Deck 23: Understanding Diversity Systematics

Question 1

What is the correct format for the scientific name of corn?

A) zea Mays
B) Zea Mays
C) Zea mays
D) Zeamays
E) zea mays

Answer 1

C

Question 2

How are fungi differentiated from plants?

A) Fungi are heterotrophic.
B) Fungi are photosynthetic.
C) Fungi are all multicellular.
D) Fungi do not bear roots underground.
E) Fungi share characteristics with prokaryotes.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Zea mays is the scientific name of the corn plant. Zea represents the:

A) class.
B) genus.
C) species
D) family.
E) division.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Table 23-1
Based on the accompanying table, one characteristic used at the class level of classification for corn is:

A) separate male and female flowers.
B) the presence of a single seed leaf.
C) flower parts in fours or fives.
D) flowering vascular plants.
E) tall annual grasses.

Question 5

Scientific names are typically derived from the root of which language?

A) Latin
B) French
C) English
D) Italian
E) German

Question 6

Which of the following taxa would be the most inclusive?

A) genus
B) family
C) species
D) order
E) class

Question 7

Which classification level contains the greatest number of species?

A) class
B) order
C) family
D) domain
E) phylum

Question 8

The evolutionary history of a group of organisms from a common ancestor is known as:

A) biohistory.
B) phylogeny.
C) phrenology.
D) phenetics.
E) species origination.

Question 9

After Kingdom, what is the next taxon by which organisms are grouped?

A) class
B) order
C) genus
D) family
E) phylum

Question 10

Suppose a gene is transferred naturally by a bacterium from a plant genome to an insect genome within the same generation. What process does this illustrate?

A) restriction
B) genome shuffling
C) genome switching
D) vertical gene transfer
E) horizontal gene transfer

Question 11

In the late 1970s Woese argued that there are two fundamentally different groups of prokaryotes by demonstrating:

A) different DNA sequences in prokaryotes.
B) some prokaryotes carry on photosynthesis.
C) the difference in the appearance of the nuclei.
D) gene codes of ribosomal RNA of different bacteria.
E) some prokaryotes produce methane while others do not.

Question 12

What did R. H. Whittaker base his five kingdom classification upon?

A) DNA sequencing analysis
B) The size and color of cells
C) The biochemical make-up of an organism
D) Cell structure and how an organism derived its nutrition
E) The ability to for an organism to reproduce and develop

Question 13

Molecular evidence indicating less than 50% shared genes was the basis for:

A) dividing the prokaryotes into two domains, Bacteria and Archaea.
B) separating the kingdom Protista from the kingdom Animalia.
C) including algae and slime molds in the kingdom Protista.
D) the separation of eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
E) placing fungi in a separate kingdom.

Question 14

Taxonomy is the science of:

A) conserving biodiversity.
B) making new biological species.
C) naming, describing, and classifying organisms.
D) comparing macromolecules to assess evolutionary relationships.
E) generating cladograms that represent evolutionary relationships between organisms.

Question 15

Which of the following taxa would be the least inclusive?

A) genus
B) family
C) phylum
D) order
E) class

Question 16

What were the original two Kingdoms that were established to organize living organisms?

A) Protista and Animalia
B) Plantae and Eukarya
C) Plantae and Animalia
D) Bacteria and Eukaryote
E) Eukaryote and Prokaryote

Question 17

The scientific study of the diversity of organisms and the evolutionary relationships between them is referred to as:

A) ecology.
B) taxonomy.
C) systematics.
D) evolutionary biology.
E) biological classification.

Question 18

Who developed the binomial system of nomenclature?

A) Charles Darwin
B) Carolus Linnaeus
C) Gregor Mendel
D) Paul Hebert
E) Ernst Haeckel

Question 19

Linnaeus simplified scientific classification by developing:

A) clades.
B) kingdoms.
C) supergroups.
D) phylogenetic trees.
E) binomial system of nomenclature.

Question 20

Table 23-1 Based on the accompanying table, which of the following characteristics are used to establish the family level of classification for corn?

