the math problems correctly.
C) Mark is probably unable to reproduce the modeled behavior correctly.
D) Mark did not pay enough attention to his brother's modeled behaviors.

Question 40

When your professor gives you back a graded test, seeing your errors and corrected answers provides you with __________.

Question 41

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, salivation to the bell was the

A) conditioned response.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) unconditioned response.

Question 42

According to the informational view, the brain learns to anticipate the future event of the US following the CS. Thus, this view explains classical conditioning in terms of

A) reinforcement.
B) instrumental conditioning.
C) a mental expectancy.
D) a consequence.

Question 43

Describe what changes constitute learning and what changes do not, distinguish between associative learning and cognitive learning, list the two types of associative learning, and explain the importance of antecedents and consequences for each type.

Question 44

Compare the efficiency of discovery learning to rote learning, including the results of an experiment, which involved calculating the area of a parallelogram.

Question 45

After repeatedly pairing the appearance of a nurse in green scrubs with the painful experience of getting a vaccination, the patient will react every time they see a nurse in green grubs enter the room. In this example, the nurse in the green scrubs is a(n)

A) conditioned response (CR).
B) conditioned stimulus (CS).
C) unconditioned response (UR).
D) unconditioned stimulus (US).

Question 46

After watching a great deal of televised violence, people often become less likely to react negatively to the violence, that is, they become __________ to it.

Question 47

Regarding programmed instruction, the most complex serious games, which allow students to explore an imaginary situation or "microworld" and to learn to solve real-world problems, are called educational __________.

Question 48

In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with another stimulus that naturally elicits a reflex response. This neutral stimulus will become known as the

A) unconditioned stimulus.
B) conditioned stimulus.
C) reflexive stimulus.
D) latent stimulus.

Question 49

Mike and Jeff are brothers who have just moved with their parents into a beautiful old house. Mike soon discovers that if he flushes the toilet while Jeff is taking a shower, it will cause the water in the shower to become scalding hot. Naturally, Jeff screams as his reflexes cause him to leap backward in pain. After Mike has repeated this procedure several times, Jeff has begun to twitch involuntarily every time he hears any toilet flush. In this example, twitching involuntarily every time he hears the toilet flush would be the

A) conditioned response (CR).
B) conditioned stimulus (CS).
C) unconditioned response (UR).
D) unconditioned stimulus (US).

Question 50

Discuss the research regarding the effect of violent video games, including the results of recent studies, the reasons why video games may increase the probability of aggression, and why violent media affects younger children differently than adolescents and adults.

Question 51

To observe conditioning, one could ring a bell and squirt lemon juice into Johnny's mouth. By repeating this procedure several times, you could condition Johnny to salivate to the bell. Conditioning will be most rapid if the US follows immediately after the CS. In this example, the CS would be

A) the lemon juice.
B) the bell.
C) salivation to the bell.
D) salivation to the lemon juice.

Question 52

Regarding the informational view, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Pavlov believed that classical conditioning involved higher mental processes, such as mental expectancies.
B) Many psychologists believe that classical conditioning has cognitive origins because it is related to information that might aid survival.
C) According to this informational view , we look for associations among events and thoughts about how the events are interconnected.
D) During classical conditioning, the brain learns to expect that the US will follow the CS.

Question 53

Your dog has learned to run to his food dish whenever he sees you go to the closet in the laundry room where you keep his dry food. Your dog learned this association through

A) instrumental learning.
B) classical conditioning.
C) observational learning.
D) operant conditioning.

Question 54

A type of learning was discovered when the dogs in a lab learned to salivate to a bell. Which of the following is NOT one of the names by which this type of learning is known?

A) instrumental conditioning
B) Pavlovian conditioning
C) respondent conditioning
D) classical conditioning

Question 55

Which of the following is the appropriate sequence for classically conditioning an eyeblink response to an auditory stimulus?

A) deliver a puff of air to the eyelid, sound the tone
B) sound the tone, deliver a puff of air to the eyelid
C) follow the eyeblink response with a mild shock
D) follow the eyeblink response with a soft drink

Question 56

In higher-order conditioning, the

A) US is used as if it were a CS.
B) US is used as if it were a CR.
C) CS is used as if it were a UR.
D) CS is used as if it were a US.

Question 57

During training, a conditioned response must be established and strengthened during the period known as

A) acquisition.
B) the instrumental step.
C) shaping.
D) latent learning.

Question 58

The conditioning of which of the following behaviors may be useful for distinguishing locked-in individuals from those with more severe brain damage as well as distinguishing the severely brain-damaged individuals who are minimally conscious from those who are in a vegetative state?

