Deck 25: Neural Control and the Senses

Question 1

When a neuron is at rest, ____.

A) the sodium and potassium gated channels are closed
B) the sodium gated channels are closed and the potassium gated channels are open
C) the sodium gated channels are open and the potassium gated channels are closed
D) the sodium and potassium gated channels are open
E) the sodium and potassium gated channels may be open or closed depending upon their location in the nervous system

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which animal is bilaterally symmetrical and has a pair of ganglia instead of a true brain?

A) jellyfish
B) planarian
C) earthworm
D) grasshopper
E) centipede

Answer 2

B

Question 3

As a result of concussions, former football players have an elevated risk for ____.

A) spinal cord injury
B) Huntington disease
C) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
D) Alzheimer's disease
E) multiple sclerosis

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Repeated head injuries increase the risk of a neurodegenerative disorder called ______.

A) Parkinson's disease
B) Huntington's chorea
C) stroke
D) chronic encephalitis
E) chronic traumatic encephalopathy

Question 5

Which represents the charged environment inside a resting neuron and the interstitial fluid that surrounds it?

A) negatively charged proteins inside; more sodium ions inside than outside; more potassium ions outside than inside
B) positively charged proteins inside; more sodium ions inside than outside; more potassium ions outside than inside
C) negatively charged proteins inside; more sodium ions outside than inside; more potassium ions inside than outside
D) positively charged proteins inside; more sodium ions outside than inside; more potassium ions inside than outside
E) negatively charged proteins inside; equal amounts of sodium and potassium ions inside and outside

Question 6

Identify the correct pathway for signal flow between neurons in the vertebrate nervous system.

A) stimulus, sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons, effectors
B) effectors, sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons, stimulus
C) sensory neurons, stimulus, interneurons, motor neurons, effectors
D) motor neurons, interneurons, stimulus, sensory neurons, effectors
E) motor neurons, sensory neurons, stimulus, interneurons, effectors

Question 7

Potassium ion channels open ____, resulting in ____.

A) as the action potential passes down the axon; a more negatively charged axon cytoplasm
B) when the threshold potential is reached; the opening of more sodium channels
C) during the resting potential; the diffusion of sodium ions into the axon cytoplasm
D) when the action potential reaches the axon terminal; a more positively charged axon cytoplasm
E) when neurotransmitters attach to dendrite receptors; no difference in the charge of the axon cytoplasm

Question 8

A concussion is caused by ____.

A) the accumulation of tau proteins in the brain
B) chronic traumatic encephalopathy due to multiple head injuries
C) mechanical stress resulting from an impact to the head
D) sensory overstimulation resulting from an impact to the head
E) damage to nerve nets caused by exposure to explosions in combat zones

Question 9

Action potentials ____.

A) can move up or down an axon, away from or toward the cell body
B) move in a one-way direction toward the cell body
C) move in a one-way direction away from the cell body
D) can jump from cell to cell
E) occur only once

Question 10

Neuroglial Schwann cells produce ____, which _____.

A) neurotransmitters; are unnecessary for proper nervous signal conduction
B) the myelin sheath; maintain the resting potential in neurons
C) the myelin sheath; increases the speed of an action potential
D) neurotransmitters; conduct signals across synapses
E) meninges; provide neurotransmitters to neurons

Question 11

The peripheral nervous system ____.

A) carries signals to and from the central nervous system
B) is composed of the brain and spinal cord
C) is composed of clusters of neuron cell bodies
D) includes sensory neurons only
E) is present in radial invertebrates

Question 12

An example of an animal with paired nerve cords that connect to a simple brain is a   ____.

A) starfish
B) jellyfish
C) grasshopper
D) sea urchin
E) planarian

Question 13

When sodium ions flow into the axon cytoplasm, ____.

A) the membrane potential reverses
B) the cytoplasm becomes more negatively charged
C) the interstitial fluid becomes more positively charged
D) an action potential is reversed
E) the membrane potential is re-established

Question 14

Interneurons ____.

A) act as relay stations
B) detect stimuli
C) control muscles and glands
D) are nearly always found in the brain and spinal cord, detect stimuli, and control muscles and glands
E) are nearly always found in the brain and spinal cord, but they only detect stimuli

Question 15

The membrane potential of a neuron is defined as the ____.

A) measured capacity of a neuron to create an electrical impulse
B) voltage in the neuron plasma membrane
C) threshold potential of a neuron
D) the electric gradient across a neuron's plasma membrane
E) amount of voltage it takes to stimulate a neuron to fire

Question 16

A neuron ____.

