Deck 41: Sensory Systems

Question 1

What detects levels of molecules such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ions in the body?

A) rhodopsin
B) photoreceptors
C) chemosensory neurons
D) thermoreceptors
E) nociceptors

Answer 1

C

Question 2

An invertebrate statocyst contains ____, which surround movable ____; changes in body position move the latter, triggering action potentials.

A) statoliths; sensory hair cells
B) sensory hair cells; statoliths
C) otoliths; sensory hair cells
D) efferent neurons; otoliths
E) efferent neurons; statoliths

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which mechanoreceptor(s) responds to vibrations?

A) free nerve endings only
B) Pacinian corpuscles only
C) Ruffini endings only
D) free nerve endings and Ruffini endings
E) Pacinian corpuscles and Meissner's corpuscles

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Bats use high ultrasonic sounds to perceive their environment via a process known as ____.

A) sound reflection navigation
B) extrasensory perception
C) echolocation
D) ultralocation
E) auditory navigation

Question 5

What is an otolith?

A) sensory hair
B) proprioceptor
C) small microvilli
D) gelatinous structure
E) calcium carbonate crystal

Question 6

Moths evade bats by ____.

A) becoming invisible to the bat's echolocation signals
B) flying in straight-line flight patterns
C) detecting the bats echolocation clicks
D) flying only in erratic patterns
E) flying primarily in the daylight hours

Question 7

Which type of receptor is used by an owl to visually detect the movement of prey?

A) mechanoreceptors
B) photoreceptors
C) chemoreceptors
D) thermoreceptors
E) nociceptors

Question 8

Vertigo is the sensation of dizziness. Which structure is most likely involved in this sensation?

A) basilar membrane
B) pinna
C) semicircular canals
D) stapes
E) oval window

Question 9

Which mechanoreceptor(s) responds to light touch?

A) free nerve endings only
B) Pacinian corpuscles only
C) Ruffini endings only
D) free nerve endings and Meissner's corpuscles
E) Pacinian corpuscles and Ruffini endings

Question 10

Sensory adaptation ____.

A) increases a receptor system's sensitivity to changes in environmental stimuli
B) increases a receptor system's sensitivity to pain
C) is primarily associated with thermoreceptors
D) functions the same way in all types of sensory receptors
E) is unique to predator animals

Question 11

Which receptor type helps a gymnast to know when to unfold from a back flip?

A) proprioreceptors
B) photoreceptors
C) chemoreceptors
D) thermoreceptors
E) nociceptors

Question 12

Which type of receptor is used by a rat to detect pheromones from a potential mate?

A) mechanoreceptors
B) photoreceptors
C) chemoreceptors
D) thermoreceptors
E) nociceptors

Question 13

The loudness of a sound depends on the ____ of the sound wave.

A) wavelength
B) amplitude
C) frequency
D) type
E) substance

Question 14

The lateral line system in fish comprises multiple ____ that allow fish to detect vibrations and water currents.

A) statoliths
B) neuromasts
C) statocysts
D) stereocilia
E) cupulas

Question 15

The loss of function of the ____ renders fish unable to school.

A) vestibular apparatus
B) statocyst
C) lateral line
D) eyes
E) saccule

Question 16

Many aquatic invertebrates use ____ to perceive changes in their body's position and orientation.

A) statocysts
B) lateral line systems
C) stereocilia
D) saccules
E) otoliths

Question 17

The pitch of a sound depends on the ____of the sound wave.

A) wavelength
B) amplitude
C) frequency
D) type
E) substance

Question 18

Which receptor type makes you aware that you just touched a hot object?

A) mechanoreceptors
B) photoreceptors
C) chemoreceptors
D) thermoreceptors
E) nociceptors

Question 19

Which receptors allow you to respond to changes in muscle load?

A) muscle spindles
B) cupula
C) vestibular apparatus
D) semicircular canals
E) otoliths

Question 20

Synesthesia occurs when ____.

A) one sense is confused with another
B) two senses are perceived together
C) three senses are perceived together
D) sight, taste, and vision are perceived together
E) vision, taste, and pain are perceived together

Question 21

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. Which number identifies the location where the organ of Corti is found?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8
E) 10

Question 22

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. Which number identifies the structure that transmits auditory signals to the brain?

A) 2
B) 6
C) 7
D) 8
E) 9

Question 23

Figure 41.9 (questions 26-29) Answer the question using the accompanying figure. Which number identifies the tympanic membrane?

A) 4
B) 5
C) 6
D) 8
E) 10

Question 24

Eye drops used by an ophthalmologist to dilate the eyes for an eye exam act on the nerves that control the ____.

