Deck 42: The Endocrine System

Question 1

Your job is to determine if a steroid hormone is having an effect on its target tissue. Which response would indicate activation of the target tissue by the hormone in question?

A) increased cyclic AMP levels
B) activation of G-proteins
C) increased levels of mRNA
D) increased calcium level in the cytoplasm
E) increased polysaccharide levels in the cytoplasm

Answer 1

C

Question 2

In an experiment examining adrenergic receptors, epinephrine alone was not able to trigger an increase in cAMP, but when beta receptors were fused with animal cells, there were high levels of cAMP. This indicates ____ was occurring.

A) activation of epinephrine
B) protein kinase inhibition
C) activation of adenylyl cyclase only
D) protein kinase amplification only
E) both activation of adenylyl cyclase and protein kinase amplification

Answer 2

E

Question 3

The ____ gland has a neurosecretory component as well as a component that is not under direct neural control.

A) thyroid
B) pineal
C) adrenal
D) pituitary
E) parathyroid

Answer 3

D

Question 4

In bull elks, the mating season is triggered by the length of daylight which has a direct role on ____.

A) metabolism
B) endocrine activity
C) catabolism
D) ecological events
E) thermodynamics

Question 5

An important functional role of the endocrine system is to ____.

A) respond rapidly to changes in the body
B) control gene action
C) inhibit nervous system action on muscles and glands
D) regulate digestion
E) fight infection

Question 6

The pituitary gland is regulated most directly by the ____.

A) pineal gland
B) hypothalamus
C) pancreas
D) adrenal gland
E) thyroid gland

Question 7

Small quantities of hormone can result in profound responses in target tissues. This type of response is referred to as ____.

A) amplification
B) a first messenger response
C) a gene activation response
D) a neural response
E) a growth factor response

Question 8

If adenylyl cyclase were inhibited in animal cells, ____.

A) binding of epinephrine to beta receptors would have no effect on cyclic AMP levels.
B) binding of epinephrine to beta receptors would increase cyclic AMP levels.
C) an increase in mRNA for cyclic AMP would occur.
D) an increase in mRNA for more beta receptors would occur.
E) epinephrine would not be able to bind to beta receptors.

Question 9

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland stores and secretes ____.

A) ADH only
B) TSH only
C) oxytocin only
D) ADH and oxytocin only
E) ADH, oxytocin and TSH

Question 10

While neural activity involves transmission of information through electrical events, endocrine activity involves ____.

A) transport of hormones to trigger slow, persistent responses
B) transport of hormones to trigger fast, transient responses
C) release of hormones from exocrine glands for transport outside the body
D) changes in neural activity for transport of hormones to target tissues
E) transmission of information through chemical reactions

Question 11

A hormone that is hydrophobic, derived from cholesterol, and binds to intracellular receptors is most likely a(n) ____ hormone.

A) fatty acid
B) steroid
C) protein
D) amine
E) carbohydrate

Question 12

The secretions of endocrine glands ____.

A) only affect their own tissue
B) provide feedback by paracrine action
C) reach their target tissue via the ECF
D) reach their target tissues via the circulatory system
E) are only active in the nervous system

Question 13

Hormone levels and action are determined by ____.

A) other hormones or releasing agents
B) carbohydrate activity
C) positive feedback systems
D) prostaglandins
E) touch receptors

Question 14

Which hormones enter cells and alter mRNA production?

A) steroid and peptide hormones
B) steroid and phospholipid hormones
C) thyroid and peptide hormones
D) peptide and phospholipid hormones
E) steroid and thyroid hormones

Question 15

Target cells for steroid hormones and thyroid hormones do not have membrane receptors for these hormones because they ____.

A) stimulate the cell by changes in electrical activity
B) are hydrophobic
C) enter the cell by ion channels
D) are small enough to diffuse directly into the cell
E) dissolve readily in the extracellular fluid (ECF)

Question 16

Prostaglandins are ____.

A) protein molecules that act either by paracrine or autocrine mechanisms
B) fatty acid derivatives that act either by paracrine or autocrine mechanisms
C) neurotransmitters that act by paracrine mechanisms
D) amine molecules that act by neuroendocrine mechanisms
E) steroid molecules that are lipid soluble

Question 17

The release of chemical signals into the extracellular fluid to affect nearby target cells is an example of ____ regulation.

A) autocrine
B) endocrine
C) paracrine
D) systemic
E) exocrine

Question 18

Which organ and hormone pair is incorrectly matched?