A) communicates with other cells via electrical signaling only
B) communicates with other cells via chemical signaling only
C) communicates with other cells via a combination of electrical and chemical signaling
D) is not involved in direct communication with other cells
E) communicates via glial cells

Question 17

An action potential in a neuron begins when ____.

A) a threshold potential is reached at the trigger zone
B) the resting potential is established
C) gated sodium channels close
D) gated potassium channels close
E) neurotransmitters are received by dendrites

Question 18

An example of an animal that has a nerve net of interconnected neurons instead of a brain is a(n) ____.

A) planarian
B) earthworm
C) grasshopper
D) sea anemone
E) squid

Question 19

Which animal has an anteriorly located brain and a dorsal nerve cord?

A) ant
B) eagle
C) sponge
D) fruit fly
E) earthworm

Question 20

Characteristics of a nerve net include ____.

A) a centralized brain
B) the flow of information between cells in all directions
C) well-developed neurons
D) paired ganglia
E) unidirectional responses

Question 21

Which neurotransmitter stimulates skeletal muscle contraction, slows cardiac muscle contraction rate, and affects mood and memory?

A) acetylcholine
B) epinephrine
C) dopamine
D) serotonin
E) an endorphin

Question 22

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks and destroys ____, resulting in ____.

A) dendrites; activation of acetylcholine
B) axon terminals; euphoria
C) receptors for neurotransmitters; the blocking of neurotransmitter reuptake
D) myelin sheaths; impaired coordination
E) cell body membranes; memory loss

Question 23

Referring to the above diagram of the brain, D identifies which region?

A) hypothalamus
B) pons
C) cerebrum
D) cerebellum
E) thalamus

Question 24

If a person is highly alert, anxious, and has loss of fine motor control, which psychoactive drug have they most likely taken?

A) a narcotic analgesic
B) a stimulant
C) a depressant
D) a hallucinogen
E) an endorphin

Question 25

Referring to the above diagram of the brain, B identifies which region?

A) hypothalamus
B) thalamus
C) cerebrum
D) corpus callosum
E) cerebellum

Question 26

The effects of nerve gas prevent the removal of acetylcholine from synapses by interfering with its ____.

A) diffusion away from the synaptic cleft
B) enzymatic degradation
C) active pumping back into the neuron
D) binding to its respective receptor
E) ability to flux ions across the membrane of the receiving neuron

Question 27

Alzheimer's disease involves damage to brain neurons that release ____, while Parkinson's disease is caused by a shortage of the neurotransmitter ____.

A) acetylcholine; dopamine
B) dopamine; acetylcholine
C) norepinephrine; serotonin
D) serotonin; norepinephrine
E) dopamine; acetylcholine

Question 28

The ____ connects the peripheral nerves to the brain.

A) pons
B) gray matter
C) white matter
D) spinal cord
E) medulla oblongata

Question 29

Once the threshold potential of a nerve impulse is achieved, ____.

A) an action potential may occur or it may not
B) an action potential will occur
C) sodium channels close
D) the resting potential immediately follows
E) potassium channels open

Question 30

The white matter differs from gray matter in that ____.

A) white matter is found in the brain and gray matter is found in the spinal cord
B) white matter consists of bundles of myelin-sheathed axons and gray matter consists of cell bodies, dendrites, and neuroglial cells
C) white matter transmits sensory information and gray matter transmits motor information; white matter consists of bundles of myelin-sheathed axons and gray matter consists of cell bodies, dendrites, and neuroglial cells
D) white matter is associated with the sympathetic nervous system and gray matter is associated with the parasympathetic nervous system
E) white matter contains mostly interneuronal cell bodies and grey matter does not

Question 31

What is the main psychoactive ingredient in marijuana?

A) dopamine
B) norepinephrine
C) GABA
D) serotonin
E) THC

Question 32

When potassium ion channels open, which of the following occurs?

A) P otassium ions flow into the axon cytoplasm.
B) T he axon cytoplasm becomes more negatively charged.
C) Sodium ions diffuse into the axon cytoplasm.
D) T he threshold potential is reached.
E) M ore sodium channels open.

Question 33

Referring to the above diagram of the brain, which letter identifies the region responsible for relaying sensory input to the forebrain and functions in reward-based learning?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 34

Action potentials ____.

