Deck 42: Neural Regulation

Question 1

Development of the cerebellum in an animal correlates to the:

A) animal's ability to see.
B) size of that animal.
C) intelligence of that animal.
D) complexity of muscular activity exhibited by that animal.
E) animal's ability to smell.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Functional magnetic resonance imaging is used to observe brain function by:

A) examining intracellular second messengers.
B) monitoring gene activation.
C) examining changes in blood flow to different parts of the brain.
D) measuring neurotransmitter-receptor binding effectiveness.
E) measuring hormone levels.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Figure 42-2 Refer to the accompanying figure. What will occur when an electrical impulse travels along the neuron labeled as 2?

A) The hand will be extended.
B) The hand will be withdrawn.
C) The fingers will flex.
D) The fingers will extend.
E) The hand will remain stationary.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum are connected by the:

A) central sulcus.
B) corpus callosum.
C) substantia nigra.
D) central canal.
E) corpus striatum.

Question 5

Which is an evolutionary trend in the development of nervous systems for bilaterally symmetrical animals?

A) Loss of cephalization
B) Decreased number of interneurons
C) Greater resting membrane potential
D) Increased presence of ganglia
E) Increased size of neuronal cell bodies

Question 6

Figure 42-1 Based on the accompanying figure, the ____ is much more developed in amphibians than in reptiles.

A) cerebellum
B) cerebrum
C) optic lobe
D) olfactory tract
E) corpus striatum

Question 7

Which brain structure is correctly matched with its function?

A) thalamus-relays messages to cerebrum
B) pons-regulates emotional response
C) medulla-regulates auditory reflexes
D) cerebellum-regulates coughing and sneezing
E) inferior colliculi-regulate muscle coordination

Question 8

Which of the following structures is responsible for the control of the heartbeat and blood pressure?

A) pons
B) hypothalamus
C) medulla
D) cerebellum
E) thalamus

Question 9

Figure 42-2 Refer to the accompanying figure. The neuron labeled as 3 is a(n):

A) interneuron in the gray mater of the cord.
B) interneuron in the white mater of the cord.
C) sensory neuron in the gray mater of the cord.
D) sensory neuron in the white mater of the cord.
E) motor neuron in the gray mater of the cord.

Question 10

The nerve net of Hydra :

A) contains a central control organ and connected neurons.
B) sends electrical signals in only one direction.
C) allows the organism to respond to stimuli approaching from any direction.
D) produces a signal that intensifies as it radiates from its point of origin.
E) cannot coordinate the movement of all tentacles at once.

Question 11

The size of the motor area in the brain for any specific body part is relative to:

A) the rest of the body.
B) its position in the body.
C) the complexity of its movements.
D) the number of muscles it contains.
E) the area of the brain that controls it.

Question 12

Severing the corpus callosum would not specifically affect:

A) a person's ability to interpret speech.
B) a person's sense of balance.
C) the pathway connecting the brain and the spinal cord.
D) communication between the two hemispheres.
E) the withdrawal reflex.

Question 13

The portion of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the internal environment is the:

A) telencephalic nervous system.
B) autonomic nervous system.
C) thalamic nervous system.
D) somatic nervous system.
E) hypothalamic nervous system.

Question 14

During conscious, quiet rest, the brain is emitting:

A) alpha rhythm patterns.
B) beta rhythm patterns.
C) delta waves.
D) gamma waves.
E) theta waves.

Question 15

The sensory nerves of the somatic portion of the peripheral nervous system:

A) transmit information from internal receptors to the central nervous system.
B) transmit information from sensory organs to the central nervous system.
C) transmit information from the central nervous system to glands.
D) transmit information from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles.
E) regulate cardiac activity.

Question 16

Figure 42-2 Refer to the accompanying figure. The type of neuron labeled as 1 is a(n):

A) motor neuron.
B) pyramidal neuron.
C) sensory neuron.
D) efferent neuron.
E) interneuron.

Question 17

The difference between the gray and white matter of the cerebrum is that:

A) gray matter makes up the core, while white matter makes up the cortex.
B) gray matter contains dendrites, while white matter contains cell bodies.
C) gray matter contains unmyelinated axons, while white matter contains cell bodies.
D) gray matter contains cell bodies, while white matter mostly contains myelinated axons.
E) gray matter is in the right hemisphere, while white matter is in the left one.