A) fovea
B) lens
C) ciliary muscle
D) cornea
E) iris

Question 25

An earthworm detects sound ____.

A) through specialized tympanic membranes located near the head
B) through a thinned region of the exoskeleton that forms a tympanum
C) through general mechanoreceptors on its skin
D) by using a specialized organ that measures the frequency of vibration of the surrounding dirt particles
E) through a series of mechanoreceptors arranged in a lateral line

Question 26

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. Which number identifies the structure that vibrates and DIRECTLY creates the pressure waves in the cochlear fluid?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 27

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. Which label identifies the structure through which the vibrations of the oval window pass?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 5
E) 7

Question 28

The simplest eye structure, which is able to perceive light but not form an image, is called a(n) ____.

A) compound eye
B) single-lens eye
C) ocellus
D) ommatidia
E) photoreceptor

Question 29

In the context of vision, what does accommodation mean?

A) Accommodation is the lack of receptor response to continuous light signals.
B) Accommodation refers to changing the shape of the lens.
C) Accommodation is the movement of the lens closer to or further away from the retina in order to focus the image.
D) Accommodation keeps the lens under tension to allow for image focusing.
E) Accommodation prevents light from scattering upon entry to the eye.

Question 30

Figure 41.9 (questions 30-32)
Answer the question using the accompanying figure. Which structure vibrates and bends the sensory hairs?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 31

If a person has fully functional eyes, except for the absence of a lens, they would ____.

A) be totally blind
B) be able to perceive light and even respond to different light intensities
C) be able to perceive light and even colors (solid color over a large area), but not details
D) be able to see some details and read print, but only if the text were written in large, black letters
E) have normal vision if given glasses

Question 32

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. Which label identifies the sensory hair cells?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 5
E) 6

Question 33

In the mammalian eye, the lens focuses an image ____.

A) across the entire surface of the retina
B) primarily on the fovea
C) on the rods only
D) slightly in front of the retina
E) it varies based on where you are looking

Question 34

An insect, such as a moth or cricket, detects sound ____.

A) though specialized tympanic membranes located near the head
B) through a thinned region of the exoskeleton that forms a tympanum
C) through general mechanoreceptors on its skin
D) by using a specialized organ that measures the frequency of vibration of the surrounding air particles
E) through a series of mechanoreceptors arranged in a lateral line

Question 35

In a healthy human cochlea, fluid is found in the ____.

A) vestibular canal only
B) vestibular and tympanic canals only
C) tympanic canal only
D) vestibular canal, tympanic canal, and cochlear duct
E) cochlear duct only

Question 36

The function of the iris is to ____.

A) control the amount of light entering the eye
B) focus the image on the retina
C) respond to particular colors
D) keep the lens under tension to allow for image focusing
E) prevent light scattering upon entry to the eye

Question 37

The combined function of the malleus, incus, and stapes is to ____.

A) convert the mechanical vibration of the tympanic membrane into a pressure wave in the cochlear duct
B) amplify the vibrations of the ear drum
C) equalize the pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane
D) convert the oval window's vibrations into vibrations of the tympanic membrane
E) dampen the vibrations of the tympanic membrane

Question 38

How can humans perceive multiple sounds at once?

A) Each portion of the basilar membrane vibrates at a unique frequency, and multiple regions can be stimulated at the same time.
B) The more frequencies of sounds that are present, the further the sound travels into the cochlea.
C) We have two ears, each perceiving a subset of frequencies in the environment.
D) The fluid in the middle ear can transmit multiple frequencies to the oval window.
E) Sounds reaching the left or right ear result in different nerve impulses.

Question 39

In humans, where is the tympanic membrane?

A) in the outer ear, adjacent to the pinna
B) deep within the middle ear
C) between the outer ear and the middle ear's cavity
D) adjacent to the stapes
E) between the middle ear and inner ear

Question 40

Which eye is the best at detecting motion?

A) compound eye
B) single-lens eye
C) ocellus
D) ommatidia
E) photoreceptor

Question 41

While some people love cilantro, others think it tastes like soap. This is due to a mutation in a receptor that binds to the airborne aldehydes found in cilantro. Which type of receptors is most likely affected by this mutation?

A) nociceptors
B) thermoreceptors
C) chemoreceptors
D) mechanoreceptors
E) photoreceptors

Question 42

A sensillum is ____.