A) move backward
B) are  examples of negative feedback
C) are generated and completed in a matter of milliseconds
D) are only generated regardless of whether or not the threshold potential is reached
E) are all the same size

Question 35

Referring to the above diagram of the brain, which letter identifies the region responsible for coordinating motor activity?

A) D
B) E
C) F
D) G
E) H

Question 36

Cerebrospinal fluid ____.

A) bathes the peripheral nervous system
B) is continuous with the lymph system
C) is formed from water and solutes that have left capillaries in the brain
D) is the solvent that comprises the cytosol of neurons
E) is stored in the ventricles

Question 37

Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease are both neurological diseases that result from ____.

A) lack of acetylcholine production
B) abnormal levels of specific neurotransmitters
C) failure to remove neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft
D) too much dopamine production
E) a failed reuptake of specific neurotransmitters

Question 38

Neurotransmitters transmit action potentials across a(n) ____ in the form of a(n) ____.

A) axon terminals; chemical signal
B) dendrites; chemical signal
C) neuronal cell bodies; electrical signal
D) the cytoplasm of axons; potential energy source
E) dendritic vesicles; trigger potential

Question 39

The shortage of the neurotransmitter that causes Parkinson's disease occurs in the region of the brain that controls ____.

A) memory
B) motor function
C) understanding
D) sensory perception
E) hearing

Question 40

The forebrain includes which portions of the brain?

A) cerebrum, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata
B) pons, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata
C) cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus
D) thalamus, hypothalamus, and medulla oblongata
E) corpus callosum, pons, and medulla oblongata

Question 41

Sensory neurons responsible for somatic sensations are located in the ____.

A) skin
B) spinal cord
C) brain
D) vagus nerve
E) cranial nerves

Question 42

Where in the brain is the corpus callosum?

A) between the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata
B) below the cerebellum
C) between the two hemispheres of the cerebrum
D) between the pons and the midbrain
E) between the thalamus and the hypothalamus

Question 43

The autonomic nervous system ____.

A) relays commands to somatic nerves
B) is part of the central nervous system
C) relays commands to smooth muscles
D) is under voluntary control
E) responds to sensation in the skin

Question 44

It is the morning of a big test. You are very nervous about it. Your heart is racing and your blood pressure is increased. You are feeling the effects of the ____ division of the ____ nervous system.

A) parasympathetic; autonomic
B) parasympathetic; somatic
C) sympathetic; autonomic
D) sympathetic; somatic
E) autonomic; somatic

Question 45

Pheromones ____.

A) are signaling molecules that are used for olfactory communication between two different species
B) are only used by invertebrates
C) require a vomeronasal organ to be detected
D) are signaling molecules used for olfactory communication between members of the same species
E) are signaling molecules that geese use for navigation

Question 46

The ____ of the eye focuses light on the eye's photoreceptors. In the above diagram of the eye, which letter identifies it?

A) retina; C
B) lens; B
C) lens; A
D) fovea; D
E) retina; B

Question 47

A mechanism known as the _______ controls the composition and concentration of cerebrospinal fluid.

A) corpus callosum
B) basil ganglia
C) somatosensory cortex
D) hypothalamus
E) blood-brain barrier

Question 48

Language and abstract thought are possible due to the ____.

A) cerebellum
B) pons
C) cerebral cortex
D) medulla oblongata
E) midbrain

Question 49

The vestibular apparatus ____.

A) controls depth perception
B) consists of one fluid-filled semicircular canals
C) contains mechanoreceptors that detect fluid shifts
D) contains no sensory receptors
E) contains olfactory receptors that detect odorous chemicals

Question 50

The region of the brain with the highest concentration of neurons is the ____.

A) hypothalamus
B) cerebrum
C) cerebellum
D) pons
E) medulla oblongata

Question 51

Rod cells differ from cone cells in that ____.

A) rod cells respond to changes in light intensity and cone cells detect very dim light
B) rod cells contain pigments which enable the perception of color and cone cells respond to changes in light intensity
C) rod cells respond to changes in light intensity and cone cells contain pigments, which allow for the perception of color
D) rod cells are responsible for acute daytime vision and cone cells detect very dim light
E) rod cells communicate directly with signal processing cells and cone cells do not

Question 52

____ allow honeybees to navigate.

A) Mechanoreceptors
B) Chemoreceptors
C) Thermoreceptors
D) Photoreceptors
E) Magnetoreceptors

Question 53

The temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex ____.