Question 18

Which of the following cerebral areas is correctly matched with its function?

A) occipital lobes-control auditory centers
B) temporal lobes-control skeletal muscles
C) frontal lobes-directly receive visual input
D) parietal lobes-receive sensations of heat, touch, pressure
E) substantia nigra-control learning and language

Question 19

The central nervous system contains:

A) all sympathetic nerves.
B) all parasympathetic nerves.
C) all sensory receptors.
D) only the cerebrum and cerebellum.
E) a brain and a dorsal tubular spinal cord.

Question 20

Which portion of the brain contains centers for control of body temperature, appetite, and fat metabolism?

A) hypothalamus
B) cerebellum
C) midbrain
D) thalamus
E) pons

Question 21

Which statement describes why you respond to your alarm clock in the morning by turning it off?

A) The reticular activating system sends a stimulus to the cerebral cortex.
B) The number of alpha rhythm patterns increases.
C) The number of theta rhythm patterns increases.
D) The cortex of the cerebellum is stimulated.
E) The limbic system is stimulated.

Question 22

The limbic system plays a role in:

A) procedural memory.
B) motivation.
C) balance and coordination.
D) the sleep-wake cycle.
E) somatic responses.

Question 23

The choroid plexus functions to:

A) cushion the brain.
B) control coordination of movement.
C) produce the cerebrospinal fluid.
D) transmit nerve impulses to specialized regions in the brain.
E) divide the right and left hemispheres.

Question 24

Which person is most likely using implicit memory?

A) Sylvia, who recalls the cranial nerves for a test
B) Connor, who recognizes the face of someone in a crowd
C) Alexis, who remembers the smell of her grandmother's kitchen
D) Fabio, who tries to remember his father's birthday
E) Dan, who plays the guitar

Question 25

Induction of long-term potentiation and long-term depression requires activation of two types of:

A) acetylcholine receptors.
B) GABA receptors.
C) norepinephrine receptors.
D) glutamate receptors.
E) serotonin receptors

Question 26

As you are working on this test question, which of the following brain waves will be the most active?

A) alpha rhythm patterns
B) beta rhythm patterns
C) delta waves
D) gamma waves
E) theta waves

Question 27

What is a characteristic of REM sleep?

A) During the REM stage, delta waves are emitted.
B) Most people spend almost all of their sleep time in the REM stage.
C) The preoptic area of the hypothalamus stimulates REM sleep.
D) During REM sleep, blood flow to the frontal lobe increases.
E) Brain waves change to a desynchronized pattern during REM sleep.

Question 28

When the reticular activating system sends stimuli to the cerebral cortex, a state of ____ results.

A) fatigue
B) confusion
C) alertness
D) anxiety
E) sleep

Question 29

The meninges are composed of:

A) bone and dura mater only.
B) dura mater and arachnoid only.
C) arachnoid and pia mater only.
D) dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid only.
E) bone, dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid.

Question 30

Long-term memory involves:

A) holding seven chunks of information at a given time.
B) meaningfully associating stimuli with past knowledge.
C) strengthening connections between the pons and cerebral cortex.
D) filtering out nonessential information and stimuli.
E) the hypothalamus placing our experiences in categories.

Question 31

What is the function of the somatic division of the peripheral nervous system?

A) It regulates the parasympathetic nervous system.
B) It regulates the sympathetic nervous system.
C) It helps the body respond to changes in the external environment.
D) It controls voluntary movement.
E) It maintains homeostasis despite internal changes.

Question 32

The sympathetic nervous system:

A) is involved in restoring energy to the body.
B) directs quiet, calm activities.
C) is the only system that innervates the heart.
D) is activated when there is a startling situation.
E) is part of the somatic division.

Question 33

What is a characteristic of a reflex action?

A) Reflex actions are involuntary motor responses.
B) Reflex actions require conscious thought.
C) Reflex actions control the interpretation of sensory signals.
D) Reflex actions are spontaneous.
E) Reflex actions involve five types of neurons.

Question 34

Wernicke's area of the temporal lobe is involved in the:

A) body's biological clock.
B) coordination of motor activity.
C) recognition and interpretation of words.
D) processing of chemical stimuli.
E) processing of visual stimuli.