A) a hollow sensory bristle that contains chemoreceptors
B) located on the antennae, foot, or mouthparts of aquatic insects
C) a specialized olfactory receptor in invertebrates
D) common to earthworms, insects, and cnidarians
E) a type of taste receptor in vertebrates

Question 43

Each cone responds primarily to a single color. What kinds of cones are present in the human retina?

A) Two cones that perceive red or blue light.
B) Three cones that perceive red, blue, or green light.
C) Three cones that perceive orange, green, or purple light.
D) Three cones that perceive red, blue, or yellow light.
E) Four cones that perceive red, blue, yellow, or green light.

Question 44

The outer segments of cones and rods contain ____.

A) metabolic machinery
B) light-inhibiting photopigments
C) light-absorbing photopigments
D) synaptic terminal
E) ciliary muscles

Question 45

In invertebrates, the hairs of taste receptors ____, while those of smell receptors ____.

A) directly contact the stimulus; indirectly contact the stimulus
B) are derived from microvilli and contain microfilaments; are derived from cilia and contain microtubules
C) transmit signals to the temporal lobes; transmit signals to the parietal lobes
D) perceive taste and pain stimuli; perceive odors and taste stimuli
E) detect airborne molecules; function as chemoreceptors

Question 46

Taste buds are ____.

A) really just modified sensilla
B) found only on the tongue in humans
C) collections of papilla that respond to different stimuli
D) small capsules of cells, each with a pore at the top though which sensory hairs project and interact with environmental molecules
E) able to respond to all flavors simultaneously through sensory hairs that connect to papillae

Question 47

Cataracts occur when the lens becomes opaque.  Which symptoms most likely would be present in a patient with this condition?

A) increased intraocular pressure
B) enlarged pupil
C) eye pain
D) blurred vision
E) headache

Question 48

Glaucoma is a disease of the eye, often caused by an increase in intraocular pressure. This increased intraocular pressure is most likely caused by ____.

A) loss of lens opacity
B) increase in vitreous humor production
C) increase in the size of the fovea
D) increase in the thickness of the cornea
E) contraction of the ciliary muscle

Question 49

In the process of lateral inhibition, ____ inhibit distant bipolar cells.

A) ganglion cells
B) amacrine cells
C) cones
D) rods
E) horizontal cells

Question 50

In the dark, when rhodopsin is ____, rods ____ glutamate.

A) active; release
B) inactive; inhibit release of
C) active; inhibit release of
D) inactive; release
E) inactive; inhibit synthesis of

Question 51

When light is absorbed by rhodopsin, ____.

A) discs from the outer segment of the rods and cones begin to grow
B) discs from the outer segment begin to shed
C) cis -retinal is converted to trans -retinal
D) trans -retinal is converted to cis -retinal
E) the inner segment of the rods and cones releases neurotransmitters

Question 52

Which statement about rods and cones in the eye is correct?

A) Cones respond to particular wavelengths (colors) of light, while rods perceive light at low intensity without color perception.
B) Rods respond to particular wavelengths (colors) of light, while cones perceive light at low intensities without color perception.
C) Cones are more sensitive to single photons of light than rods.
D) Nocturnal animals have a high concentration of cones and relatively few rods.
E) Humans have approximately equal numbers of rods and cones, but the cones are primarily localized in the fovea.

Question 53

The ____ responds to red light.

A) outer segment of rods
B) outer segment of red cones
C) inner segment of rods
D) inner segment of red cones
E) synaptic terminals of both rods and cones

Question 54

What is the function of an amacrine cell?

A) transmit information from photoreceptors directly to the brain
B) modulate the activity of other photoreceptors
C) transmit information from bipolar cells to the ganglion cells
D) modulate lateral inhibition
E) transmit information from photoreceptors to bipolar cells

Question 55

How do photoreceptors regenerate inactive cis -retinal?

A) The cell degrades the active form and synthesizes new, inactive proteins.
B) Enzymes convert trans -retinal back to the inactive conformation
C) trans -retinal reverts back to the inactive state on its own.
D) Active trans -retinal is digested by proteases to regenerate the inactive form.
E) The mechanism is not known.

Question 56

Eyeglasses correct deficiencies in the function of the ____ in a near-sighted person.

A) ciliary muscle
B) cornea
C) iris
D) lens
E) pupil

Question 57

In retinal visual processing, the ____ receive synaptic signals from the bipolar cells.

A) ganglion cells
B) amacrine cells
C) cones
D) rods
E) horizontal cells

Question 58

Colorblindness is ____.

A) more prevalent in females than males
B) more prevalent in males than females
C) present in both sexes equally
D) encoded by genes on the Y chromosome
E) not a genetic condition

Question 59

Mutations in opsin proteins in the cones will lead to ____.