A) terrestrial and photosynthetic
B) a grass with hollow stems
C) a flowering plant
D) 1-seeded fruit
E) monocot

Question 21

Shared homologous structures would indicate that two taxa are:

A) outgroups.
B) monophyletic.
C) polyphyletic.
D) homoplastic.
E) in different clades.

Question 22

Homoplastic structures are a result of ____ evolution.

A) derived
B) divergent
C) convergent
D) multiphyletic
E) the absence of

Question 23

Sea snakes, which are reptiles, are similar in body form to eels, which are fish. Sea snakes and eels therefore demonstrate:

A) role reversal.
B) ancestral traits
C) homologous traits.
D) divergent evolution.
E) convergent evolution.

Question 24

Phylogenetic systematics produce branching diagrams called:

A) cladograms.
B) phenograms.
C) cladistic trees.
D) molecular clocks.
E) phylogenic trees.

Question 25

The traditional class Reptilia is ____ because it does not include all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of reptiles.

A) monophyletic
B) paraphyletic
C) polyphyletic
D) sister taxa
E) cladistic

Question 26

An example of homologous structures is the wing of a bat and the:

A) arm of a human.
B) wing of a beetle.
C) tail of a whale.
D) leg of a chimpanzee.
E) dorsal fin of a shark.

Question 27

Scientists may compare similarities between nucleotide sequences of organisms to determine their evolutionary history. This is known as:

A) cladistics.
B) phenetics.
C) synapomorphy.
D) molecular systematics.
E) monophyletic grouping.

Question 28

Figure 23-2 The organism labeled B in the accompanying figure is a common ancestor to:

A) organism 2 only.
B) organism 3 only.
C) organism 5 only.
D) organism 6 only.
E) organisms 2, 3, 5 and 6.

Question 29

Figure 23-2 In the accompanying figure, the pair of organisms that have the most recent ancestor is:

A) 2 and 4.
B) 6 and 4.
C) 4 and 5.
D) 2 and 3.
E) 1 and 2.

Question 30

Most biologists recognize __________ domains.

A) 3
B) 4
C) 5
D) 6
E) 12

Question 31

A(n) ____ character is a trait that has evolved relatively recently.

A) derived
B) ancestral
C) cladistic
D) homologous
E) polyphyletic

Question 32

Because all organisms synthesize protein, the DNA nucleotide sequences coding for _____ have been highly conserved during evolution.

A) tRNA
B) rRNA
C) mRNA
D) snRNA
E) SRP RNA

Question 33

The term clade most closely refers to:

A) a class.
B) the binomial system of classification.
C) a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer.
D) a subspecies of organisms does not include a subgenus.
E) a group of organisms that share common characteristics inherited from a common ancestor.

Question 34

A cladist would attempt to classify organisms into ____ taxa.

A) derived
B) polyphyletic
C) paraphyletic
D) phenotypic
E) monophyletic

Question 35

Figure 23-2 In the accompanying figure, the taxon labeled II is:

A) a clade.
B) paraphyletic.
C) polyphyletic.
D) an outgroup.
E) monophyletic.

Question 36

Due to our increasing ability to analyze DNA sequences and other molecular data of organisms, scientists are more often classifying organisms by their:

A) structural differences.
B) structural similarities.
C) evolutionary history.
D) selective adaptations.
E) behavioral similarities.

Question 37

Humans, as well as all other mammals, have hair. Hair, then, would be considered to be a(n):

A) derived character.
B) cladistic character.
C) ancestral character.
D) analogous character.
E) polyphyletic character.

Question 38

A study of the genomes of dogs from around the world indicated that:

A) the dogs' closest relative is the gray wolf.
B) all dogs appeared to develop from a mixture of wolf and coyote.
C) some dogs evolved from the coyote and some from the wolf.
D) all dogs appeared to evolve from a mixture of the jackal and the wolf.
E) all dogs appeared to evolve from a mixture of the wolf, jackal, and the coyote.

Question 39

Many of today's biologists have abandoned kingdom _____ since they have now discovered that many of these unicellular organisms did not descend from one common ancestor.

A) Fungi
B) Plantae
C) Protista
D) Bacteria
E) Animalia

Question 40

A monophyletic group is defined by:

A) clades.
B) DNA sequences.
C) shared derived characters.
D) shared ancestral characters.
E) most common recent ancestor.