A) pancreas and insulin
B) thyroid gland and thyroxine
C) hypothalamus and melatonin
D) adrenal cortex and glucocorticoids
E) posterior pituitary and oxytocin

Question 19

Select the appropriate order of hormone action.

A) transduction, reception, response
B) reception, response, transduction
C) transduction, response, reception
D) reception, transduction, response
E) reception, translation, response

Question 20

A cell that contains a receptor for a hormone is known as a(n) ____.

A) endocrine gland
B) paracrine cell
C) neuroendocrine cell
D) target cell
E) signaling cell

Question 21

The actions of insulin and glucagon are ____.

A) synergistic
B) permissive
C) cooperative
D) antagonistic
E) mutualistic

Question 22

Type 1 diabetes causes ____, while type 2 diabetes results in ____.

A) hyperglycemia; hypoglycemia
B) protein breakdown; protein synthesis
C) blindness; kidney disorder
D) insulin hypersecretion; insulin hyposecretion
E) insulin deficiency; insulin resistance

Question 23

Biological rhythms and the onset of sleep are regulated by ____ produced by the ____.

A) cortisol; pineal gland
B) melatonin; pituitary gland
C) parathyroid hormone; parathyroid gland
D) melatonin; pineal gland
E) cortisol; adrenal gland

Question 24

The anterior pituitary secretes more ACTH, leading to more glucocorticoids in plasma, which causes the anterior pituitary to then secrete less ACTH. This is an example of ____ regulation.

A) amplification only
B) positive feedback only
C) negative feedback
D) cascading feedback
E) both amplification and positive feedback

Question 25

Metamorphosis to adult frogs would not occur. You are studying the hormonal control of metamorphosis in amphibians. If the anterior pituitary was prevented from releasing TSH, what would be the effect on tadpoles?

A) Metamorphosis to adult frogs would be increased five-fold.
B) Metamorphosis to adult frogs would not occur.
C) Calcium secretion in tadpoles would be inhibited.
D) Metabolism in tadpoles would be greatly increased.
E) Metamorphosis would proceed, but arrest after limb formation.

Question 26

In humans, an adult suffering from hyperthyroidism ____.

A) is always tired
B) shows lack of emotions
C) experiences insomnia and weight loss
D) sleeps a significant amount of the time
E) has a low heart rate

Question 27

One of the main functions of the hypothalamus is to produce ____ hormones, which affect the ____ pituitary.

A) releasing; posterior
B) releasing; anterior
C) activating; posterior
D) amplification; anterior
E) growth factor; anterior

Question 28

When rats are given high doses of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), they experience ____.

A) decreased muscle mass and overall strength
B) increased fertility
C) increased aggression and anxiety
D) increased gonadotropins and gonadal hormones
E) decreased sex drive and energy levels

Question 29

Synthetic ____   are successfully used to treat delayed puberty, cancer, AIDS, severe burns, liver and kidney failure, and anemias .

A) anabolic-androgenic steroids
B) pituitary hormones
C) estrogen diethylstilbestrols
D) oxytocins
E) progestins

Question 30

During stressful situations, epinephrine initiates ____.

A) dilation of blood vessels to the skin
B) dilation of blood vessels to the heart
C) constriction of blood vessels to the brain
D) a decrease in metabolic rate
E) a decrease in blood glucose levels

Question 31

When human volunteers were given high doses of AAS, ____

A) TSH levels increased
B) gonadotropin levels increased
C) natural testosterone levels increased
D) thyroxine levels decreased
E) TSH levels were unaffected

Question 32

Which hormone involved in reproductive functions is produced outside the gonads?

A) testosterone
B) estrogen
C) progesterone
D) follicle-stimulating hormone
E) prolactin

Question 33

Overproduction of the mineralocorticoid ______ causes excessive water retention.

A) cortisol
B) aldosterone
C) epinephrine
D) catecholamine
E) ADH

Question 34

Select the correct sequence of events involved in regulating secretion of thyroid hormones. 1.  pituitary releases thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
2)  hypothalamus secretes thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH)
3)  thyroid hormones inhibit long-term TRH secretion
4)  thyroid secretes thyroid hormones
5)  thyroid hormones inhibit TSH secretion

A) 1, 2, 4, 5, 3
B) 2, 1, 4, 5, 3
C) 3, 1, 4, 5, 2
D) 3, 4, 1, 2, 5
E) 2, 4, 5, 1, 3

Question 35

If melanocyte-stimulating hormone were increased, you would expect ____.