A) difficulty seeing at night
B) colorblindness
C) complete blindness
D) tunnel vision
E) cortical blindness

Question 60

Some animals, like humans, have two eyes on the front of the head that perceive a mostly overlapping visual field. In contrast, some herbivores (rabbits, for example) have eyes on the sides of their head and visual fields that may not overlap at all. How does this impact perception of the environment?

A) Humans have better depth perception and a wider field of vision than rabbits.
B) Humans have poorer depth perception and a narrower field of vision than rabbits.
C) Humans have better depth perception and a narrower field of vision than rabbits.
D) Humans have poorer depth perception and a wider field of vision than rabbits.
E) Due to integration by the brain, there is really no difference in depth perception or visual field size when comparing humans to rabbits.

Question 63

One way the intensity and extent of a stimulus is registered is by the frequency of action potentials traveling along the axons of afferent neurons.

Question 64

Humans have different thermoreceptors for heat and cold.

Question 65

Magnetoreceptors ____.

A) are well characterized and understood
B) are known to rely on the mineral magnetite
C) help many types of animals navigate long distances
D) have been studied only in homing pigeons
E) have been studied primarily in moths

Question 66

What is the function of pain?

A) It causes an organism to move away from, or otherwise decrease exposure to, a damaging stimulus.
B) It stimulates the brain to release endorphins to prevent an addiction.
C) It protects an organism from encountering harmful conditions.
D) It works faster than conscious thought.
E) It causes an organism's heart rate to increase to deliver more blood to a damaged body part.

Question 67

If a stimulus is outside the temperature range of the known thermoreceptors, ____.

A) no action potential is generated
B) a continuous action potential is generated
C) the action potential has the highest frequency possible
D) the neural signal is perceived as pain
E) the neural signal is the same as its closest receptor

Question 68

Only ____ make direct contact with brain interneurons rather than afferent neurons.

A) olfactory receptors
B) taste receptors
C) chemoreceptors
D) mechanoreceptors
E) photoreceptors

Question 69

Nociceptors consist of ____.

A) sensory receptors enclosing an afferent neuron
B) sensory receptors formed by a cell that synapses with an afferent neuron
C) free nerve endings of afferent neurons
D) stereocilia
E) statocysts

Question 70

In mammalian eyes, light must pass through neural cells to reach the photoreceptors in the retina.

Question 71

Electroreceptors ____.

A) are only used by fishes for navigational purposes
B) can be used for communication between primates
C) can receive, but not produce, electrical signals
D) generate electrical fields within special electric organs in some invertebrates
E) function in communication, navigation, and hunting

Question 72

All animals perceive light using different forms of a pigment called retinal .

Question 73

Jalapeño peppers contain the chemical capsaicin. If you lack the nociceptors that bind capsaicin, what would be the predicted outcome?

A) You would be especially sensitive to spicy foods containing capsaicin.
B) You would be able to eat foods containing high concentrations of capsaicin and not feel any burning in your mouth.
C) You would have the same sensitivity to capsaicin as most other people.
D) You would experience a feeling of cold when eating foods containing capsaicin.
E) You would be more easily addicted to capsaicin-containing foods than normal individuals.

Question 74

Explain the general process of sensory transduction.

Question 75

The position of the head with respect to gravity is detected by receptors in the basilar membrane.

Question 76

How did Kenneth Lohmann study the navigation ability of young loggerhead sea turtles?

A) He placed radio transmitters on the shells of numerous hatchlings and tracked their migration patterns in the Atlantic ocean.
B) He genetically engineered turtles so they lacked magnetoreceptors and then studied their behavior compared to a control group.
C) He subjected turtles to an electromagnetic field opposite that of Earth's magnetic field, and then tracked the direction the hatchlings swam.
D) The loggerhead turtles were injected with magnetite to see what impact it had on their navigation.
E) Small magnets were glued to the hatchlings' shells, and their behaviors were monitored.

Question 77

Which animal would you expect to have the most diverse olfactory receptors to enhance their sense of smell?

A) dog
B) monkey
C) human
D) angelfish
E) earthworm

Question 78

Mechanical receptors can be used to stun or kill prey.

Question 79

Substance P activates chemoreceptors.

Question 80

Thermoreceptors consist of ____.

A) sensory receptors enclosing an afferent neuron
B) sensory receptors formed by a cell that synapses with an afferent neuron
C) free nerve endings of afferent neurons
D) stereocilia
E) statocysts