Question 41

The vertebrae of today's cod fish is a _____ with the prehistoric bony fish who also possessed vertebrae.

A) homoplastic character
B) monophyletic character
C) shared derived character
D) shared ancestral character
E) shared homologous character

Question 42

Scientists are now grouping reptiles with birds and mammals because they are all vertebrates that have a(n):

A) divided brain.
B) amniotic egg.
C) mammary gland.
D) jointed appendage.
E) epidermal covering.

Question 43

Membership in a clade cannot be established by shared ancestral traits alone.
_____________________

Question 44

The number of similarities in certain DNA or RNA nucleotide or amino acid sequences may be used as a molecular clock to indicate how much time has passed since the groups branched from a common ancestor.
__________________

Question 45

Mammalia is a class the contains many phyla .
_____________________

Question 46

A taxon that diverges earlier than the other taxa being considered in cladistic analysis is a(n):

A) clade.
B) outgroup.
C) shared taxon.
D) derived taxon.
E) homologous taxon.

Question 47

The similarity between the bodies of sharks and dolphins is an example of convergent evolution.

Question 48

Systematists use phylogenetic trees to graphically represent hypothesized evolutionary relationships among organisms.
_____________________

Question 49

In vertical gene transfer, genes move from one species to another species in the same generation.
_____________________

Question 50

Scientists using evolutionary systematics to construct a phylogenetic tree would use:

A) the number of shared characters the organisms posses.
B) a combination of ancestral and derived characters.
C) primarily polyphyletic groupings.
D) only derived characters.
E) only ancestral characters.

Question 51

Which example illustrates how "maximum likelihood" is used by systematists?

A) Assigning humans and chimpanzees to a less inclusive taxon
B) Using the simplest explanation necessary to interpret the data
C) Establishing the membership in a clade using the phenetic approach
D) Distinguishing shared ancestral characteristics and shared derived characters
E) Using probability to determine that the nucleotide sequences in DNA and RNA change at a constant rate over time

Question 52

A taxon that includes all the descendants of an ancestor is called:

A) phenetic.
B) homophyletic.
C) monophyletic.
D) paraphyletic.
E) polyphyletic.

Question 53

Because whales breathe via lungs, have a little hair when born, and nurse their young, these ____ characters allow us to classify them as mammals.

A) shared derived
B) share ancestral
C) polyphyletic
D) homoplastic
E) homologous

Question 54

Dolphins share synapomorphies with mammals.
_____________________

Question 55

When faced with multiple possible cladograms, the criteria of ____ is employed.

A) cladology
B) subtraction
C) biodiversity
D) parsimony
E) evolutionary deduction

Question 56

The phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences for a group of retroviruses has allowed researchers to discover that there are _____ major types of HIV that originate from one ancestral lentivirus.

A) one
B) two
C) four
D) ten
E) fourteen

Question 57

Contrast the following terms: monophyletic, paraphyletic, and polyphyletic. Provide one example for each.

Question 58

An example of homoplastic structures is the wing of a butterfly and:

A) wing of a moth.
B) wing of a bird.
C) antenna of a moth.
D) legs of the butterfly.
E) antenna of the butterfly.

Question 59

Arrange the Linnaean categories in hierarchical fashion from most inclusive to least inclusive, starting at the level of domain. BONUS: Insert the appropriate names for each category for a particular organism, such as corn or cats. Partial credit will be given.

Question 60

A characteristic that is independently acquired by reversal or convergent evolution exhibits homology .
_____________________

Question 62

A new species of beetle is discovered. If you were a cladist, what steps might you take to classify this beetle? How might this approach be different if you were a pheneticist?

Question 63

Describe the significance and relationship of the genus and species taxa. If there were not humans on earth to classify organisms, would species still exist?

Question 64

Outgroup analysis looks for features that are shared derived characters in a given group of organisms.

Question 65

Construct a table with the five kingdoms listed. Include several diagnostic features of each kingdom and an important ecological role of organisms found in each kingdom.

Question 66

A(n) paraphyletic group consists of several evolutionary lines that do not share a common ancestor.
_____________________