A) governs speech production
B) is the vision center
C) is associated with memory storage
D) is responsible for hearing and smell
E) is the primary motor area

Question 54

Vampire bats use _____ on their nose to locate the blood vessels of their prey

A) mechanoreceptors
B) chemoreceptors
C) thermoreceptors
D) photoreceptors
E) proprioceptors

Question 55

When you feel threatened, the neurotransmitter norepinephrine is released from the adrenal gland in response to stimuli by ____ neurons.

A) somatic
B) sensory
C) sympathetic
D) motor
E) parasympathetic

Question 56

The ____ of the eye is a tissue that is densely packed with photoreceptors. In the above diagram of the eye, which letter identifies it?

A) lens; A
B) vitreous body; C
C) retina; C
D) sclera; A
E) cornea; D

Question 57

You've just finished a big meal and are relaxing in front of a fire reading your favorite book. The ____ division of your ____ nervous system is at work.

A) parasympathetic; autonomic
B) parasympathetic; somatic
C) sympathetic; autonomic
D) sympathetic; somatic
E) autonomic; somatic

Question 58

____detect changes in pressure and convert this stimulus energy into ____.

A) Thermoreceptors; action potentials
B) Mechanoreceptors; action potentials
C) Chemoreceptors; resting potentials
D) Photoreceptors; resting potentials
E) Osmoreceptors; threshold potentials

Question 59

Referring to the above diagram of the brain, which letter identifies the lobe of the cerebrum that is responsible for integration of visual signals?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) both the A and B lobes participate in the integration of visual signals

Question 60

A reflex ____.

A) only involves the use of sensory neurons
B) is an automatic response to a stimulus that requires considerable thought
C) is an automatic response to a stimulus that doesn't require thought
D) is an involuntary response that requires only one neuron
E) does not require the brain

Question 61

The blind spot is located in the ____.

A) cornea
B) optic disk
C) fovea
D) sclera
E) retina

Question 63

People who work in department stores where music is played constantly in overhead speakers claim they do not hear the music. This is an example of ____.

A) sensory deprivation
B) sensory adaptation
C) behavioral modification
D) a coordinated response
E) a conditioned response

Question 67

Which is the correct path that light takes from the environment to the photoreceptors of a human eye?

A) cornea →  pupil →  lens →  vitreous body →  retina
B) pupil →  cornea →  lens →  vitreous body →  retina
C) cornea →  pupil →  lens →  retina →  vitreous body
D) lens →  pupil →  cornea →  vitreous body →  retina
E) cornea →  lens →  pupil →  vitreous body →  retina

Question 68

The brain knows how strong a stimulus is because the brain interprets ____.

A) the neurotransmitter levels the stimulus is producing
B) variations in the frequency of action potentials
C) the size variation in the action potential being propagated
D) the number of ion channels in the plasma membrane of the sensory neuron
E) the extent to which voltage gated ion channels open and close

Question 69

Which parts of the human eye are adjustable-that is, they can be adjusted to accommodate light and/or images?

A) the cornea and the pupil
B) the iris and the retina
C) the lens and the retina
D) the cornea and the lens
E) the lens and the iris

Question 70

The human eye's protective mucus membrane is the ____.

A) retina
B) sclera
C) cornea
D) conjunctiva
E) aqueous humor

Question 71

A severely injured animal is still able to defend itself due to the action of ____.

A) dopamine
B) endorphins
C) endorphins
D) acetylcholine
E) GABA

Question 72

The ____ detect(s) sounds by receiving action potentials that are generated by and stimulated by ____ .

A) hammer, anvil, and stirrup; chemoreceptors
B) cochlea; mechanoreceptors
C) vestibular apparatus; photoreceptors
D) organ of Corti; mechanoreceptors
E) eardrum; chemoreceptors

Question 73

Focusing on an object requires the interaction of the ____ and the ____.

A) ciliary muscles; lens
B) ciliary muscles; cornea
C) ciliary muscles; iris
D) iris; pupil
E) cornea; pupil

Question 74

What is the correct path that a smell sensation takes on its way to the brain?

A) mechanoreceptors → olfactory bulb →  olfactory tract →  cerebrum
B) chemoreceptors →  olfactory bulb →  olfactory tract →  cerebrum
C) mechanoreceptors →  olfactory tract →  olfactory bulb →  cerebrum
D) chemoreceptors →  olfactory tract →  olfactory bulb →  cerebrum
E) chemoreceptors →  olfactory bulb →  olfactory tract →  cerebellum