A) changes in kidney function for retention of water
B) increase in reproductive or estrus cycles
C) decrease in heat loss from the body surface
D) increase in pigmentation in the skin
E) decrease in milk production in females

Question 36

Which hormone is responsible for the release of calcium and phosphate ions from bone tissues into the blood?

A) glucagon
B) insulin
C) epinephrine
D) parathyroid hormone
E) glucocorticoids

Question 37

Calcium levels are primarily under the control of ____.

A) calcitonin and thyroxine
B) prolactin and oxytocin
C) prolactin and oxytocin
D) parathyroid hormone and thyroxine
E) progesterone and ADH

Question 38

Which hormone has a role in both feelings of well-being and in social stress responses in both sexes?

A) oxytocin
B) endorphins
C) insulin-like growth factors
D) epinephrine
E) norepinephrine

Question 39

Anabolic-androgenic steroids are ____.

A) synthetic forms of testosterone
B) synthetic forms of estrogens
C) used to treat early puberty
D) natural variants of testosterone
E) natural variants of estrogen

Question 40

The regulation of water balance, milk release, and uterine contractions during childbirth are mediated by the ____ gland.

A) parathyroid
B) pineal
C) anterior pituitary
D) posterior thyroid
E) posterior pituitary

Question 41

Target tissues often have receptors for multiple hormones. The response of the target tissue may depend on ____.

A) blood levels of and coordinated activities of several hormones secreted by different glands, only
B) blood levels of the hormones that affect it only
C) coordinated activities of several hormones secreted by different glands only
D) the effects of other signaling molecules, such as prostaglandins only
E) blood levels of, coordinated activities of several hormones secreted by different glands, and the effects of other signaling molecules, such as prostaglandins

Question 42

Why do diabetes patients often display tissue degeneration in the extremities?

A) The body is unable to process enough glucose and therefore supports only the major organs.
B) The fat deposits protecting the extremities are utilized as an energy source.
C) The body utilizes protein as an energy source, weakening blood vessels, especially those in the extremities.
D) The unutilized glucose in the extremities crystallizes and damages these tissues.
E) The excess exercise used to control the diabetic condition causes tissue degeneration.

Question 43

Figure 42.1D (questions 60 and 61)
Answer the question using the accompanying figure. This figure illustrates ____ signaling.

A) classical endocrine
B) exocrine
C) autocrine
D) Paracrine
E) neuroendocrine

Question 44

When molt-inhibiting hormone secretion (MIH) is prevented, ____.

A) ecdysone levels increase
B) ecdysone levels decrease
C) molting is inhibited
D) growth is inhibited
E) growth is stimulated

Question 45

FIGURE 42.8 (questions 58 and 59)
A) A
B) B
C) C
Answer the question using the accompanying figure. During metamorphosis of a tadpole, TSH is active at ____.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) B and C
E) A, B, and C

Question 46

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. During metamorphosis of a tadpole, 'A' is the ____.

A) thyroid
B) parathyroid
C) hypothalamus
D) adrenal cortex
E) posterior pituitary

Question 47

How do mammalian and nonmammalian adrenal glands differ?

A) they have totally different functions
B) they have opposite effect on target tissues
C) the mammalian glands consists of two distinct regions while the nonmammalian glands consist of separate glands
D) the mammalian glands are antagonistic while the nonmammalian glands work in concert
E) the mammalian glands are the same size while the nonmammalian glands are different sizes

Question 48

The ovaries are regulated by the____.

A) anterior pituitary
B) posterior pituitary
C) hypothalamus
D) presence of environmental estrogens
E) gonadal hormones

Question 49

In order for crustacean molting to occur, ____ secretion must ____.

A) molt-inhibiting hormone; increase
B) juvenile hormone; be inhibited
C) prothoracicotropic hormone; decrease
D) ecdysone; increase
E) insulin-like hormone; increase

Question 50

Which hormone(s) is/are responsible for sodium reabsorption in the kidneys and intestine?

A) insulin-like hormones
B) glucocorticoids
C) cortisol
D) mineralocorticoids
E) glucagon

Question 51

The reason some individual hormones have multiple effects on different target tissues is that ____.