Question 35

The ability of synaptic connections to change in response to experience is known as synaptic:

A) transformity.
B) plasticity.
C) conversion.
D) modulation.
E) potentiation.

Question 36

Which limbic structure filters incoming sensory information and interprets it in the context of emotional needs and survival?

A) amygdala
B) hippocampus
C) basal ganglia
D) hypothalamus
E) thalamus

Question 37

If a physician wanted to collect spinal fluid for analysis s/he would want to place a needle between the:

A) dura mater and skull.
B) dura mater and pia mater.
C) arachnoid and pia mater.
D) pia mater and brain.
E) dura mater and arachnoid.

Question 38

Cerebrospinal fluid occupies the space between the:

A) dura mater and skull.
B) dura mater and pia mater.
C) arachnoid and pia mater.
D) pia mater and brain.
E) dura mater and arachnoid.

Question 39

On her first birthday, Alena takes her first steps, which are clumsy and awkward. By her second birthday, her steps are smooth and coordinated. This transition in Alena's walking skills best illustrates the concept of:

A) imprinting.
B) hard-wiring.
C) reflex action.
D) synaptic plasticity.
E) voluntary acquisition.

Question 40

Broca's area is involved in:

A) sensing sound waves.
B) speech comprehension.
C) the movement of vocal chords.
D) the recognition of spoken words.
E) the recognition of written words.

Question 41

Cerebral cortical association areas link sensory and motor areas.
____________________

Question 42

The central sulcus partially separates the frontal lobes from the temporal lobes.
____________________

Question 43

Compare and contrast REM and non-REM sleep.

Question 44

Annelids and arthropods have a(n) dorsal hollow nerve cord.
____________________

Question 45

Nerves of the parasympathetic system typically stimulate organs in response to stress.
____________________

Question 46

The neurobiological mechanisms for drug addiction involve the:

A) mesocortical dopamine pathway.
B) tuberoinfundibular pathway
C) incertohypothalamic pathway.
D) parahippocampal-subicular pathway.
E) mesolimbic dopamine pathway.

Question 47

Long-term potentiation involves a long-lasting decrease in the strength of synaptic connections.
____________________

Question 48

Discuss the biological effects of the following types of drugs: hallucinogens, stimulants, and anti-anxiety drugs.

Question 49

The hindbrain gives rise to the metencephalon and myelencephalon.
____________________

Question 50

Broca's area is located near motor areas in the left frontal lobe.

Question 51

Melatonin is produced by the pineal gland .
____________________

Question 52

A radial nervous system is characteristic of the sea star .
____________________

Question 53

What is a reflex action? Make a labeled sketch of the spinal cord and related structures that describes the functioning of the withdrawal reflex.

Question 54

Many antipsychotic medications alter neuron function by:

A) blocking serotonin reuptake.
B) blocking dopamine receptors.
C) mimicking the actions of endorphins.
D) stimulating the sympathetic nervous system.
E) increasing glutamate release

Question 55

The limbic system influences emotional aspects of behavior.
____________________

Question 56

Explicit memory is also called procedural memory.
____________________

Question 57

As a consequence of your reticular activating center (RAS) bombarding your cerebral cortex, you feel sleepy .
____________________

Question 58

Which statement concerning neurotransmitter release at the effector is true?

A) Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons release serotonin.
B) Preganglionic sympathetic neurons release norepinephrine.
C) Postganglionic parasympathetic neurons release norepinephrine.
D) Postganglionic sympathetic neurons release acetylcholine.
E) Postganglionic sympathetic neurons release norepinephrine.

Question 59

The midbrain is the center for visual and auditory reflexes.
____________________

Question 60

In the brain, the visual centers are located in the occipital lobes.
____________________

Question 63

What evolutionary advances are demonstrated in the nervous systems of bilaterally symmetrical animals?

Question 64

Compare and contrast the organization of invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems.

Question 65

The central nervous system is divided into the somatic and autonomic divisions.
____________________

Question 66

Cocaine binds competitively with the dopamine reuptake transporter.
____________________

Question 67

Describe the neurophysiological changes that are involved in long-term memory.