A) tongue placement
B) movement tics
C) eye blinks
D) lucid dreaming

Question 59

Advertisers often try to use higher-order conditioning by

A) pairing images which evoke good feelings with pictures of their products.
B) sounding loud tones at key points in the advertisement.
C) reducing fear or anxiety as they repeatedly show the same commercial.
D) repeating the same slogan over and over again.

Question 60

In Pavlov's experiments, the meat powder (food) placed on the dog's tongue was the

A) conditioned stimulus.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) conditioned response.
D) unconditioned response.

Question 61

You condition a person to blink each time you play a particular mid-level note on a piano by delivering a puff of air to the person's eye. If you then play a very high note or a very low note on the piano and do not deliver the puff of air, the person's blinking will

A) increase.
B) decrease.
C) remain exactly the same.
D) be unpredictable.

Question 62

In its simplest form, classical conditioning depends on

A) instrumental learning.
B) learned fears.
C) unconditioned reflex responses.
D) the consequences of responding.

Question 63

Three-year-old Jake ran up to the neighbor's new lab puppy. The puppy barked loudly and playfully jumped up on Jake, knocking him down. Although Jake was not hurt, the experience did frighten him. The next time he saw the lab puppy, he hugged his mother's knees and began to cry. Regarding the development of Jake's fear of dogs, this puppy served as the conditioned stimulus.

Question 64

Many involuntary, autonomic system responses ("fight-or-flight" reflexes) are linked with new stimuli and situations by

A) operant extinction.
B) classical conditioning.
C) operant conditioning.
D) instrumental acquisition.

Question 65

Which of the following often spread conditioned emotional responses (CERs) to other stimuli, which results in a limited fear becoming a disabling phobia?

A) stimulus generalization and higher-order conditioning
B) stimulus discrimination and operant extinction
C) desensitization and stimulus discrimination
D) spontaneous recoveries and superstitious behavior

Question 66

Jeffery's first love was Mia, who had long blonde hair and big blue eyes. Alas, Mia's family moved far away from Jeffery's little town. The next semester, there was a new girl in Jeffery's ninth grade class. Jeffery was immediately smitten with Lauren and her long blonde hair and beautiful blue eyes. Jeffery's immediate attraction to Lauren illustrates

A) response chaining.
B) stimulus discrimination.
C) extinction.
D) stimulus generalization.

Question 67

Advertisers often try to use higher-order conditioning by pairing images that evoke good feelings with pictures of their products.

Question 68

To produce extinction in the traditional Pavlovian experiment, an experimenter would present the

A) visual stimulus, then the bell, followed by the meat powder.
B) olfactory stimulus, then the bell, followed by the meat powder.
C) bell, followed by the meat powder.
D) bell alone.

Question 69

In classical conditioning, the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to (but not identical to) a conditioned response is called

A) stimulus generalization.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) transfer of training.
D) vicarious conditioning.

Question 70

A baby cries when it hears a stranger's voice but not when it hears its mother's voice. This illustrates

A) stimulus discrimination.
B) stimulus generalization.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) response chaining.

Question 71

Tony is deathly afraid of heights. His therapist uses a virtual reality program that allows Tony to feel like he is experiencing gradually increasing levels of height. This therapy technique is a type of

A) systematic desensitization.
B) cognitive mapping.
C) latent learning.
D) spontaneous recovery.

Question 72

It has been widely accepted that that many phobias begin as a(n)

A) spontaneous recovery.
B) operant reinforcer.
C) response chain.
D) conditioned emotional response.

Question 73

After a response has been extinguished, it will often reappear after a short time has passed. This is called

A) adaptiveness.
B) expectation checking.
C) an extinction recovery.
D) a spontaneous recovery.

Question 74

Many of the emotional (positive or negative) attitudes that people develop toward foods, political parties, and ethnic groups were developed in childhood by observing how their parents responded to these same foods or groups. Thus, these reactions were probably conditioned

A) through negative transference.
B) by insight learning.
C) by response chaining.
D) vicariously.

Question 75

Every time Mac's dog heard the sound of the electric can opener he began to salivate because he associated the sound with the food. In this example, the dog's salivation to the sound of the can opener would be the unconditioned response.

Question 76

Presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus will result in stimulus generalization.

Question 77

Which of the following is the weakening of a conditioned response through the removal of the connection between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus?

A) stimulus generalization.
B) extinction.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) stimulus discrimination.

Question 78

An emotional response that has been linked to a previously nonemotional stimulus by classical conditioning is called a(n)

A) conditioned emotional response (CER).
B) emitted stimulus behavior (ESB).
C) unconditioned cognitive emotion (UCE).
D) artifically-elicited emotion (AEE).

Question 79

Emotional conditioning applies to animals, such as dogs and cats, as well as to humans.

Question 80

The proper order of events required for classical conditioning to occur is CS---US---UR.