A) gene transcription is altered
B) second messengers trigger cascade or amplification effects
C) many different cells in different tissues have specific receptors for the hormone
D) only a small amount of the hormone is required for its effect
E) hormones can conform to multiple receptors

Question 52

Negative feedback loops to the hypothalamus and the pituitary operate to regulate the levels of ____, the most important regulator of thyroid hormone secretion.

A) TRH
B) thyroid hormone
C) TSH
D) ADH
E) calcitonin

Question 53

Overproduction of epinephrine and norepinephrine can cause ____.

A) increased digestive processes
B) the formation of a tumor in the adrenal medulla
C) increased heart rate
D) increased blood flow to the kidneys and intestines
E) decreased blood flow to the heart

Question 54

The ____ hormones are vital to growth, development, maturation, and metabolism in all vertebrates.

A) thyroid
B) parathyroid
C) adrenal
D) gonadal
E) insulin

Question 55

The synthesis and secretion of ____ is ultimately regulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the ____.

A) estrogen; posterior pituitary
B) estrogen; ovaries
C) testosterone; hypothalamus
D) testosterone; testes
E) androgens; gonads

Question 56

Select the endocrine gland whose secretory function is under direct control of the sympathetic nervous system.

A) pancreas
B) thyroid
C) adrenal medulla
D) parathyroid
E) posterior pituitary

Question 57

The parathyroid gland ____.

A) functions in regulation of sodium levels in the blood
B) produces numerous hormones active in regulating downstream endocrine glands
C) is the largest gland outside the hypothalamus
D) produces only a single hormone, the thyroid regulating hormone
E) produces only a single hormone, the parathyroid hormone

Question 58

Which statement about steroid hormones in invertebrates and vertebrates is most accurate?

A) An invertebrate hormone injected into a vertebrate would have a greater effect than the endogenous hormone.
B) A vertebrate hormone injected in an invertebrate would have a greater effect that the endogenous hormone.
C) The reaction pathways stimulated by steroid hormones in invertebrates and vertebrates are similar.
D) The reaction pathways stimulated by steroid hormones in invertebrates and vertebrates are different.
E) Invertebrates do not produce steroid hormones.

Question 59

Melatonin levels in mammals are regulated by a(n) ____.

A) inhibitory pathway
B) stimulating pathway
C) negative feedback loop
D) positive feedback loop
E) triggering signal

Question 60

In insects, the level of ____ controls the formation of a pupa.

A) molt-inhibiting hormone
B) juvenile hormone
C) prothoracicotropic hormone
D) ecdysone
E) insulin-like hormone

Question 63

Figure 42.11 (questions 62 and 63)
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
Answer the question using the accompanying figure. In the box labeled 'A,' ____ levels ____.

A) insulin; decrease
B) insulin; increase
C) glucagon; decrease
D) glucagon; increase
E) glycogen; decrease

Question 64

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. Many ____ act via the signaling fashion illustrated by this figure.

A) neurohormones
B) digestive hormones
C) stress hormones
D) blood sugar regulators
E) growth factors

Question 66

When hydrophilic hormones bind to surface receptors, the ____.

A) signal is amplified
B) signal is inhibited
C) receptor is activated
D) receptor is deactivated
E) hormone is transduced

Question 67

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. In type 1 diabetes, the box(es) labeled ____ malfunctions.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) A and C
E) B and D

Question 69

Ovaries produce ____ to prepare the uterus prior to implantation of a fertilized egg.

A) estradiol
B) oxytocin
C) progesterone
D) prolactin
E) estrogen

Question 71

Hydrophobic hormones act by ____.

A) triggering a genomic response
B) triggering a signal transduction pathway
C) activating an effector molecule
D) inhibiting feedback loops
E) preventing translation

Question 72

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are ____ hormones.

A) steroid
B) glucocorticoid
C) mineralocorticoid
D) gonadotropin
E) catecholamine

Question 73

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. The ____ glands are shown in this figure.

A) thyroid
B) pituitary
C) adrenal
D) pancreatic
E) pineal

Question 74

Cortisol is a ____ secreted by the ____.

A) amine; adrenal medulla
B) glucocorticoid; adrenal cortex
C) glucocorticoid; adrenal medulla
D) amine; adrenal cortex
E) catecholamine; adrenal glands

Question 79

If a hormone caused an increase in protein kinase activity, predict the type of hormone responsible and the intracellular signaling mechanism of its action.

Question 80

In many cases, negative feedback loops maintain homeostasis by adjusting hormones that act in ____.

A) concert
B) sequence
C) antagonistic ways
D) additive ways
E) parallel